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Part 2: Drafting
    Expository Writing
When we write, it becomes clear that the best
practice is to approach the work in smaller
stages, especially if the assignment is particularly
long. Even for short assignments, breaking the
work up into manageable pieces allows the writer
greater flexibility; time to plan, write, and revise;
and an opportunity to edit the work before it is
due. What we know for certain is that the most
effective methodology of writing is Process
Writing.
                             Note: Much of the material for
                              this lecture can be found in
                              your textbook.
Editing    Planning



Revising
            Drafting
   Your textbook has some excellent
    suggestions for beginning the
    process of drafting an essay. If you find that
    you are having difficulty beginning, take a
    look at these suggestions.
   Remember that a first draft is NOT a final
    draft and may not even resemble your final
    draft. In fact, a first draft is designed for
    revision. It is your chance to experiment with
    what you want to say before you refine your
    thoughts.
   Introductions and conclusions are often the
    hardest parts of a paper to write.
   In fact, if you feel stumped and just don’t
    know how to begin, it is okay to start with the
    body of the paper first and then come back to
    the introduction.
   However, before you try this method, you will
    want to make certain that you have a strong
    thesis statement so that you know where the
    draft is headed.
   One of the major purposes of an introductory
    paragraph is to entice the reader and pull him
    or her into the essay.
   Your reader wants to be interested in what he
    is reading. No one wants to sit through an
    essay that offers nothing in the way of
    entertainment or interest value.
   The process by which you draw the
    reader in is sometimes called the “hook.”
   There are several strategies that
    successful writers use to “hook” their
    readers. These include:
   Stating the thesis directly
    ◦ This is a common type of opening in which the
      writer gives some general background information
      and then narrows the focus to a preview of what is
      coming up in the draft

   Defining difficult or pertinent terms
    ◦ This kind of introduction works particularly well in
      a paper that acquaints the reader with an unfamiliar
      topic

   Posing a question
    ◦ A provocative question can
      entice the reader into the essay
      in search of the answer
   Using a quote
    ◦ A beginning quotation, particularly from an
      authority in the field, can be an effective
      springboard for the ideas that follow

   Sharing an anecdote or story
    ◦ A well-told anecdote or personal experience can
      lure readers into the rest of the paper to see what
      will happen to the characters in the story

   Utilizing a statistic
    ◦ Sometimes you can jolt the reader
      into attention, using content,
      language, or statistics that point to
      the importance of the topic
   Note that the thesis
                                           statement does not
                                           necessarily fall at the end of
                                           the first paragraph.

                                          You can sometimes open
                                           with the thesis statement.

                                          Also, especially in longer
                                           essays, the first paragraph
                                           may be used as a way of
                                           introducing background
                                           information or other hook
                                           devises. In this event, the
                                           thesis statement may
                                           actually fall at the end of
Above all, try not to stress about         the second paragraph.
the thesis statement; remember
that it is tentative until the paper      Your thesis statement is
Is finished.                               also not limited to one
                                           sentence; at times, you may
                                           opt for two sentences in
                                           order to convey your
                                           complete idea.
   Conclusions can again pose difficulties for the writer.
   We are often taught the five-paragraph essay technique
    in grade and secondary schools. This sounds
    something like –
    ◦ tell the reader what you will tell him,
    ◦ spend three body paragraphs telling him,
    ◦ and then tell him what you told him.
   While this technique is effective in teaching students the
    basic structure of how to draft an essay, it does little to
    advance student writing beyond the middle school level.
   While you certainly do want to reiterate your thesis
    statement in your conclusion, it is just too simplistic to
    stop there.
   Fortunately, there are ways of crafting a conclusion so
    that it goes beyond this grade school replica of writing.
   If you have chosen to open your essay with one
    of the hooks listed above, it is effective to
    revisit that idea in your conclusion. Come back
    to the anecdote, the statistic, or the question
    (but be sure you answer the question explicitly
    in your conclusion). This type of circular
    writing wraps up the essay nicely for the reader
    and leaves her with a sense that the essay tied
    up any loose ends.
It is also effective to
write a call-to-action. This strategy
asks the reader to get involved by
doing something herself to help
solve the problem or advance the
cause.

