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Mining Methods Guide
- 1. Mining Methods 5th December 2008 VENKAT M. PlotMaker Team Lead – Minex, INDIA
- 3. Mining Methods • Coal is mined by two main methods - surface or ‘opencast’ mining and ‘underground’ mining. • The choice of method is largely determined by the depth, geology of the coal deposit and other factors. • The majority of the world's coal production is coming from Opencast mines. • This scenario is same in India also.
- 4. Mining Process OPENCAST Drilling Drill machines (rotary/percussive) | | Blasting SMS, emulsion, Primer, Nonel, etc | | Loading Shovels, Draglines, etc | | Hauling Front-end loader, etc | | Transporting Dumpers, Conveyors, etc | | Processing/Washing Coal washeries…
- 5. Mining Process OPENCAST Drilling | Blasting | Loading | DRAG LINE Hauling | Transporting | Processing/Washing
- 6. Mining Process OPENCAST Drilling SURFACE MINER | Blasting | Loading | Hauling | Transporting | Processing/Washing
- 7. Mining Process OPENCAST Drilling | Blasting | Loading IN-PIT CRUSHING & | CONVEYING Hauling | Transporting | Processing/Washing
- 8. Mining Process UNDERGROUND Drilling Coal drill | | Blasting Permitted explosives Supporting | | Ventilation Loading Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper Pumping | | Hauling Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper | | Transporting Tubs, Conveyors, etc | | Processing/Washing Coal washeries…
- 9. Mining Process UNDERGROUND Drilling ROAD HEADERS | CONTINUOUS MINERS Blasting | Loading | Hauling | Transporting | Processing/Washing
- 10. Mining Process UNDERGROUND Drilling | Blasting | Loading | SDL/ LHD/ Hauling SCRAPER | Transporting | Processing/Washing
- 11. Mining Process UNDERGROUND Drilling | Blasting | Loading LONGWALL | Hauling | Transporting | Processing/Washing
- 12. Selection of Mining Equipment • Stripping Ratio – in case of Opencast. • Life of the mine • Infrastructure available • Proposed annual output • Technology available
- 13. OPENCAST MINING
- 14. Different OC Machinery 1. Shovel + Dumper 2. Dragline 3. Surface Miner 4. Bucket Wheel Excavator 5. In-pit crushing + Spreader
- 15. Schematic diagram of Opencast
- 16. Heavy blasting in open cast benches
- 17. Shovel + Dumper 1. Multi seam extraction 2. More flexibility 3. Can work in steep gradients upto 1 in 5
- 18. Shovel + Dumper
- 19. Rope Shovel and Dumper
- 20. Hydraulic Shovel and Dumper
- 21. Surface Miner 1. Selective mining. 2. Particularly suitable for coal having compressive strength below 250 kg/cm2. 3. Suitable in gradient of 1 in 10 and flatter.
- 22. Surface Miner
- 23. Surface Miner
- 24. Bucket wheel excavator 1. Used mainly for lignite extraction. 2. Particularly suitable for coal having low compressive strength upto 100 kg/cm2.
- 32. DRAGLINE 1. Gradients flatter than 1 in 6. 2. Seams should be free of faults & other geological disturbances. 3. Deposits with Major Strike length. 4. A hilly property is not suitable. 5. Deposit should have atleast 15 years life.
- 33. DRAGLINE
- 36. In-pit crusher conveyor technology
- 37. In-pit crusher conveyor technology
- 38. In-pit crusher conveyor technology
- 40. Incline entry into a seam.
- 41. Entry through a shaft
- 42. Entry through a shaft
- 43. Man riding systems in the mines
- 44. A well supported underground roadway
- 45. Coal train - 1919, Pennsylvania
- 46. Drilling operation in the coal face
- 48. LOAD HAUL DUMPER Capacity – 2/2.7 Cu.M Production – 150/200 Tonnes/day For seams of 1 in 6 gradient and flatter Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m
- 49. SIDE DUMP LOADER Capacity – 1.0 Cu.M Production – 120 Tonnes/day For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter Thickness of 2.0 m to 3.5 m
- 50. MECHANISED DRIVAGE MACHINES Rate of drivage –6 meters/day Production –150 Tonnes/day For seams of 1 in 4 gradient and flatter Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m
- 51. Continuous Miner Rate of drivage –50 meters/day Production –1500 Tonnes/day For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter Thickness of 3.0 m to 4.0 m
- 52. Mechanised Roof Bolter Bolting -240 bolts/day For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter Thickness of 2.0 m to 5.0 m
- 53. LONGWALL GENERAL LAYOUT TOP Gate FACE Dip direction Bottom Gate - Longwall mining method includes drivage of two long roadways in coal and joining them at the end by a perpendicular drivage forming a face.
- 54. LONGWALL MINING
- 55. SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE
- 56. SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE
- 57. POWERED ROOF SUPPORT AT LONGWALL FACE
- 59. NEW CONCEPTS (Going to be implemented in INDIA)
- 60. Highwall Mining Bench Mining Trench Mining
- 61. Highwall Mining
- 62. Highwall Mining
- 63. Punch Longwall
- 64. Punch Longwall Advantages • Step change in cost and productivity • More production capacity • High productivity & low cost • Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction • Easy logistics – near surface • High gate road development rates feasible • Higher and faster returns on investment • Total investment ~ $100 million – compared with > $300 millions UG
- 65. Punch Longwall
- 66. Punch Longwall
- 69. Meshing & Lagging with special sleepers
- 71. Punch Longwall
- 72. Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC) Technical Principle Of Top Caving Rock stress 1st pressure Low stress Stress 2nd pressure Compact peak abrupt drop peak stress Pressure curve of top coalseam Fracture Virgin 5600 Coal Broken Coal coal goaf caving 2800 Working Height Front AFC Rear AFC back
- 73. Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)
- 74. PED schematic operation Antenna (Surface or Underground) Link Data Link PC for Modulator Transmitter entering Ultra Low Frequency Transmission messages. Through Rock PED Receivers can be: • BeltPED Personal Receiver (shown) • AutoPED Vehicle Receiver • ControlPED for Equipment Switching • BlastPED for Remote Blast Initiation
- 75. PED receiver cap lamps