Biogeochemical Cycle, Pollution, and Recycling of Organic Waste

1. BIOLOGY TASK
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
POLLUTION
RECYLING ORGANIC WASTE
Vanny Andriani
Waisaka Febri. B
Vincent Yogi Pratama

2. BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLE
Group 9

3. DEFINITION
Abiotic
compounds
Biotic
compounds
By organisms
and chemical
reactions

4. CLASSIFICATION
Water Cycle
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Sulphur Cycle

5. WATER CYCLE
Long Moderate Short
Cycle Cycle Cycle

6. SHORT CYCLE
rain and the by sun
water flow evaporation
to thge sea of the sea
again
occur
condensation and
forming clouds

7. MODERATE CYCLE
back from river
to the sea
flowing
reduction in evaporatin of the
rainfall on land sea
steam and gas
steam moves condensation
and forming
cloud by wind

8. LONG CYCLE
forming
glaciers melt
back into
snow fell the sea
by sun
winds and evaporation
clouds
forming of sea water
move
forming
sublimation
clouds

9. VISUALIZATION OF THE
CYCLE

10. OXYGEN AND CARBON
CYCLE
on plants
Mineralization of
died living things
CO2 diffuse into the organic substances
mineralized by
palisade tissue produce oil and
microorganism
natural gas
Oil and natural gas
CO2 required in CO2 and H2O
are burnt, releasing
photosynthesis required by plants to
CO2 to the
releasing O2 run photocynthesis
atmosphere
on plants
O2 inhaled by Metabolism release
CO2 diffuse into the
human to run CO2 and H2O as its
palisade tissue
metabolism waste

11. HOW ATMOSPHERE TAKE
THE CARBON ?
Through
respiration
Through Through the
organisms that decomposition
form a tissue of of animals and
carbon. plants
Through
atmosphere Burning fossil
photosynthesis

12. VISUALIZATION OF THE
CYCLE

13. VISUALIZATION OF THE
CYCLE

14. NITROGEN CYCLE
VERTEBRATE vertebrate
consume
nitrogen in the
through
nutrient body
it will digested into a
smaller form of
excreted amino acids
by urin and
components of
and feces nucleotides
the excess used for
will be the
synthesis
oxidized to of proteins
obtain and nucleic
energy acids

15. NITROGEN CYCLE
PLANTS
back to the N2 Anabaena
(Nitrogen)
atmosphere azolla
Decomposed
by NH3
microorgani (Ammonia)
ms
Nitrosomonas
died sp. and
Nitrosococcus
Used sp.
NO2-
by (Nitrit)
plants
by root NO3- Nitrobacter
(Nitrat) sp.

16. VISUALIZATION OF THE
CYCLE

17. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
formation of
sediment
decomposed
from erosion at the sea
by fungi and
and
bacteria
weathering
of rocks
animals
plant takes
released
in phosphate
phosphate in
dissolved in
the urine
soil water
and feces
Herbivores
on land obtain
phosphorus
from eating
and
carnivorous
obtain from
herbivores

18. VISUALIZATION OF THE
CYCLE

19. SULPHUR CYCLE
organic
sulphate reduction sulphur mineralization
SO4 H2S
sulphur
oxidation elemental sulphur
S oxidation

20. THE BACTERIA THAT
CONTRIBUTE
sulphur • Thiobacillus
• Chromatium
oxidation
sulphate • Desulfovibrio
• Desulfomaculum
reduction

21. VISUALIZATION OF THE
CYCLE

22. POLLUTION
Group 8

23. CLASSIFICATION
air
pollution
visual water
pollution pollution
POLLUTION
thermal land
pollution pollution
light sound
pollution pollution

24. effects on living beings, in some degree, can cause mutations, a variety of diseases caused by gene abnormalities, and even death.
AIR POLLUTION
No. Pollutant Produced Form
1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fossil fuel use (oil and coal),
natural gas, and forest burning.
2 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Fossil fuel use such as for
nitrogen monoxide (NO) motor vehicles that produce
exhaust
3 Carbon monoxide (CO) Fossil fuel use such as for
motor vehicles that produce
exhaust from incomplete
combustion
4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Cooling agent in AC, fridge,
and aerosol spray
5 Radiation of radioactive From nuclear
materials

25. AIR POLLUTION
No. Pollutant Effects
1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Greenhouse effect (Temperature
increases. So, the ice sheets can melt
especially glaciers especially at the South
pole. Melting ice may increase sea levels
all over the world and drown cities and
number of islands. This may also increase
storms and climatic changes that affect
farming, fisheries and human life).
2 Carbon monoxide (CO) When the body is lacking oxygen, it can
cause nausea and headache. Once the
content of carbon monoxide in air reaches
0.1%, it can cause death.
3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Acid rain or acid snow (can cause
dioxide (NO2-) damages to forest, crop plants, and
plantation. It also causes rusting of
materials that are made of metal such as
bridges, railways, and buildings. Acid rain
decreases the pH of soil, rivers, and lakes
that affect the health and survival of the
organisms within them).