Pointing out the bigger picture also
asks the reader to picture what the
results might be if nothing is done or
if your suggestions are followed.

These strategies can be combined
so that you, for example, reiterate
the thesis statement, complete the
story you began in the beginning of
the essay, and advocate a call-to-
action that gets the reader involved.
   The real work of writing or
    beginning to draft an essay
    can be taken in smaller chunks.
   For instance, just as the planning process lies the
    groundwork for an effective essay, writing
    effective paragraphs breaks the daunting work of
    writing an essay into smaller pieces.
     It also provides structure for your paper and
    works to guide the reader through the text,
    providing readability (in computer terminology,
    we call this being user-friendly).
    But, what constitutes an effective paragraph?
   There are several characteristics of good
    paragraphs. Those characteristics are unity,
    effective topic sentences, adequate
    development, organization, and coherence.
   Unity. A paragraph that has unity develops
    one, and only one, key controlling idea. This
    means that other ideas that don’t belong to
    the paragraph should be omitted or turned
    into their own paragraph.
   A topic sentence states the main or
    controlling idea of a paragraph.
   This topic sentence is combined with
    supporting sentences which further elaborate
    on your main point for the paragraph.
   Note that the placement of a topic sentence
    can vary, depending upon where it works best
    in the paragraph you are writing.
   Underdeveloped paragraphs are
    often a problem.
    Writers tend to write for the
    assignment rather than to inform
    the reader of all the details they
    need to know in order to fully
    understand what they are reading.
   The common statement, “it’s all in the details” is
    an effective benchmark for developing a
    paragraph.
   Your text suggests that you can include facts,
    figures, thoughts, observations, steps, lists,
    examples, and personal experiences to help your
    reader better understand your point.
   An effective paragraph unfolds in a clear
    pattern of organization so that the reader can
    easily follow the flow of ideas. There are
    many ways to organize a paper. Some of the
    organizational strategies you might employ
    are emphatic order, chronological order,
    spatial order, and climactic order, to name a
    few.
   Emphatic order begins with the big moment in
    the text and then backtracks to fill in the gaps
    created by this type of ordering.
   For instance, think of a movie that begins with a
    big car crash in which a main character is killed.
   The story then backtracks and tells us what
    happened before the car crash.
   By the time the car crash happens again at the
    end of the movie, we not only understand more
    about what happened, but we care about the
    characters as well.
   Chronological order simply means telling a
    story from start to finish, even if the main
    event happens before the end of the story.
    This is also an effective way of narrating an
    event.


   Spatial order is used to describe something in
    great detail, especially when you need to
    delineate top/bottom, front/back, right/left,
    around/through, etc.
   Climactic order means that the
    details of the story build from
    the seemingly least important
    to the big crescendo at the end
    of the paper.



   Organization also implies that your reader
    can easily follow your train of thought as he
    or she progresses through the paper.
   Students often ask how to achieve a paper
    that “flows.”
    ◦ The answer to that question is “organization and
      coherence.”

   Coherent writing flows smoothly from one
    sentence to the next, one paragraph to the
    next, and one idea to the next.
   The idea is that writers
    should provide clues to
    their readers as to what
    is coming next.


   We do this naturally when we speak, backing
    up and explaining something better or giving
    an example when we see looks of confusion
    on our audience’s faces, using transitions to
    guide the reader through the story, and
    consciously thinking about the structure of
    what we are saying.
   When we write, these same elements are
    similarly important.
   Connecting words and phrases, or
    transitions, clarify relationships between
    sentences and give the reader clues as to
    what is coming up next.
   Your text provides additional information
    about sentence-level and
    paragraph-level transitions
    and a list of common
    transitions.
   *Note that a breakdown
    in any one of these
    areas can create
    breakdowns in other
    areas.
   For that reason, it is
    imperative that you
    spend quality time with
    your essay to ensure
    that you have
    addressed each of
    these body issues.
   Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference, Seventh
    Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011.

