This ppt explains about labour, its stages, physiological changes & its management. It also explains about nursing process of women in labour. It explains about mechanism of labour
3. INTRODUCTION
3
Normal labour and delivery is a physiologic
process in which the attendant closely monitor
the woman and fetus, with little medical
Intervention required.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
4. DEFINITION
4
It is the process of expulsion of fetus, placenta
and its membranes through the birth canal.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
5. NORMAL LABOUR / EUTOCIA
5
Normal labor occurs
at term,
spontaneous in onset,
fetus presenting by the vertex,
it complete within 18 hours,
no complication arise.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
6. STAGES OF LABOUR
6
First stage (or) Dilating stage
Second stage (or) Pushing stage (or) pelvic
stage
Third stage (or) Placental stage
Fourth stage (or) Recovery stage
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
7. FIRST STAGE
OR
DILATING STAGE
7 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
8. DEFINITION
8
It starts with regular and rhythmic uterine
contractions till completion of full cervical
dilatation (10cm).
DURATION :
For primi gravida 16hrs to 18hrs.
For multi gravida 6hsrs to 10hrs.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
9. ONSET OF LABOUR
9
1.Prelabour
2.Lightening
3. Frequency of micturition
4.Taking up of cervix and Cervical Effacement
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
10. Difference between True labor and False labor
Niggling / Spurious labor / False labor True labor
Uterine contraction : Uterine contraction :
Not always present Always present
Lasts for 3 to 4 minutes Not exceed > 90 seconds
Irregular Regular and rhythmic
Felt in lower back radiates to lower Felt in back or abdomen above navel
Portion of abdomen
May or may not be painful Abdominal tightening ,discomfort and
Can stop with comfort measures Pain will not stop with comfort measures
No back ache May have back ache
Intensity stop with position changes, Increase intensity with walking
Walking
Cervix : Cervix :
No shortness , Soft Shortening
No dilatation Dilatation
No tensed membrane Tensed membrane
Posterior position Anterior position
No show Show presents
Fetus : Fetus :
No head engagement Head engagement
10 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
11. CAUSES OF ONSET OF LABOR
11
Exact cause is unknown .
i ) Hormonal factors :
Formation of Oxytocin receptors in uterine muscles by
the influence of Estrogen . Which act with Prostaglandin
secreted from Decidua and membrane triggers the uterine
contraction. Emotional and physical stress stimulates
Hypothalamus to release Oxytocin which triggers the
uterine contraction .
ii ) Mechanical factors :
Pressure exerted by presenting part to the os of cervix
initiates uterine contraction Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing,
