1. UNIT I
LEARNERS

2.  Target language community
 English for a specific purpose (ESP)
 Business English
 English for academic purposes (EAP)
 General English

3.  English as a foreing language (EFL)
 English as a second language (ESL)
 English for speakers of other languages
(ESOL)

4.  By default
 Information technology (IT)
 Private session: one to one teaching
 Pairwork and groupwork
 In-school and in-company
 Real learning environment
 Virtual learning environment

5.  AGE
 Children:2 to 14
 Young learners: 5 to 9
 Very young learners: 2 to 5
 Adolescents: 12 to 17 (physical and
emotional changes)
 Young adults: 16 to 20

6.  Seeing, hearing and touching
 Individual attention
 Teacher’s approval
 Activities focus on their lives and
experiences
 ATTENTION SPAM
 Hability to become competent speakers with
enough exposure
 Learning has to be through games, puzzles,
songs (camouflage the learning)

7.  Greater capacity for abstract thought
 Enormous potential for creative thought
 Passionate commitment to things which
interest them
 Search for identity and self-esteem
 Peer vs teacher’s approval
 Teachers fear to loose control

8.  Wider range of life experience
 Have a clear understanding of the reason
they are learning
 Disciplined
 They can be disruptive, exhausting or
disagree vocally, arrive late and fail to do the
homework.

9.  The neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)
 Visual, auditory, kinaesthetic
 Multiple intelligences: mathematical,
musical, interpersonal, spatial, emotional,
etc.

10.  The Council of Europe and the Association of
Language Testers of Europe (ALTE)
categorization:
 Beginner and false beginner
 Intermediate: elementary, pre-intermediate,
intermediate and upper intermediate.
 Advanced

11.  A1: can complete basic forms and write
notes including times, dates and places
 A2: can complete forms and write short
simple letters or postcards related to
personal information.

12.  B1: can write letters or make notes on
familiar or predictable matters.
 B2: can make notes while someone is talking
or write a letter including non-standard
questions.

13.  C1: can prepare/draft professional
correspondence, take reasonably accurate
notes in meetings or write an essay which
shows an ability to communicate.
 C2: can write letters on any subject and
full notes of meetings or seminars with
good expession or accuracy.

14.  Beginners: success is easy to see. (drills,
elicit the language)
 Intermediate: success is less obvious.
(plateau effect)
 Advanced: students already know, so there’s
risk of the plateau effect. Focus on
appropriacy, connotation and inferences.
(discursive essay)

15.  Learning by rote: memorizing facts and
figures.
 Multilingual classes: classes with students of
different mother tongues.

16.  The desire to learn.
 Intrinsic: within each individual or classroom
 Instrumental: as a mean to get something
 Extrinsic: students bring it from outside
 Sustaining: maintaining the attention, agency
(taking responsibility, doers)
 Challenge: level
 Affect: how the students feel about learning

17.  Learners autonomy
 Gradually extend the student’s role in
learning
 Writing exercises, compositions, further
study.
 Encourage students to use monolingual
dictionaries
 Use bilingual dictionaries at early stages of
learning.
 Self-access centre: resources comprising
books.