2. Section 2.1
Properties of Matter
Objectives
• Identify properties of matter as extensive or intensive
• Define physical property, and list several common physical properties of substances
• Differentiate among three states of matter
• Describe a physical change
Matter
• Matter is anything that
a.) __________________________
b.) __________________________
Mass - __________________________________________________________________
• Don’t confuse this with weight, a measure of gravity
Volume - _______________________________________________________________
Describing Matter
• Properties used to describe matter can be classified as:
1. Extensive - ____________________________________________________________
Ex.)
2. Intensive - _____________________________________________________________
Ex.)
Properties are…
• Words that describe matter (adjectives)
Physical Properties - ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Ex.)
3. Chemical Properties - ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Ex.)
States of Matter
1. Solid - ________________________________________________________________
2. Liquid -
_______________________________________________________________
3. Gas - _________________________________________________________________
• Vapor – a substance that is currently a gas, but normally is a liquid or solid at room
temperature
Result of Will it
States of Matter a Temp. compress?
Definite Definite increase
Volume? Shape?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
4. Physical vs. Chemical Change
Physical Change - ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Ex.)
• Can be reversible; or irreversible
Chemical Change - ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Ex.)
5. Name __________________________________ Date ___________________ Per _____
2.1 Section Review
1. Contrast the characteristics of the three states of matter?
2. What kind of property can only be observed by changing the composition of the
material?
3. Which of the following are physical changes?
a. making caramel from sugar c. freezing mercury
b. carving a wooden figure d. dissolving salt in water
4.Use table 2.1 (in your book) to answer the following questions.
a. Which of the liquids listed has the highest boiling point?
b. What two properties of sucrose distinguish it from sodium chloride
c. What single property do neon, oxygen, and ethanol have in common?
6. Section 2.2
Mixtures
Objectives
• Categorize a sample of matter as a substance or a mixture
• Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous samples of matter
• Describe two ways that components of mixtures can be separated
Mixtures
• Mixtures are a _______________________________ of at least ____________
substances; have variable composition. They can be either:
1. Heterogeneous - ________________________________________________________
Ex.)
2. Homogeneous - ________________________________________________________
Ex.)
• Every part keeps it’s own properties
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures
• Mixed molecule by molecule, thus too small to see the different parts
• Can occur between any state of matter: gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in
liquid; solid in solid (alloys), ect.
• Thus based on the distribution of their components, mixtures are called homogeneous
or heterogeneous
Phase
• The term “phase” is used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition
or properties.
• A homogeneous mixture consists of ___________________________ phase
• A heterogeneous mixture consists of ___________________________ phases
Separating Mixtures
• Some can be separated easily by physical means
Ex.) rocks and marbles, iron filings and sulfur (use magnet)
7. • Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures
Filtration - ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
• Components of dyes such as ink may be separated by _________________________
• ________________________________ takes advantage of different boiling points
8. Name _________________________________ Date ____________________ Per _____
2.2 Section Review
1. What is the difference between a heterogeneous and a homogeneous mixture?
2. Describe a procedure that could be used to separate a mixture consisting of sand and
salt
3. Classify each of the following as a substance or a mixture
a.) silver
b.) alphabet soup
c.) textbook
d.) table salt (sodium chloride)
4. Describe in your own words the difference between a pure substance and a mixture
5. Describe ways in which the various components of a mixture can be separated
6. Explain the term phase as it relates to homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
9. Section 2.3
Elements and Compounds
Objectives
• Explain the difference between an element and a compound
• Distinguish between a substance and a mixture
• Identify the chemical symbols of elements, and name elements given their symbols
Substances are either:
a.) elements, or
b.) compounds
Substances: element or compound
Element - __________________________________________
• cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element
• all ______________ kind of atom
Compounds - ____________________________________________________________
• when broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the original
compound
• made of _______________________________ atoms, chemically combined (not just
a physical blend)
Compound vs. Mixture
Compound Mixture
10. Elements vs. Compounds
• _______________________________ be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical means, but ____________________________________
• A “chemical change” is a change that produces matter with a
_______________________________________________ than the original matter
Chemical Change - A change in which one or more substances are converted into
different substances
• Heat and light are often evidence of a chemical change
Properties of Compounds
• Compounds have quite different properties than their component elements
• Due to a _______________________________________, the resulting compound
has new and different properties
o Table sugar –
o Sodium chloride –
o Water –
11. Symbols & Formulas
• Currently, there are 117 elements
• Elements have a 1 or two letter symbol and compounds have a formula
• An element’s first letter always __________________________, if there is a second
letter, it is written ___________________________
Ex.) B, Ba, C, Ca, H, He
12. Name ___________________________________ Date __________________ Per _____
2.3 Section Review
1. How can you distinguish between an element and a compound?
2. Write the chemical symbols for each of the following elements
a. copper
b. oxygen
c. phosphorus
d. silver
e. sodium
f. helium
3. Name the chemical elements represented by the following symbols
a. Sn
b. Ca
c. S
d. Cd
e. P
f. Cl
4. Classify each of these samples of matter as an element , a compound or a mixture
a. spaghetti sauce
b. glass
c. table sugar
d. river water
e. cough syrup
f. nitrogen
5. What elements make up the pain reliever acetaminophen, chemical formula C8H9O2N?
Which element is present in the greatest proportion by number of atoms.
13. Section 2.4
Chemical Reactions
Objectives
• Describe what happens during a chemical change
• Identify four possible clues that a chemical change has taken place
• Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions
Chemical Changes
• The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a
__________________________________________
o Iron plus oxygen forms rust, so the ability to rust is a chemical property of
iron
• During a chemical change (also called chemical reaction), ______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Chemical Reactions are…
• When one or more substances are changed into new substances
Reactants - ____________________________________________
Products - _____________________________________________
• The products will have ______________________________________ different from
the reactants you started with
• Arrows point _________________________________________________________
Recognizing Chemical Changes
1. Energy ______________________________________________________________
2.
3.
4. Formation of a _________________________________ - a solid that separates from
solution (won’t dissolve)
5. Irreversibility – not easily reversed
14. • But, there are examples of theses that are not chemical – boiling water bubbles, etc.
Law of Conversion of Mass
• During any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of
the reactants
• _____________________________ can be accounted for
15. Name ___________________________________ Date ___________________ Per ____
2.4 Section Review
1. State the difference between a physical change and a chemical change, and list three
likely indications that a chemical change has taken place
2. Classify the following changes as physical or chemical
a. cookies are baked
b. water boils
c. salt dissolves in water
d. a firefly emits light
e. milk spoils
f. a metal chair rusts
3. Consider the law of conservation of mass as you answer this problem. When
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) breaks down explosively, it forms nitrogen gas (N2),
oxygen gas (O2), and water (H2O). When 40 grams of ammonium nitrate explode, 14
grams of nitrogen and 8 grams of oxygen are formed. How many grams of water are
formed?
4. State several physical or chemical properties that could be used to distinguish between
each of the following pairs of substances and mixtures
a. gasoline and water
b. copper and silver
c. water and saltwater
d. aluminum and steel
16. 5. Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form water. How much water would be
formed if 4.8 grams of hydrogen reacted with 38.4 grams of oxygen