12. PHASES OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOR
12
Have 3 phases
* Latent phases
* Active phases
* Transition phases
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
13. MATERNAL PROGRESS IN I STAGE OF LABOR
Criteria Latent phase Active phase Transition phase
Duration
Primi gravida 8 – 10 hrs 3 – 6 hrs 2 hrs
Multi gravida 5 hrs 4 hrs 1 hr
Contraction
Strength Mild – Moderate Moderate – Strong Strong – Very strong
Rhythm Irregular More regular Regular
Frequency 5 – 30 mts 3 – 5 mts 2 – 3 mts
Duration 30 – 45 seconds 40 – 70 seconds 45 - 90 seconds
Cervical dilatation 0 – 3 cm 4 – 7 cm 8 – 10 cm
1.2 cm / hr in Primi 1 cm / hr in Primi
1.5 cm / hr in Multi 2 cm / hr in Multi
Station of the head
Primi gravida 0 +2 cm +3 and above
Multi gravida -2 to 0 cm +1 to +2 cm
Show Brownish Pale pink Pink to bloody Bloody mucus
discharge mucus
13 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
14. PHYSILOGY OF I STAGE OF LABOUR
14
I . UTERINE ACTION
II . MECHANICAL FACTORS
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
15. I.UTERING ACTION
15
1.Fundal dominance
2.Polarity
3.Contraction and retraction
4. Formation of upper and lower uterine segment
5.Retraction Ring
6.Cervical effacement
7. Cervical dilatation
8. Show
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
16. II. MECHANICAL FACTORS
16
1. Formation of the fore waters
2. General fluid pressure
3. Rupture of the membrane
4. Fetal Axis pressure
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
17. RECOGNITION OF I STAGE OF LABOR
17
Show
Uterine Contraction
Rupture of membrane
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
19. NURSING DIAGNOSES IN THE FIRST STAGE OF
LABOUR
19
Acute pain / Impaired comfort related to contraction –
related hypoxia, dilatation of tissues and pressure on
adjacent structures as evidenced by verbal reports,
restlessness, muscle tension and narrowed focus
Impaired urinary elimination related to altered intake,
dehydration as evidenced by urinary retention / slow
progression o f labour
Fatigue related to discomfort / pain / increased energy
requirement / altered coping ability
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
20. Cont . . .
20
Risk for mild anxiety related to situational crisis, unmet needs, stress
Risk for ineffective coping (individual / couple) related to situational
crises / personal vulnerability / use of ineffective coping mechanism /
inadequate support system / pain
Risk for decreased cardiac output related to decreased venous return /
hypovolemia / changes in systemic vascular resistance
Deficient knowledge regarding progression of labour and available
options related to lack of exposure / recall / information
misinterpretation / evidenced by questions / statement of
misinterpretation / inadequate follow through of instructions
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
21. NURSING MANAGEMENT IN I STAGE OF LABOR
1) Latent phase :
21
•Complete admission procedures
•Physical examination
•Monitor maternal vital signs
•Monitor FHR
•Status of amniotic fluid
•Status of membrane
•Observe voiding
•Assess coping ability
•Encourage walking
•Encourage visiting , watching TV
•Encourage relaxation
•Change position every ½ hours
•Effleurage
•Monitor Cervicogram
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab
8/25/2012 •Monitor Partogram
22. 2) Active phase
22
•Continue monitor maternal vital signs
•Status of amniotic fluid
•Encourage voiding every 1 hour
•Observe for full bladder
•Asses progress of labor
•Provide comfort measures
•Moist lips or give ice chips
•Apply cool , damp cloth to woman’s face
•Keep bed linens dry
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
•Effleurage
23. Cont . . .
23
•Sacral support
•Oral hygiene
•Inform the progress
•Administer medication if necessary
•Explain electronic fetal monitor
•Encourage breathing and relaxation technique
•Frequent perineal care
•Protect from aspiration and injury
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
24. 3) Transition phase
24
•Continue the active phase management
•Do not allow alone
•Accept the behaviour of the mother
•Change chux ( pad ) frequently
•Keep bed linen dry
•Get blanket if cold
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
26. DEFINITION
26
It begins with full cervical dilatation (10cm) till the
birth of the baby.
DURATION :
Primi gravida - 2 hours.
Multi gravida - 30 minutes.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
27. RECOGNITION OF COMMENCEMENT
27
OF II STAGE OF LABOUR
Expulsive uterine contraction
Rupture of the fore waters
Dilatation and gaping of anus
Appearance of present part
Congestion of the vulva
Show
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
28. PHASES OF SECOND STAGE OF
28
LABOUR
Have 3 phases
* Latent phases / Propulsive phase
* Active phases / Expulsive phase
*Transition phases / Compulsive phase
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
29. Cont. . .
29
LATENT PHASES / PROPULSIVE PHASE :
Descend of the fetus 2 cm below from the os to the pelvic
floor .
ACTIVE PHASES / EXPULSIVE PHASE :
Descend of the fetus from the os 2cm below to the vaginal
outlet ( Crowning )
Ferguson reflux : Pressure exerted by the presenting
part over the cervix causing involuntary
uterine contraction
TRANSITION PHASES / COMPULSIVE PHASE :
Birth of the baby from the vaginal outlet till extension .
