Dr. Waqas Nawaz PMAS arid agriculture university rawalpindi

1. Waqas Nawaz (11-ARID-975)
ARTHROLOGY
It is the study of jounts
The Articulations of Joints
An articulation or Joint is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue. Bone is
the fundamental part of most joints, in some cases a bone and a cartilage, or two cartilages, form a joint.
Joints may be classified:-
a. Anatomically according to their mode of development, the nature of the uniting medium, and the form
of the jount surfaces.
b. Physiologically, with regard to the amount and kind of movement or the absence of mobility in them.
c. By a combination of the foregoing considerations.
Subdivisions Three chief subdivisions of joints are usually recognized on the basis of function:-
a. Synarthroses
b. Diarthroses
c. Amphi-Arthroses
1. SYNARTIHROSES / Fibrous joints In this group the segments are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage
or a mixture of the two in such a manner as practically to preclude movement hence they are often termed fixded
or immovable joints. There is no cavity. Most of these joints are temporary

2. Classes:-
The chief classes in this group of joints are as follows:-
(1) Suture:-
This term (Sutura) is applied to those joints in which the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous
tissues the sutural ligament.
Suture Serrata:- In many cases the edhes of the bones have irregular interlocking margins, forming trhe
sutura serrata
e.g the frontal suture.
Sutura Squamosa:- In this, the edges are beveled and overlap, forming the sutura squamosa
e.g the parieto temporal suture
Sutura Harmonia:- In this, the edges are plane or slightly roughened the term sutura harmonid is applied to
the joints.
e.g the nasal suture.
2. Syndesmosis:- In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tissue or a mixture.

3. Example :- Examples are the union of the shaft of the metacarpal bones and the attachments to each other of
costal cartilages.
3. Synchondrosis:-
In these, the two bones are united by cartilage.
e.g the joints between the basilar part of the occipital bone and the sphenoid bone. Very few joints are
permanent.
4. Symphysis:-
This term is usually limited to a few median joints which connect symmetrical parts of the skeleton.
e.g Symphysis pelvis, symphysis mandible.
5. Gomphosis:-
This term is sometimes applied to the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli. The gomphosis is not
properly considered a joint at all sine the teeth are not parts of the skeleton.
2. DIARTHROSES/SYNOVIAL JOINTS:-

4. These joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule
and by their mobility. They are often called movable or true joints. It is a functional joint, consists of synovial,
fluid, articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, ligaments, particular discs or menisci and a marginal cartilage
Ligaments are strong bands or membranes, usually composed of white fibrous tissue, which bird the
bones together.
Movements
The movements of a joint are determined chiefly by the form and extent of joint surfaces and the
arrangement of ligaments. They are usually classified as:-
1. Gliding:- This refers to the sliding of are practically plane surface on another, as in the joints between
the articular processes of the cervical vertebrae.
2. Angular Movements
In these cases there is movement around one or more axis
FlexionMotion which diminishes the angle included by the segments forming the joint.

5. Extension. Motion which tend to bring segments interline with each other is called extension with reference
to joints of distal parts of limbs.
Term Dorsal, Volar or planter flexion in used. Similarly the term dorsal and ventral flexion are applied to
corresponding movement of spiral column. The term lateral flexion as applied to the vertebral column is
evident. Depression, elevation & transverse movement of lower jaws fall in the category.
3. Circumduction:- This designates movements in which the distal end of the limb describes as circle
or a segment of one.
4. Rotation:- This term is reserved to indicate rotation of one segment around the longitudinal axis of the
other segment forming the joints. It is seen typically in atlanto axial joint.
5. Adduction abduction:- Designate respectively movement of a limb toward and away form the median
plane or of a digit towards and away from the axis of the limb.
Classification:- This is based on the form of the joint surfaces and the movements which occur. The following
chief classes may be recognized:-
1. Arthrodia:- Or gliding joint. In these the surfaces are practically flat, admitting of gliding movement.
Examples: Carpo-metacarpal joints, joints b/w the artalar processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
2. Ginglymus :- Or hinge-joint
In this case, the joint surfaces consists usually of two condyles, or of a segment of a cylindrical or cone,
which are received by corresponding cavities .i.e around single transverse axis.
Examples:- Atlanto - occipital and elbow joints.
3. Trochoid:- Or pivot joint.

