ICT role in 21st century education and its challenges
networks4newbies
1. A Non-Technical Introduction to Social Network Analysis Barry Wellman Founder, International Network For Social Network Analysis Centre for Urban & Community Studies University of Toronto Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1 [email_address] www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman Networks For Newbies
56. “ Wired” and “Non-Wired” Neighboring in Netville Recognized by Name 25.5 8.4 3.0 .00 Talk with Regularly 6.3 3.1 2.0 .06 Invited into Own Home 3.9 2.7 1.4 .14 Invited into Neighbors’ Homes 3.9 2.5 1.6 .14 # of Intervening Lots to Known Neighbors 7.5 5.6 1.4 .08 Mean Number of Neighbors : Wired (37) Non-Wired (20 ) Wired/ NonWired Ratio Signif. Level (p <)
81. Indigo: Work Interaction Time 3 Work Interaction (All Media) 14 months after Telepresence Intro Greater Decentralization
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84. Comparison of 2 Scholarly Networks Members not funded by Technet Many receive other research grants 9 Senior Fellows get full salaries 7 Associate Fellows get partial funding Funding Frequent seminars, conferences Joint courses, retreats 3 Meetings /year Production of a book Activities 1 Ontario university Canada, US, UK Location Voluntary Invitational: merit, interdisciplinary, niche Membership 32 (22 men, 9 women) 16 (13 men, 3 women) Size Founded in 1995-96 Founded in 1991-93 Year Founded Technet Globenet
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106. Three Modes of Interaction Social Structure Emerging Contemporary Traditional Era Networked Individualism Home Bases Network of Networks Groups Social Organization Networked Individual Household, Work, Unit, Multiple Networks Village, Band, Shop, Office Unit of Analysis Switchboard Core-Periphery Fishbowl Metaphor Networked Individualism Glocalization Little Boxes Phenomena
107. Boundaries Individual has strong to weak connections Household and workgroup have strong to weak outside connections Impermeable wall around unit Permeability Contact requires a journey or telecommunications Core have immediate access Contacting others requires a journey or telecommunications All have immediate access to all Physical Access Doors closed Access to others by request Knock and ask Doors ajar within and between networks Look, knock and ask Doors wide open to in-group members Walled off from others External gate guarded Access Control Little awareness of availability Must be contacted Visibility and audibility must be negotiated Core immediately visible, audible; Little awareness of others’ availability -- must be contacted All visible and audible to all High awareness of availability Awareness and Availability External Common household and work spaces for core + external periphery All in common household and work spaces Locale Global GloCal = Local + Global Local Spatial Range Mobile phone, Wireless modem Wired phone Internet Face-to-Face Predominant Mode of Communication Person-to-Person Place-to-Place Door-to-Door Modality Ignorance of immediate context Relevance of immediate context Dominance of immediate context Physical Context Networked Individualism Glocalization Little Boxes Phenomena
108. Boundaries (continued) Low : Contact must be requested May be avoided or refused Prioritizing voice mail Internet filter Knocking on door that may be ajar or closed Norm of interruption within immediate network only Mixed : Core interruptible Others require deliberate requests Answering machine Knocking on door that may be ajar or closed Norm of Interruption within immediate network only High: (Open Door) Norm of Interruption Interruptibility Low : Interactions with other network members rarely visible Mixed : Core can observe core Periphery cannot observe core or interactions with other network members High : All can see when other group members are interacting Observability High information control: Many secrets Information and ties become important capital Low information control: Few secrets for core Variable information control for periphery Material resources and network connections become important capital Low information control: Few secrets Status/Position becomes important capital Privacy High prior awareness of others’ desire to interact Formal requests High prior awareness of periphery’s desire to interact Telephone ring, doorbell Little awareness of others approaching Open, unlocked doors Alerts Interactions rarely observable Difficult to join Interactions outside the core rarely observable Difficult to join Anyone can observe interactions Anyone can join Joining In Networked Individualism Glocalization Little Boxes Phenomena