26. AIR POLLUTION
No. Pollutant Effects
4 Ozone (O3) This thinning of ozone layer results in
reduced ability to perform its shielding
function in keeping UV radiation from the
earth. UV radiation that reaches earth
may cause destruction and disturbance
of human health, skin cancers and
cataracts, disturbance of oceanic food
chains and destruction of crop plants and
plantations.

27. LAND POLLUTION
domestic
wastes
pollution
mining farming
wastes wastes

28. CAUSES
• from garbage in large amounts
• from plastic rubbish difficult destroyed, bottles, synthetic rubber,
broken glass, and cans, detergents which are non bio degradable
domestic (naturally difficult
wastes described)
• from the use of artificial
farming fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides
wastes
mining
• from the use of mercury (Hg)
wastes

29. EFFECTS
• decreased quality of ground water. it can be seen from
its physical characteristic such as odor, color, and
domestic taste, even the presence of oil.
wastes
• plants wilt and reduce their yield and may eventually even die
• endanger and killed soil organisms that important to decaying
process
farming
• causing cancer and is lethal
wastes
• mercury is toxic and can be lethal if it enters the
mining organisms
wastes

30. WATER POLLUTION
farming industry
wastes wastes
oil
domestic
tanker
wastes
spillages
pollution

31. WATER POLLUTION
domestic waste
• such as detergents, sewage, and feces play a large role in river
pollution
• polluted rivers that contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses can
cause the outbreak of diseases
• Sewage and garbage also need oxygen to be degraded and
decomposed, so the oxygen concentration in water may
decrease when these pollutants are present.
industrial waste
• some wastes still contain harmful and toxic substances such as
mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), Chrome (Cr), cooper (Cu), zinc (Zn),
and nickel (Ni)
• can harm the life of aquatic organisms
• mercury can destroy the nervous system when it enters the
body and causes paralysis, even death

32. WATER POLLUTION
farming waste
• by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and
herbicides
• will poison aquatic organisms and human wo used
the water
oil tanker spillages
• oil spillage that pollutes water in the oceans comes
from both the tanker and offshore factory failures
• destroys ocean organism life such as sea birds and
fishes by oil that sticks on bird’s feathers and fish’s
gills

33. CONTAMINATION
organic
waste
inorganic
waste
chemical
waste
impact on
organisms
contamination

34. CONTAMINATION
organic • can be decomposed or degraded
waste by microorganisms
• can not be decomposed and difficult to degrade by
microorganisms
inorganic • this can cause water to be hard because they contain calcium
ions (Ca) and magnesium ions (Mg)
waste • , these ions can be toxic such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and
mercury (Hg) is very dangerous for the human body
• contaminants such as soaps, eradication of
chemical pests, chemical dyes, leather tanning solution and
radioactive substances
waste • can kill annoying and aquatic animals, water plants
and possibly also humans

35. SOUND POLLUTION
 caused by the noise of motor vehicles, aircraft, the
roar of the engine factory, radio / tape
recorder, which reads loud that it interferes with
hearing, roadway noise, and as well as high-
intensity sonar
 will disturb human life and can even damage
hearing permanently

36. LIGHT POLLUTION
 comes from the exterior and interior lighting of
buildings, billboards, commercial
property, offices, factories, roads and stadium lights
 due to light pollution, bird can not migrate to the
right place because the star and the moon that as
navigator is invisible
 sea turtles also have not come to the beach and lay
eggs as usual because of fear of the light
 astronomers can not observe and find objects in
space because of too much light that covered the
night sky

37. THERMAL POLLUTION
 waste hot water from power plant installation is
usually discharged directly into rivers, increasing
water temperature and cause thermal pollution
 aquatic animal populations will decline at higher
temperatures, only a few kinds can live at
temperatures above 40oCof animals that
 oil and petrochemical kind of polluting waters will
form a thin layer on the surface of the water that
prevents the exchange of oxygen in the water with
the atmosphere
 fish can not breathe and marine plants can not
photosynthesize cause of death in biota