6. In these the movement is limited to rotation of one segment around the longitudinal axis.
Examples:- Atlanto – axial joint.
4. Enarthrosis:- Or ball-and-socket joints.
These are formed by a surface of approximately spherical curvature, received into a corresponding cavity.
They are multiaxial.
Examples:- Hip and shoulder joints.
3. AMPHIARTHROSES
These joints, as the name indicates, share some characters with both of the preceding groups. In them the
segments are dircely united by a plate of fibro-carliage, and usually by ligaments also. The amount and kind of
movement are determined by the shape of the joint surfaces and the amount and pliability of the uniting medium.
These joints are nearly all medial in position, and are best illustrated by the joints between the bodies of
the vertebrae.There is typically no joint cavity, but in certain situation one exists.

7. REFERENCE:-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
BY :- SEPTIMUS SISSON

8. MEHMOOD UL HASSAN (11-ARID-940)
ARTICULATIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS
1. ATLANTO-OCCIDITAL JOINT (YES JOINT)
ANIMAL PARTICIDATING ONE FORM FUNCTIONS
DOG Occipital condyles and cranial Filliptical joints, simple joint Hing joint, dorsal and
articular fovea ventral flexor
HORSE Occipital condyles and two deep Hing joint dorsal and
oval cavities of atlas central flexor (lateral
movement)
OX Occipital condyies and cranial Hing joint dorsal and
articular fovea of atlas bone ventral flexor (lateral
movement)
2. ATLANTO – AXIAL JOINT

9. DOG Fovea of the dens and caudal Trochoid joint Axial rotation of the
Simple joint
articular fossa of the atlas, dens head on the neck, head
and ventral articulation surface shaking
of the dens
HORSE Atlas saddle-shape facets and Trochoid joints Atlas and the head
Pivot joint
reciprocal saddle shaped rotate upon the axis,
surfaces extend upon the dens axis of rotation passes
confident on ventral aspect through centre of body
of axis
OX Atlas saddle-shape facets and Trochoid joints Atlas and the head
Pivot joint
reciprocal saddle shaped rotate upon the axis,
surfaces extend upon the dens axis of rotation passes
confident on ventral aspect through centre of body
of axis
3. JOINTS OF THE ARTICULAR PROCESS
DOG Articular process of adjacent Plane joint Sliding joints

10. vertebrae
HORSE “Articular process of adjacent Plane joint Sliding joints
vertebrae
OX “Articular process of adjacent Sliding joints
vertebrae
4. COSTO – VERTEBRAL JOINTS
DOG Articular surface of the head of Sphenoid joint composite joint Hinge joint that together
the rib and caudal costal fovea with the vertebrae

11. of the more cranial vertebrae makes possible the
and cranial costal fovea of the variation of thoracic
more caudal vertebrae with volume in respiration
which the ribs head articulate
HORSE Each ribs form two joint by head Costo-central joint The movement is very
Costo-transverse joint
(costo-central) ad by tubercle limited in the anterior
(costo-transverse joint) part of series of joints
but considerable in the
posterior part
OX “Each ribs form two joint by Costo-central joint The movement is very
Costo-transverse
head (costo-central) ad by limited in the arterior
tubercle (costo-transverse joint) part of series of joints
but considerable in the
posterior part
5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT JOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE
DOG Articular surfaces of the costal Condylar joint Hinge joint
Simple joint
tubercle and the costal fovea of
the transverse process of the

12. same numbered (more caudal
vertebrae
HORSE From by facet of the tubercle of Chiding joint Gliding joint
the rib and on transverse Movement is very
process of the vertebrae limited
OX There are no intertransverse Chiding joint Gliding joint
joints form by facet of tubercle Movement is very
of rib and transverse process of limited
the vertebrae
6. STERNO – COSTAL JOINT
DOG Cartilaginous ends of the first to Condylar joint Hinge joint
Simple joint
the eight rib and sternum

