Fresh water fishes

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Dr. Waqas Nawaz

Dr. Waqas Nawaz PMAS Arid agriculture university rawalpindi, Pakistan

Kunst & Fotos

IN FRESHWATER PONDS:
CARP
CATFISH EEL
MACHROBRACHIUM GOLDFISH
PIKE
SNAKEHEAD
TILAPIA
TROUT

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What is biodiversity? Father of biodiversity- E.O. Wilson.  The term ‘biodiversity’’ encompasses the variety of all life forms on earth.  Define biodiversity – ‘’ Biodiversity include of the particular area may be living organisms (plant and animal) called biodiversity ’’. • Simple words in can be defined as the biodiversity . “Variety, variability b/w genes, spp. and ecosystem”.  Define fish diversity – “Fish Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location”. The number of species that live in a particular location is called species richness. India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries having four biodiversity hotspots namely the Western Ghats, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma and Sundaland that are included amongst the top ten most important hotspots in the world. It also has rich freshwater(rivers, irrigationcanals,tanks, lakes,reservoirs) fish diversity.  Which living organisms– All living organism in world 7.4 billion. Fish Biodiversity in world- World harbour total of 33059 spp. 4258 genera, 482 families about 58 % Marine water, 41% Fresh water and 1% migrants. 2-Fisheries resource of India – India blessed with huge aquatic resources with 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.9 million ha of back waters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands, 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.02 million km sq area of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the seas,8129 km of coast line, which includes those of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. The seas surrounding the country, 14 major rivers, 44 medium rivers and innumerable small rivers and other inland water bodies provide one of the richest faunastic resources of the world.

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In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them. Respiration in Fish The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.

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Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes. The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers. The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills. Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.

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Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres. Fish usually migrate to feed or to reproduce, but in other cases the reasons are unclear. Migrations involve the fish moving from one part of a water body to another on a regular basis. Some particular types of migration are anadromous, in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn, and catadromous, in which adult fish live in fresh water and migrate into salt water to spawn. Marine forage fish often make large migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Movements are associated with ocean currents and with the availability of food in different areas at different times of year. The migratory movements may partly be linked to the fact that the fish cannot identify their own offspring and moving in this way prevents cannibalism. Some species have been described by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as highly migratory species. These are large pelagic fish that move in and out of the exclusive economic zones of different nations, and these are covered differently in the treaty from other fish. Salmon and striped bass are well-known anadromous fish, and freshwater eels are catadromous fish that make large migrations. The bull shark is a euryhaline species that moves at will from fresh to salt water, and many marine fish make a diel vertical migration, rising to the surface to feed at night and sinking to lower layers of the ocean by day. Some fish such as tuna move to the north and south at different times of year following temperature gradients. The patterns of migration are of great interest to the fishing industry. Movements of fish in fresh water also occur; often the fish swim upriver to spawn, and these traditional movements are increasingly being disrupted by the building of dams.

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