38. VISUAL POLLUTION
 which can refer to the presence of overhead power
lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as
from strip mining), open storage of trash or
municipal solid waste
 even the trees as elements of urban green evicted
by the presence of billboards. beside as the lungs
of the city, green trees also contribute in terms of
psychology to residents of the city. too many
concrete buildings and advertisements will make
people easy to stress, because it is far from nature

39. VISUALIZATION OF THE
POLLUTION

40. RECYCLING THE
ORGANIC WASTE
GROUP 8

41. PREFACE
 organic waste become hazardous waste to the
environment as the human behavior does not
match with the concept of ‘back to nature’.
household waste, agricultural waste even human
organic waste are harmful to the environment. little
effort has been practiced but almost resulting in no
impact.

42.  in developing countries, the government has set up
rules that dictated every organic waste must be
used until their full potential has used up and
propagated recycling, reuse, and repair.
 in the large cities, a massive quantities of waste
has been produced with inadequate facilities to
dealing with it and much of this waste is either left
to rot in the streets, or is collected and dumped on
open land near the city limits.

43. DOMESTIC AND
HOUSEHOLD WASTE
 it is usually cooked or uncooked food scrapes, often
mixed with non organic waste like plastic that can
not be composed.
 produced in small quantity
 in developing countries, domestic waste are usually
produced in larger quantity than the industry waste

44. COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED
ORGANIC WASTE
 by this, waste generated at institutional
buildings, such as schools, hotels and restaurants.
The quantities of waste here are much higher and
the potential for use in conjunction with small-scale
enterprise is good.

45. ANIMAL AND HUMAN
WASTE
 there are serious health risks involved with handling
sewage connected with bacteria and fungi lived in raw
sewage
 Human faecal residue:
 produced in large quantities in urban areas and is dealt with
in a variety of ways.
 can present enormous health risks
 often found in slum areas or poor region
 the most commonly used method is anaerobic digestion to
produce biogas and liquid fertiliser
 Animal residue
 commonly used as a source of fertiliser, being applied directly
to the land, or as a source of energy, either through direct
combustion (after drying) or through digestion to produce
methane gas

46. AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE
 remains after the processing of crops (e.g. maize
stalks, rice husks, foliage, etc.)
 there are a wide variety of applications for this
residue, ranging from simple combustion on an
open fire to complex energy production processes
that use this waste as a fuel stock

47. COMPOSTING
 the decomposition occurs because of the action of
naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria
and fungi
 composting can convert organic waste into rich, dark
coloured compost, or humus, in a matter of a few weeks
or months
 organic material, the remains of dead animals and
plants, is broken down and consumed by micro-
organisms and eaten by small invertebrates
 there are some benefit of composting :
 it provides a useful way of reclaiming nutrients from organic
refuse
 saves valuable landfill space and possible contamination of
land and water due to landfill ‘leachate’
 can be used as fertiliser on farmland or in the garden
 improves the condition of soils

48. METHODS OF COMPOSTING
SYSTEM
backyard composting
• the waste can be placed in a and left to decompose
for 2 – 3 months
• produces a rich compost which can be used as a
fertiliser on fields or gardens
neighbourhood composting
• laid out in long rows and turned occasionally and
another method is the rotating bin method which uses
a series of closed
co-composting
• co-composting is technique whereby organic
food waste is mixed with human or animal
excreta and composted

49. FORMS OF
DECOMPOSITION
• the breakdown of the organic material is
caused by bacteria and fungi that thrive in
low or no-oxygen conditions
anaerobic • takes place in closed containers
• bacteria and fungi which thrive in high
oxygen conditions are responsible for the
decomposition
• the decomposition teke places in containers
aerobic that allow air to enter

50. PRODUCTION BIOGAS
 process whereby organic matter is broken down by
microbiological activity and takes place in the absence
of air
 biogas can be produced by digesting human, animal or
vegetable waste in specially designed digesters
 The benefit of this digestion are:
 the production of methane for use as a fuel
 the waste is reduced to slurry which has a high nutrient
content which makes an ideal fertiliser
 during the digestion process pathogens in the manure are
killed, which is a great benefit to environmental health
 biogas can be used for a number of applications, including
lighting, cooking, electricity generation and as a replacement
for diesel in diesel engines.

51. BIOGAS CYCLE

52. thank you for your time and attention