   Reinking, James A. and Robert von der Osten.
    Strategies for Successful Writing, Ninth Ed.
    Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011.

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Process writing.2.drafting.cccti

  • 1. Part 2: Drafting Expository Writing
  • 2. When we write, it becomes clear that the best practice is to approach the work in smaller stages, especially if the assignment is particularly long. Even for short assignments, breaking the work up into manageable pieces allows the writer greater flexibility; time to plan, write, and revise; and an opportunity to edit the work before it is due. What we know for certain is that the most effective methodology of writing is Process Writing.  Note: Much of the material for this lecture can be found in your textbook.
  • 3. Editing Planning Revising Drafting
  • 4. Your textbook has some excellent suggestions for beginning the process of drafting an essay. If you find that you are having difficulty beginning, take a look at these suggestions.  Remember that a first draft is NOT a final draft and may not even resemble your final draft. In fact, a first draft is designed for revision. It is your chance to experiment with what you want to say before you refine your thoughts.
  • 5. Introductions and conclusions are often the hardest parts of a paper to write.  In fact, if you feel stumped and just don’t know how to begin, it is okay to start with the body of the paper first and then come back to the introduction.  However, before you try this method, you will want to make certain that you have a strong thesis statement so that you know where the draft is headed.
  • 6. One of the major purposes of an introductory paragraph is to entice the reader and pull him or her into the essay.  Your reader wants to be interested in what he is reading. No one wants to sit through an essay that offers nothing in the way of entertainment or interest value.  The process by which you draw the reader in is sometimes called the “hook.”  There are several strategies that successful writers use to “hook” their readers. These include:
  • 7. Stating the thesis directly ◦ This is a common type of opening in which the writer gives some general background information and then narrows the focus to a preview of what is coming up in the draft  Defining difficult or pertinent terms ◦ This kind of introduction works particularly well in a paper that acquaints the reader with an unfamiliar topic  Posing a question ◦ A provocative question can entice the reader into the essay in search of the answer
  • 8. Using a quote ◦ A beginning quotation, particularly from an authority in the field, can be an effective springboard for the ideas that follow  Sharing an anecdote or story ◦ A well-told anecdote or personal experience can lure readers into the rest of the paper to see what will happen to the characters in the story  Utilizing a statistic ◦ Sometimes you can jolt the reader into attention, using content, language, or statistics that point to the importance of the topic
  • 9. Note that the thesis statement does not necessarily fall at the end of the first paragraph.  You can sometimes open with the thesis statement.  Also, especially in longer essays, the first paragraph may be used as a way of introducing background information or other hook devises. In this event, the thesis statement may actually fall at the end of Above all, try not to stress about the second paragraph. the thesis statement; remember that it is tentative until the paper  Your thesis statement is Is finished. also not limited to one sentence; at times, you may opt for two sentences in order to convey your complete idea.
  • 10. Conclusions can again pose difficulties for the writer.  We are often taught the five-paragraph essay technique in grade and secondary schools. This sounds something like – ◦ tell the reader what you will tell him, ◦ spend three body paragraphs telling him, ◦ and then tell him what you told him.  While this technique is effective in teaching students the basic structure of how to draft an essay, it does little to advance student writing beyond the middle school level.  While you certainly do want to reiterate your thesis statement in your conclusion, it is just too simplistic to stop there.  Fortunately, there are ways of crafting a conclusion so that it goes beyond this grade school replica of writing.
  • 11. If you have chosen to open your essay with one of the hooks listed above, it is effective to revisit that idea in your conclusion. Come back to the anecdote, the statistic, or the question (but be sure you answer the question explicitly in your conclusion). This type of circular writing wraps up the essay nicely for the reader and leaves her with a sense that the essay tied up any loose ends.
