11. CerebellumCerebellum
AnatomyAnatomy
– HemispheresHemispheres
FunctionsFunctions
– Compares intendedCompares intended
movement withmovement with
what is actuallywhat is actually
happeninghappening
– Smooth,Smooth,
coordinatedcoordinated
movementsmovements
– Posture/balancePosture/balance
13. Brain StemBrain Stem
AnatomyAnatomy
– Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
– PonsPons
– MidbrainMidbrain
FunctionsFunctions
– MedullaMedulla
Relays motor andRelays motor and
sensory informationsensory information
Regulates heartbeat,Regulates heartbeat,
breathing and bloodbreathing and blood
vessel dilationvessel dilation
– PonsPons
Control breathingControl breathing
19. Protective CoveringsProtective Coverings
(Meninges)(Meninges)
Dura materDura mater
Dense connective tissueDense connective tissue
ArachnoidArachnoid
Nonvascular connective tissueNonvascular connective tissue
Pia materPia mater
Highly vascularHighly vascular
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord andCovers surface of the brain and spinal cord and
invaginates along cortical surface to forminvaginates along cortical surface to form
perivascular spacesperivascular spaces
22. Cerebral Spinal FluidCerebral Spinal Fluid
Formed in the choroid plexusFormed in the choroid plexus
Reabsorbed into saggittal sinus byReabsorbed into saggittal sinus by
arachnoid villiarachnoid villi
Protects brain against concussiveProtects brain against concussive
traumatrauma
removes waste productsremoves waste products
28. CN I: OLFACTORYCN I: OLFACTORY
Cranial nerve ICranial nerve I
Function:Function:
– smellsmell
Clinical test forClinical test for
damage:damage:
– determine whetherdetermine whether
a person can smella person can smell
something aromaticsomething aromatic
29. CN II: OPTICCN II: OPTIC
Cranial nerve IICranial nerve II
Function:Function:
– visionvision
Clinical test forClinical test for
damage:damage:
– tests peripheral visiontests peripheral vision
and visual acuityand visual acuity
Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
– blindness in part or all ofblindness in part or all of
the visual fieldthe visual field
30. CNIII: OCULOMOTORCNIII: OCULOMOTOR
Cranial nerve IIICranial nerve III
Function:Function:
– eye movements, opening ofeye movements, opening of
eyelid, constriction of pupil,eyelid, constriction of pupil,
focusing, proprioceptionfocusing, proprioception
Clinical tests for injury:Clinical tests for injury:
– differences in pupil size;differences in pupil size;
pupillary response to light; eyepupillary response to light; eye
trackingtracking
Effects of damageEffects of damage
– dropping eyelid, dilated pupil,dropping eyelid, dilated pupil,
double visiondouble vision
31. CNIV: TROCHLEARCNIV: TROCHLEAR
Cranial nerve IVCranial nerve IV
Function: eye movementsFunction: eye movements
and proprioceptionand proprioception
Clinical test for injury: abilityClinical test for injury: ability
to rotate eye inferolaterallyto rotate eye inferolaterally
Effects of damage – doubleEffects of damage – double
vision, patient tilts headvision, patient tilts head
toward affected sidetoward affected side
32. CN V: TRIGEMINALCN V: TRIGEMINAL
Cranial nerve VCranial nerve V
Function: sensory nerve of theFunction: sensory nerve of the
faceface
Clinical test for injury:Clinical test for injury:
– corneal reflex; sense ofcorneal reflex; sense of
touch, pain, and temperature;touch, pain, and temperature;
clench teeth; move mandibleclench teeth; move mandible
side to sideside to side
Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
– loss of sensation andloss of sensation and
impaired chewingimpaired chewing
33. CN VI: ABDUCENS ANDCN VI: ABDUCENS AND
CN VII: FACIALCN VII: FACIAL
Cranial Nerve VICranial Nerve VI
Function: EyeFunction: Eye
movementsmovements
Clinical test: lateral eyeClinical test: lateral eye
movementmovement
Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
inability to rotate eyeinability to rotate eye
laterally; at rest – eyelaterally; at rest – eye
rotates mediallyrotates medially
because of action ofbecause of action of
antagonistic musclesantagonistic muscles
Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII
Function: facialFunction: facial
expression; sense ofexpression; sense of
tastetaste
Clinical test: motorClinical test: motor
functions – close eyes,functions – close eyes,
smile, whistle, frown,smile, whistle, frown,
raise eyebrows; tasteraise eyebrows; taste
Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
inability to control facialinability to control facial
muscles; distortedmuscles; distorted
sense of tastesense of taste
34. CN VIII:CN VIII:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEARVESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
Cranial Nerve VIIICranial Nerve VIII
Function: hearing and equilibriumFunction: hearing and equilibrium
Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,
and ability to walk a straight lineand ability to walk a straight line
Effects of damage: deafness,Effects of damage: deafness,
dizziness, nausea, loss of balance,dizziness, nausea, loss of balance,
and nystagmusand nystagmus
35. CN IX:CN IX:
GLOSSOPHARANGEALGLOSSOPHARANGEAL
AND CN X: VAGUSAND CN X: VAGUS Cranial Nerve IXCranial Nerve IX
Function: swallowing,Function: swallowing,
salivation, gagging; touch,salivation, gagging; touch,
pressure, taste, and painpressure, taste, and pain
sensations from tongue,sensations from tongue,
pharynx, and outer earpharynx, and outer ear
Clinical tests: gag reflex,Clinical tests: gag reflex,
swallowing, and coughingswallowing, and coughing
Effects of damage: difficultyEffects of damage: difficulty
swallowingswallowing
Cranial Nerve XCranial Nerve X
Function: swallowing; taste;Function: swallowing; taste;
speech; respiratory, CV, andspeech; respiratory, CV, and
GI regulation; sensations ofGI regulation; sensations of
hunger, fullness, andhunger, fullness, and
intestinal discomfortintestinal discomfort
Clinical tests: test withClinical tests: test with
cranial nerve IXcranial nerve IX
Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
hoarseness or loss of voice;hoarseness or loss of voice;
impaired swallowing and GIimpaired swallowing and GI
motilitymotility
36. CN XI: ACCESSORYCN XI: ACCESSORY
ANDAND
CN XII: HYPOGLOSSALCN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL Cranial Nerve XICranial Nerve XI
Function: swallowing; head,Function: swallowing; head,
neck, and shoulderneck, and shoulder
movementsmovements
Clinical tests: rotate headClinical tests: rotate head
and shrug shoulders againstand shrug shoulders against
resistanceresistance
Effects of damage: impairedEffects of damage: impaired
movement of head, neck,movement of head, neck,
and shoulders; paralysis ofand shoulders; paralysis of
sternocleidomastoidsternocleidomastoid
Cranial Nerve XIICranial Nerve XII
Function: tongue movementsFunction: tongue movements
of speech, foodof speech, food
manipulation, and swallowingmanipulation, and swallowing
Clinical test: tongue functionClinical test: tongue function
Effects of damage: difficultyEffects of damage: difficulty
in speech and swallowing;in speech and swallowing;
atrophy of tongue; inability toatrophy of tongue; inability to
stick out (protrude) tonguestick out (protrude) tongue
Hinweis der Redaktion
Largest of the cranial nerves Blinking in response to light touch to the eyeball
Can be fatal if vagus nerve is damaged – 2 routes
Paralysis will cause head to turn toward injured side