1. 17 Blood

4. Figure 17.1 1 Withdraw blood and place in tube. 2 Centrifuge the blood sample. Plasma • 55% of whole blood • Least dense component Buffy coat • Leukocytes and platelets • <1% of whole blood Erythrocytes • 45% of whole blood • Most dense component Formed elements

12. Figure 17.2 Platelets Neutrophils Lymphocyte Erythrocytes Monocyte

14. Figure 17.3 2.5 µm 7.5 µm Side view (cut) Top view

18. Figure 17.4 Heme group (a) Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups. (b) Iron-containing heme pigment.  Globin chains  Globin chains

24. Figure 17.5 Stem cell Hemocytoblast Proerythro- blast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Reticulo- cyte Erythro- cyte Committed cell Developmental pathway

29. Figure 17.6 Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count. O 2 - carrying ability of blood increases. Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Stimulus: Hypoxia (low blood O 2 - carrying ability) due to • Decreased RBC count • Decreased amount of hemoglobin • Decreased availability of O 2 1 2 3 4 5 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE

30. Figure 17.6, step 1 Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Stimulus: Hypoxia (low blood O 2 - carrying ability) due to • Decreased RBC count • Decreased amount of hemoglobin • Decreased availability of O 2 1 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE

31. Figure 17.6, step 2 Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin. Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Stimulus: Hypoxia (low blood O 2 - carrying ability) due to • Decreased RBC count • Decreased amount of hemoglobin • Decreased availability of O 2 1 2 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE

32. Figure 17.6, step 3 Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow. Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Stimulus: Hypoxia (low blood O 2 - carrying ability) due to • Decreased RBC count • Decreased amount of hemoglobin • Decreased availability of O 2 1 2 3 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE

33. Figure 17.6, step 4 Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count. Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Stimulus: Hypoxia (low blood O 2 - carrying ability) due to • Decreased RBC count • Decreased amount of hemoglobin • Decreased availability of O 2 1 2 3 4 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE

34. Figure 17.6, step 5 Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count. O 2 - carrying ability of blood increases. Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Stimulus: Hypoxia (low blood O 2 - carrying ability) due to • Decreased RBC count • Decreased amount of hemoglobin • Decreased availability of O 2 1 2 3 4 5 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE

38. Figure 17.7 Low O 2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1 Erythropoietin levels rise in blood. 2 Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 3 Aged and damaged red blood cells are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down. 5 New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function about 120 days. 4 Raw materials are made available in blood for erythrocyte synthesis. 6 Hemoglobin Amino acids Globin Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis. Food nutrients, including amino acids, Fe, B 12 , and folic acid, are absorbed from intestine and enter blood. Heme Circulation Iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin Bilirubin Bilirubin is picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria, and excreted in feces.

39. Figure 17.7, step 1 Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1

40. Figure 17.7, step 2 Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1 Erythropoietin levels rise in blood. 2

41. Figure 17.7, step 3 Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1 Erythropoietin levels rise in blood. 2 Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 3

42. Figure 17.7, step 4 Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1 Erythropoietin levels rise in blood. 2 Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 3 New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function about 120 days. 4

43. Figure 17.7, step 5 Aged and damaged red blood cells are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down. 5 Hemoglobin Amino acids Globin Heme Circulation Iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin Bilirubin Bilirubin is picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria, and excreted in feces.

44. Figure 17.7, step 6 Aged and damaged red blood cells are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down. 5 Raw materials are made available in blood for erythrocyte synthesis. 6 Hemoglobin Amino acids Globin Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis. Food nutrients, including amino acids, Fe, B12, and folic acid, are absorbed from intestine and enter blood. Heme Circulation Iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin Bilirubin Bilirubin is picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria, and excreted in feces.

45. Figure 17.7 Low O 2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1 Erythropoietin levels rise in blood. 2 Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 3 Aged and damaged red blood cells are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down. 5 New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function about 120 days. 4 Raw materials are made available in blood for erythrocyte synthesis. 6 Hemoglobin Amino acids Globin Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis. Food nutrients, including amino acids, Fe, B 12 , and folic acid, are absorbed from intestine and enter blood. Heme Circulation Iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin Bilirubin Bilirubin is picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria, and excreted in feces.

52. Figure 17.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146 (a) Normal erythrocyte has normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence in the beta chain. (b) Sickled erythrocyte results from a single amino acid change in the beta chain of hemoglobin.

55. Figure 17.9 Formed elements Platelets Leukocytes Erythrocytes Differential WBC count (All total 4800 – 10,800/l) Neutrophils (50 – 70%) Lymphocytes (25 – 45%) Eosinophils (2 – 4%) Basophils (0.5 – 1%) Monocytes (3 – 8%) Agranulocytes Granulocytes

60. Figure 17.10 (a-c) (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

66. Figure 17.10d, e (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus

67. Table 17.2 (1 of 2)

68. Table 17.2 (2 of 2)

70. Figure 17.11 Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell Myeloblast Myeloblast Monoblast Myeloblast Lymphoblast Stem cells Committed cells Promyelocyte Promyelocyte Promyelocyte Promonocyte Prolymphocyte Eosinophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Basophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic band cells Neutrophilic band cells Basophilic band cells Developmental pathway Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophils Granular leukocytes (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Monocytes Lymphocytes Agranular leukocytes Some become Some become

75. Figure 17.12 Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets

79. Figure 17.13 Collagen fibers Platelets Fibrin Step Vascular spasm • Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction. Step Platelet plug formation • Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere. • Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms. Step Coagulation • Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot. 1 2 3

82. Figure 17.14 (1 of 2) Vessel endothelium ruptures, exposing underlying tissues (e.g., collagen) PF 3 released by aggregated platelets XII XI IX XII a Ca 2+ Ca 2+ XI a IX a Intrinsic pathway Phase 1 Tissue cell trauma exposes blood to Platelets cling and their surfaces provide sites for mobilization of factors Extrinsic pathway Tissue factor (TF) VII VII a VIII VIII a Ca 2+ X X a Prothrombin activator PF 3 TF/VII a complex IXa/VIII a complex V V a

83. Figure 17.14 (2 of 2) Ca 2+ Phase 2 Phase 3 Prothrombin activator Prothrombin (II) Thrombin (II a ) Fibrinogen (I) (soluble) Fibrin (insoluble polymer) XIII XIII a Cross-linked fibrin mesh

88. Figure 17.15

106. Table 17.4

113. ABO Blood Typing

114. Figure 17.16 Serum Anti-A RBCs Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Blood being tested Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)