109. Interpersonal Interactions Ability to reestablish relationships quickly with network members not seen in years Ability to reestablish relationships quickly with network members not seen in years Leaving is betrayal; Re-Entry difficult Latency Unpredictability, uncertainty, insecurity, contingency, opportunity Moderate predictability, certainty and security within core; Interactions with others less predictable, certain and secure Predictability, certainty and security within group interactions Predictability Ties must be actively maintained, one-by-one Core groups maintain internal ties; Other ties must be actively maintained Group maintains ties Tie Maintenance High autonomy High proactivity Mixed : Autonomy within household & work cores High proactivity & autonomy with others Low autonomy High reactivity Autonomy & Proactivity Fast Variable in core; Fast in periphery Slow Transaction Speed Scheduled appointments Drop-in within household, work core; Appointments otherwise Drop-In anytime Scheduling Changing partners; Living together; Singles; Single parents; Nanny cares for Jane Long-term partners Serial monogamy Dick lives with divorced parent Cradle-to-grave Mom and Dad Dick and Jane Domesticity Short duration ties Long duration for household core (except for divorce); Short duration otherwise Long duration ties: cradle-to-grave; employed for life Duration Low with most others; Moderate overall Recurrent interactions within core; Intermittent with each network member Recurrent interactions within group Recurrency Variable, low with most; Moderate overall Moderate within core; Low to moderate outside of core High within group Frequency of Contact Free agent “ Protect Your Base Before You Attack” (attributed to Mao) Ascription (What you are born into) e.g., Gender, ethnicity Predominant Basis of Interaction Networked Individualism Glocalization Little Boxes Phenomena
110. Social Networks Networking Filling structural holes between networks Getting along Position within core; Networking Getting along Position within group Basis of Success Acquires resources for self Acquires resources for core units Conserves resources Resources Subgroups, cleavages Partial, fragmented control within specialized networks Adherence to norms must be internalized by individuals Moderate control by core household and workgroup, with some spillover to interactions with periphery Fragmented control within specialized networks Adherence to norms must be internalized by individuals Superiors and group exercise tight control Social Control Variable awareness of and access to what periphery knows Core Knows Most Things Variable awareness of and access to what periphery knows All aware of most information Information open to all within unit Secret to outsiders Knowledge Independent schedules Transient alliances with shifting sets of others Core cooperation; Otherwise: short-term alliances, tentatively reinforced by trust building and ties with mutual others Group cooperation Joint activity for clear, collective purposes Cooperation Cross-cutting ties between networks integrate society Cross-cutting ties between networks integrate society; Core is the common hub By groups only Social Integration Specialized Broad household and work core; Specialized kin, friends, other work Broad (“multistranded”) Social Support Dependent on cumulative reciprocal exchanges and ties with mutual others Core enforces trust Networked members depend on cumulative reciprocal exchanges and ties with mutual others Enforced by group Betrayal of one is betrayal of all Trust Building Choice of social circles Choice of core and other social circles Little choice of social circles Maneuverability Multiple : Dyadic or network ties with household, work unit, friends, kin, work associates, neighbors Multiple : Core household, work unit; Multiple sets of friends, kin, work associates, neighbors Few : Household, kin, work Number of Social Circles Networked Individualism Glocalization Little Boxes Phenomena
111. Norms and Perceptions Existential Conflicted Communitarian Zeitgeist Variable High within core; Variable elsewhere High within groups Commitment to Network Members Avoidance Exit Back-biting Keeping distance Revolt, coup Irrevocable departure Conflict Handling Self Global weak and divided loyalties Public and private spheres: Moderate loyalty to home base takes precedence over weak loyalty elsewhere Particularistic : High group loyalty Loyalty Sense of being an autonomous individual Fuzzy identifiable networks Moderate solidarity within core household and workgroup, Vitiated by many ties to multiple peripheries High group solidarity Collective identity Collective name Sense of Solidarity Develop strategies and tactics for self-advancement Obey your parents; cherish your spouse; nurture your children; Defer to your boss; work and play well with colleagues and friends Obey group elders Socialization Networked Individualism Glocalization Little Boxes Phenomena
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116. Thank You -- Barry Wellman Director, NetLab Centre for Urban & Community Studies University of Toronto Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1 [email_address] www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman Networks For Ex-Newbies