13. HORSE Cartilaginous ends of the first to Condylar joint Hinge joint
Simple joint
the eight rib and sternum
OX Cartilaginous ends of the first to Inter-sternal joint Hinge joint
the eight rib and sternum
7. COSTO-CHONDRAL SYNCHONOROSES
DOG Costal bone and costal cartilage SynchondrosisHorse Nearly rigid and
immoveable

14. Horse Rib has concave surface which Synarthrosis Nearly rigid and
receive convex end of the immoveable
cartilage
OX Cartilages are attached to each Diarthrosis Limited lateral
other by distinct elastic ligament movement is possible
8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS
DOG Monubrium of the sternum of Synchondrosis Increasingly rigid and
the body of the sternum xiphoid immoveable
process

15. HORSE Seven bond segments are Synchondrosis Increasingly rigid and
united by persisting cartilage in immoveable
new-born foal
OX First segment of sternum Diarthrodial inter sterna joint Increasingly rigid and
immoveable
9. INTERVETEBRAL SYMPHYSIS (JOINTS BETWEEN ADJACENT VERTEBRAE)
DOG Bodies of adjacent vertebrae Intervertebral disc without a space Slight mobility
starting with the axis and

16. including it caudal vertebrae
HORSE Bodies of adjacent vertebrae Intervertebral disc with a space Slight mobility
starting with the axis and
including the caudal vertebrae
OX Intervertebral ligaments are Ingtervertebral disc with a space Slight mobility
thicker than Horse

17. REFERENCE:- 1-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
By:- SEPTIMUS SISSon
2:-ANATOMY OF DOG

18. Huzaifa Shahid (11-arid-936)
Hafiz Hussnain Ahmed (11=arid-935)
Joints of forelimb
Thoraxic limb:- It includes the following joints
Shoulder Joint:- Scapula-humeral joint. It is formed by the junction of distal end of scapula with proximal end of
humerous. The articular surfaces are on the scapula, the glenoid cavity. On the jumerous the
head. Ligaments are absent from this joint.
Elbow Joint:- Cubital articulation. Trochelear surface formed by condyles of humerous. Glenoid cavivities
and ridge.
Radioulnar Proximal radio-ulnar articulation
Articulation:-
Carpal Joints Movement:- This is unappreciable, the forearm being
fixed in position of pronation
Radio Inter Carpometa Movement:- The chief movements are flextion and
carpal CarpalCarpal Joint extension. The dorsal part of capsule
tense during flextion and volar part in
extension.
The movement practically all occurs at the radio-carpal and inter-carpal joints. The apposed surfaces of shaf of
bones are closely united by an interosseous metacarpal ligament.

19. The fetlock joint:- Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation.
Movement:- Nature of flexion and extension. The articular angle is 140o. During volar
flextion a small amount of abduction, adduction and rotation are
possible.
Pastern joint Proximal interphalanged articulation. It is present at distal end of 1st phalanx and proxical end
of 2nd phalanx.
Movement:- These are very limited. Flexion and extension occurs

20. The coffin joint Distal interphalageal articulation
Movement:- Flextion and extension occurs. Dorsal flextion is very limited.

21. COMPARISION OF JOINTS OF FORE LIMB OF HORSE – OX & DOG
Features Horse Ox Dog
Should joint (Joint Free movement but not 100o Free movements
Capsule) Articular angle exceed 33o
Ligaments Absent Present Present
Angle b/w scapula & 120o-130o - -
humerous
Ligament nuchae Not better development Better developed Consists of small fibrous
bands
Joint capsule (movement) Bones can be drawn - Communists freely
about an inch (2-3 cm)
In elbow joint 150o - Zoo
Articular angle
Ligaments of elbow joint Oblique + collateral - Oblique
Range of movement 55o to 60o Slightly oblique Limited rotation
(in elbow joint) (fore arm more outward)
Flexation
Carpal joints Present Absent Absent
Arthrodial joint
Movements (in carpal Flaxation and extersionS - Free movement
joint)
Carpometalcarpal 4 in number - 6 in dog
ligaments
REFERENCE:-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
BY:- SEPTIMUS SISSON