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
30. PHYSIOLOGY OF II STAGE OF LABOUR
30
I Uterine action
Contraction becomes stronger, longer but less frequent.
Membranes rupture spontaneously.
Consequent drainage of liquor allows the hard, round
fetal head to be directly applied to the vaginal tissues
and aid distension.
Fetal axis pressure increasing the flexion of the head
which results in smaller presenting diameter ,more rapid
progress and less trauma to both mother and fetus.
Expulsive contraction.
Compulsive contraction
Involuntary uterine contraction.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
31. Cont . . .
31
II Soft tissue displacement :
As the hard fetal head descend, the soft tissue of the
pelvis become displace.
Anteriorly the bladder is pushed upwards into the
abdomen which cause stretching and thinning of the
urethra.
Posterioly the rectum becomes flattened into the
sacral curve and the pressure of the advancing head
expels any residual faecal matter.
Laterly the Levator ani Muscles dilate and thins out
and perineal body is flattened ,displaced ,stretched
and thinned. 8/25/2012
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab
32. MECHANISM OF NORMAL LABOUR /
32
CARDINAL MOVEMENTS OF LABOUR
DEFINITION
As the fetus descends, soft tissue and bony structures exert pressures which
force the fetus to negotiate the birth canal by a series of passive movements
collectively known as Mechanism of labor.
PRINCIPLES
Descent takes place throughout the labor.
Whichever part leads and first meets resistance of the pelvic floor
will rotate forwards until it comes under the symphysis pubis.
Whatever emerges from the pelvis will pivot around the public
bone.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
33. CHARECTERISTICS
Lie is longitudinal
33
Attitude is one of good flexion
Presentation is cephalic presentation
Position is right or left occipito anterior
Denominator is the occiput
Presenting part is the posterior part of the anterior
parietal bone
Occiput pointing left / right ileo pectinal eminence
Sagital sutures lies on right / left oblique diameter
Presenting diameter is suboccipito frontal 10cm
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
34. CARDINAL MOVEMENTS
34
1) Descend
2) Flexion
3) Internal rotation of the head
4) Extension of the head
5) Restitution
6) Internal rotation of the shoulder
7) External rotation of the head
8)Lateral flexion of the body
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
35. Cont . . .
35
1) Descend:
In primi gravida it occurs during latter weeks of pregnancy
It will be aided by
Forces of uterine contraction and retraction
Rupture of fore waters
Full cervical dilatation
Maternal efforts speeds progress
Slope of the pelvic floor muscle
2) Flexion:
This increases throughout the labor
Because of uterine contraction, fetal axis pressure will be exerted more on
the occiput than the sinciput causing good flexion
Because of flexion the suboccipito frontal 10cm is reduced into suboccipito
bregmatic 9.5cm
The occiput is the leading part
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
36. Cont . . .
36
3) Internal rotation of the head:
Because of gutter – shaped and slope of pelvic floor gives resistance
The slope of the pelvic floor determines the direction of rotation
The second principle applied. The occiput is the leading part and meets
the pelvic floor resistance and it will rotate 1/8 of the circle forward until
it comes under the symphysis pubis.
Because of internal rotation there is a twist at the neck.
The sagital suture move from right or left oblique to Antero – posterior
diameter
4) Crowning:
The occiput slips beneath the sub-pubic arch and crowning take place
The presenting part engages the vaginal outlet and it will not recede
backward.
The sub-occipito bregmatic diameter 9.5cm distends the vaginal outlet.
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
37. Cont . . .
37
5) Extension of the head:
Once crowning occur fetal head can extend
Third principle applied
The fetal head pivot around the the pubic bone
This releases sinciput, face and chin sweeps the perineum and born by a
movement of extension.
