In December, Malaika Cheney-Coker, Learning and Influencing Advisor for the CARE Water Team presented findings from the GWI East Africa Womenâs Experiences Snapshot study. Watch the video here: http://www.womenforwater.com/news/webinar-recap
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Women and Water Webinar
1. Title StyleWomen and Water
Perspectives on Empowerment
Presented by Malaika
Cheney-Coker
Women for Water
Webinar
December 5, 2012
2. Title Style
About Water+ at CARE
⢠In 2011 CARE helped 27 million women and men
in 50 countries develop sustainable water
management practices and improve community
hygiene and sanitation
⢠Water Team has developed a Theory of Change
that seeks to prioritize impact on women and girls
3. Title Style
4/30/2013 3
Our Theory of Change
Secure and
sustainable
access to
WATER+
services
Gender-
sensitive
WATER+
policies,
institutions, &
social norms
Gender-
equitable control
over WATER+
services
Poor women &
school-aged
girls improve
their lives
+ x =
Catalyst
*Sustainability &
Appropriateness of Services
Enabler
*Governance
Driver
*Womenâs and Girls
Agency
Goal
4. Title Style
4/30/2013CARE (Main Title from Title Page) 4
Gender-sensitive
WASH+ health
policies,
institutions,& social
norms
Girlsâ & womenâs
health needs are
voiced with impact
on policy &
services
Secure and
sustainable
access to
WATER+
services
Gender-
sensitive
WATER+
policies,
institutions, &
social norms
Gender-
equitable
control over
WATER+
services
Poor women &
school-aged
girls improve
their lives
+ x =
WASH access
for household
use
Access to WASH
services including
menstrual
management in
schools
Policies, institutions,
& social norms
support gender-
sensitive school
WASH provision
Building confidence
and leadership in
schools
Policies, institutions, &
social norms support
ecologically
sustainable water
resources resilient to
climate change
Gender-equitable
control of
maintenance of
water resources
Gender-sensitive
maintenance of
water resources &
adaptations to
climate change
Access to water
for productive
uses with a focus
on womenâs
livelihoods
Policies, institutions,
& social norms that
support womenâs
water dependent
livelihoods
Girlsâ & womenâs
livelihood needs &
interests are heard
& addressed
5. Title Style
Key Question
⢠If women are disproportionately affected by inadequate
water and sanitation facilities to what extent do women
feel that access to clean water and sanitation
transforms their lives?
6. Title Style
The Study
⢠The Womenâs Experience Snapshot Tool was
administered to 191 women in GWI EA WASH
intervention areas of Ethiopia (49) , Kenya (45), Tanzania
(45) and Uganda (52) in 2012.
⢠Primarily a quantitative feedback mechanism but
allows for additional comments
⢠The majority of the women were married (53 % ), 22 %
were single, 18 % widowed and 7 % divorced.
10%
29%
43%
10%
9%
Old parent/relative
living in the household
Head of
household, (e.g.âŚ
Wife of head of
household
Other adult within the
household (overâŚ
Young dependant of
head of householdâŚ
7. Title Style
Improved Health
⢠95 % felt the project had resulted in improvements in their
health, and 92% in improvement for other members of
the household
8. Title Style
Reduced Stress
⢠82% of women reported that the project had positive
impacts on them in term of reduced stress (32 % reported
significant improvements).
⢠Reasons included:
⢠Girls no longer being late for school, women being more
relaxed due to more time, more water for different needs, not
being as tired due to long journeys; being able to spend more
time on other activities for themselves and less tension with
husbands.
9. Title Style
Increased Respect/dignity
⢠Availability of water and household sanitation had
brought about an improvement in the dignity of
the women due to the privacy of latrines and
clean clothes â this is confirmed by 86% of the
respondents.
10. Title StyleImproved Gender Equality
⢠80 % of the women interviewed felt the program had
contributed to greater gender equality (10 % no
response, 9 % no change and 2 % feedback that it had
gotten worse). Reasons include more women in key
positions on water user committees, greater
understanding of hygiene and sanitation
⢠Only 69 % of women, however, felt the project had
increased their sense of empowerment, (13 % didnât
respond, 16 % said there was no change and 2 %
reported decreases).