22. FATIMA ZAHRA NAQVI (11-ARID-934)
JOINTS OF PELVIC LIMB
Horse Ox Dog
1. Sacroilic joint
Ligament of sacroiliac joint This is joint and the pelvic ligament
Dorsal and ventral parts,incorporated present no very striking differences.
Into fibrous component of joint In other animal
2. Sacrosciatic
Forms broad sheet leaving Greater and lesser ischiatic Narrow in the dog
foramina. But strong band
Over respective ischiatic notches.
3. Hip joint
This joint is an ebarthrosis formed The shallowness of the acetabulum No important difference
By the proximal end of femur and is compensated by the greater size
Acetabulum.Head of femur presents of the marginal cartilage which is
almost hemispherical articulure specially An radius of curvature thn
Surface which is continued a short horse
Distance on upper surface of the Neck

23. Horse Ox Dog
4. Ligaments of the hip joint
a. Fibro cartilaginous
Extends round rim of acetabulum To deepen and stabilize joint
b. Accessory ligament
A detachment of pre-pubic tendon enters Absent in ox On head of femur,markedly
Hip joint via acetabular notch and inserts restricting Abduction of hind
limb
c. Round Ligament
Short and stout similar to other species Absent in ox Short and stout similar to other
species
d. Transverse acetabular ligament
Acetabulum across acetabular notch Absent Absent
And holds accessory ligament in place.
Join capsule can be accessed deep
Between cranial and caudal parts of
Greater femoraltrochanter.

24. Horse Ox Dog
5. Stifle Joint
This joint resemble that of pig. There is a considerable between The posterior part of
Joint of man is the largest and most the femoro-pateller and the capsule contain.
elaborate of all the articulations.Taken communication femoro-tibial joint Two sesamoid bones which
as a whole ,it may be classified as cavities;this is situated between are imbedded in orgin of the
ginglymus,although it is not the the medial as in the horse,but Gastrocnemius
Typical example of the group wider.A small contact . Lateral
femoro-tibial capsule occurs
6. The femoro-pateller ligaments
a. Medial ligament
Thinner and is not distinct It is not sunken as there is no Tibia where it is attached
From the capsule groove on the tuberosity of the
femure
a. Lateral Ligament
Lateral ligament is fairly Lateral ligament is fairly Lateral ligament is fairly
Distinct.it arises from the lateral Distinct.it arises from the lateral Distinct.it arises from the

25. Horse Ox Dog
Epicondyle of the femur just above the Epicondyle of the femur just above lateral
Lateral femoro-tibial ligament,and ends the Lateral femoro-tibial Epicondyle of the femur just
on Lateral border of patella ligament,and ends on Lateral above the Lateral femoro-tibial
border of patella ligament,and ends on Lateral
border of patella
7. Hock joint
There is very considerable mobility from At the proximal intertarsal joint, the The long collateral ligaments
the neck of the tibial tarsal to the fourth .Capsule of which is orrespondingly are very small, and short ones
tarsal and third metatarsal bones Roomy. The short lateral ligament double .The plantar ligament
is attached distally on the tibia is weak, and ends on the
tarsal only A strong transverse fourth metatarsl bone. No
ligament attaches the lateral distinct dorsal ligamenii is
malleulus to the backunless we present,
regard as such a of the tibial tarsal
bone. The dorsal ligament
ligament is narrow and thin
7. Tibio-fibular Joints
This joint formed by the head of the The proximal end of the fibula The arrangement is
fibula artic With a cresenting facet just fuses with the lateral condyles of essentially the same as [in rhe

26. Horse Ox Dog
below ulating. The outer margin of the the tibia the distal end remains Pig, but there is no
lateral condyle of the tibia .The joint separate,and form an arthrosis interosseus ligament in the
capsule is strong and close.The shaft of with the distal end erosseus the distal joint. Not uncommonly
the fibula by the interosseous tibia;the movement here is the distal part of the shaft of
membrane of the Leg.This is perforated ligament in imperceptible,as the the fibula and tibia are
about about an inch from its proximal two bones are attached to the ankylosed.
end by an opening which transmits lateral border of the tibia united by
The anterior tibial vessels to the front of strong peripheral fibers
the tibia.
REFERENCE:-ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
BY:- SEPTIMUS SISSON