  • 12. It is also effective to write a call-to-action. This strategy asks the reader to get involved by doing something herself to help solve the problem or advance the cause. Pointing out the bigger picture also asks the reader to picture what the results might be if nothing is done or if your suggestions are followed. These strategies can be combined so that you, for example, reiterate the thesis statement, complete the story you began in the beginning of the essay, and advocate a call-to- action that gets the reader involved.
  • 13. The real work of writing or beginning to draft an essay can be taken in smaller chunks.  For instance, just as the planning process lies the groundwork for an effective essay, writing effective paragraphs breaks the daunting work of writing an essay into smaller pieces.  It also provides structure for your paper and works to guide the reader through the text, providing readability (in computer terminology, we call this being user-friendly).  But, what constitutes an effective paragraph?
  • 14. There are several characteristics of good paragraphs. Those characteristics are unity, effective topic sentences, adequate development, organization, and coherence.  Unity. A paragraph that has unity develops one, and only one, key controlling idea. This means that other ideas that don’t belong to the paragraph should be omitted or turned into their own paragraph.
  • 15. A topic sentence states the main or controlling idea of a paragraph.  This topic sentence is combined with supporting sentences which further elaborate on your main point for the paragraph.  Note that the placement of a topic sentence can vary, depending upon where it works best in the paragraph you are writing.
  • 16. Underdeveloped paragraphs are often a problem.  Writers tend to write for the assignment rather than to inform the reader of all the details they need to know in order to fully understand what they are reading.  The common statement, “it’s all in the details” is an effective benchmark for developing a paragraph.  Your text suggests that you can include facts, figures, thoughts, observations, steps, lists, examples, and personal experiences to help your reader better understand your point.
  • 17. An effective paragraph unfolds in a clear pattern of organization so that the reader can easily follow the flow of ideas. There are many ways to organize a paper. Some of the organizational strategies you might employ are emphatic order, chronological order, spatial order, and climactic order, to name a few.
  • 18. Emphatic order begins with the big moment in the text and then backtracks to fill in the gaps created by this type of ordering.  For instance, think of a movie that begins with a big car crash in which a main character is killed.  The story then backtracks and tells us what happened before the car crash.  By the time the car crash happens again at the end of the movie, we not only understand more about what happened, but we care about the characters as well.
  • 19. Chronological order simply means telling a story from start to finish, even if the main event happens before the end of the story. This is also an effective way of narrating an event.  Spatial order is used to describe something in great detail, especially when you need to delineate top/bottom, front/back, right/left, around/through, etc.
  • 20. Climactic order means that the details of the story build from the seemingly least important to the big crescendo at the end of the paper.  Organization also implies that your reader can easily follow your train of thought as he or she progresses through the paper.
  • 21. Students often ask how to achieve a paper that “flows.” ◦ The answer to that question is “organization and coherence.”  Coherent writing flows smoothly from one sentence to the next, one paragraph to the next, and one idea to the next.
  • 22. The idea is that writers should provide clues to their readers as to what is coming next.  We do this naturally when we speak, backing up and explaining something better or giving an example when we see looks of confusion on our audience’s faces, using transitions to guide the reader through the story, and consciously thinking about the structure of what we are saying.
  • 23. When we write, these same elements are similarly important.  Connecting words and phrases, or transitions, clarify relationships between sentences and give the reader clues as to what is coming up next.  Your text provides additional information about sentence-level and paragraph-level transitions and a list of common transitions.
  • 24. *Note that a breakdown in any one of these areas can create breakdowns in other areas.  For that reason, it is imperative that you spend quality time with your essay to ensure that you have addressed each of these body issues.
  • 25. Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference, Seventh Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011.  Reinking, James A. and Robert von der Osten. Strategies for Successful Writing, Ninth Ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011.