11. Title Style
Improved Finances
⢠72 % of women reported being in an improved financial
situation (15% reported no difference, 3% reported
worsening). Reasons include:
⢠the reduced cost of water for those who used to pay
more
⢠having more time for economic activities e.g. selling
products at the market/kiosk setting up a bakery
selling doughnuts, or being a hotelier
⢠the changes to household health resulting in fewer
costs relating to illness
12. Title StyleDifferences in Womenâs Experiences
⢠Wives of heads of households and female heads of
households are more likely to report income generation
activity benefits; young dependents and older
parents/relatives less likely to do so.
⢠Wives of headâs of households were disproportionately
more likely to report increased respect/dignity, (e.g.
wives of heads of households are 5.4 times more likely
than young dependents of the head of household to
report improvement).
⢠Middle income women were less likely to have improved
time for socializing after intervention compared to women
in the both upper and lower income brackets.
â˘
13. Title Style
My Voice as a Woman
⢠âThrough training my capacity to raise my opinion has
increasedâ
⢠âIt is better than before as women now get chances to air
out their views in village meetings.â
⢠âWomen are involved in making community decisionsâ
⢠âWomen can now be elected to lead groups and
community social groups like the water management
committee and their opinions are more considered unlike
before the interventionâ
⢠âBefore GWI the man (head of household) questioned
everything in terms of development but currently they are
positive on the activities, carried out by women.â
14. Title Style
Conclusions
⢠WASH programming does support womenâs
empowerment through increased health, dignity, gender
equality and financial security and reduced stress.
⢠However, womenâs experiences are not
homogeneous. Programming needs to be sensitive to
and â wherever possible - take into account not just
differences in relative wealth and disabilities, but also
issues around position in and composition of households.
Hinweis der Redaktion
The issue of increased respect/dignity is one where there is some statistically relevant disaggregation of experience that emerges, as it was wives of heads of households rather than old parents or other relatives living in the house, or young dependents who were disproportionately more likely to report this benefit (and other adults in the households more likely to report improvement compared to young dependents. For example:*Wives of heads of households are 5.4 times more likely than young dependents of the head of household to report improvement in changes in respect/dignity after the intervention (1.55, 18.813).*Wives of heads of households are 4.2 times more likely than old parents/relatives living within the household to report improvement in changes in respect/dignity after the intervention (1.236, 13.96).*Other adults within the households are 10.8 times more likely than young dependents of the head of household to report improvement in changes in respect/dignity after the intervention (1.13, 102.849).
Similarly, 72 percent of women reported being in an improved financial situation thanks to the GWI initiative, see Figure X. This is further explained in terms of a combination of factors that included: i) the reduced cost of water for those who used to pay more â e.g. a halving of costs for many in Tanzania for example; ii) having more time for economic activities e.g. women reporting more time to sell products at the market/kiosk or start new businesses such as selling milk, setting up a bakery selling doughnuts, or being a hotelier; and iii) the changes to household health resulting in fewer costs relating to illness. The situation is however reported as not being any different for 15 percent of the women and 3 percent indicate that it is worse because they now pay for water and previously didnât.
Although the data on who reported financial benefits do not generate statistically relevant differences, the issue of involvement in income generation activities (IGA) does suggest that age and position within the household are relevant. The main findings are that wives of heads of households and female heads of households were more likely to report IGA benefits and young dependents and older parents/relativesless likely to do so,. Also, women with no kids were less likely to report IGA benefits than those with older kids.   Are they not likely to be single women? Usually in marital terms but might have kids and also possible, though unlikely that there is a husband who isnât head of household somehow (e.g. younger, second husband) Note have edited the paragraph a bit in line with changes to the main document For these and the correlations that follow, it would be useful to have some conjecture about these relationships or else itâs hard to get them to stick or create meaning.  My main point really is that women experience things differently and that we need to look at household position and composition if we really want to ensure that all women can benefit, rather than just assuming that they all have the same chances of uptake/benefit â it could lead to much better targeting. I have some better words to this effect in the revised document I think but not sure that this is the place to talk about this. The issue of increased respect/dignity is also one where there is some statistically relevant disaggregation of experience that emerges, as it was headâs of households rather than elderly relatives, young dependents or other adults in the household who were disproportionately more likely to report this benefit, for example, an old person/relative living in the household had an 86% less chance of improvement in terms of level of respect/dignity after intervention compared to the wife of head of household. OR=0.241; confidence interval 0.0702, 0.809. Also Young dependant has a 81% less chance of improved respect/dignity than wife of head of household. OR=0.185 (0.053, 0.645); Other adult in household has 91% less chance of improved respect/dignity than young dependent. OR=0.093 (0.01 0.882)