The suboccipito frontal diameter 10cm distends the vaginal outlet
6) Restitution:
The occiput moves one-eighth of a circle towards the side from it started
Because of this the twist in the neck of the fetus which resulted from
internal rotation is now corrected by a slight un twisted movement
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
38. 38
7) Internal rotation of the shoulder:
Now the shoulder is the leading part which meets the pelvic floor
resistance
Again second principle applied
So from oblique diameter it will turn to Antero – posterior diameter
8) External rotation of the head:
The head rotate in same direction as restitution and the occiput of the
fetal head now lies laterally
9) Lateral flexion:
Anterior shoulder deliver by downwards and backward movement
and posterior shoulder deliver by upward and forward movement
Body will be delivered by lateral flexion
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
39.
40.
41. NURSING DIAGNOSES IN THE SECOND STAGE OF
LABOUR
41
Acute pain related to contraction – related hypoxia,
dilatation of tissues and pressure on adjacent
structures as evidenced by verbal reports,
restlessness, muscle tension and narrowed focus
Risk for impaired fetal gas exchange related to
mechanical compression of head or cord / maternal
position / prolonged labour affecting placental
perfusion / effects of maternal anaesthesia /
hyperventilation
Risk for impaired skin / tissue integrity related to
untoward stretching / laceration
8/25/2012 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab
42. Cont . . .
42
Risk for fatigue related to anxiety / environmental
humidity
Risk for deficient fluid volume related to lack of intake
or excessive vascular loss
Risk for infection related to broken or traumatized
tissue / increased environmental exposure / rupture
of amniotic membrane
Risk for fetal injury related to descent / pressure
changes / compromised circulation / environmental
exposure
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
43. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF II STAGE
43
OF LABOR
Assess FHR
Assess uterine contraction
Assess the progress of labor
Arrange the delivery room
Follow a sterile technique
Clean vulva and perineal region using downward strokes
Support woman
Provide necessary materials and equipment
Provide equipment for episiotomy
Provide perineal support
Give immediate care
Assess the APGAR score for 1st , 5th , 15th minutes
Assess for haemorrhage Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
44. III STAGE /
PLACENTAL STAGE
44 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
45. DEFINITION
45
It starts with separation of placenta till
expulsion of placenta .
DURATION :
Primi gravida :15 minutes
Multi gravida : 5 – 15 minutes
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
46. PHYSIOLOGY OF III STAGE OF LABOR
46
I) MECHANICAL FACTORS
II) HAEMOSTASIS
1) Retractionring / Living ligature
2) Presence of Vigorous uterine contraction
3) Achievement of haemostasis
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
47. NURSING DIAGNOSES IN THE THIRD
47
STAGE OF LABOUR
Acute pain related to tissue trauma / psychological
response following delivery as evidenced by
verbalization / changes in muscle tone / restlessness
Risk for deficient fluid volume / Bleeding related to lack
or restriction of oral intake, vomiting, diaphoresis,
increased insensible water loss, uterine atony,
lacerations of birth canal, retained placental fragments
Risk for maternal injury related to positioning during
delivery and transfers / difficulty with placental
separation / abnormal blood profile
Risk for impaired attachment related to physical barriers,
separation, anxiety associated with the parent role
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
48. NURSING MANAGEMENT
48
Assess the maternal vital signs
Assess for excessive bleeding
Provide material for episiotomy repair
Take to recovery room and provide comfortable
position
Prevention and measures for heamorrhage
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
49. IV STAGE /
RECOVERY STAGE
49 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
50. DEFINITION
50
1 to 4 hours after the expulsion of placenta .
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
51. NURSING DIAGNOSES IN THE FOURTH
51
STAGE OF LABOUR
Acute pain related effects of hormones & medications /
mechanical trauma/ tissue edema/physical &
psychological exhaustion/ anxiety as evidenced by reports
of cramping/ muscle tremors/ guarding or distraction
behavior/ facial mask
Fatigue related to increased physical exertion, sleep
deprivation, stress, environmental stimuli, hormonal
changes evidenced by verbalization of overwhelming lack
of energy, compromised concentration, listlessness
Risk for bleeding related to myometrial fatigue / failure of
hemostatic mechanism
Risk for impaired attachment related to maternal
fatigue/physical barrier/separation / lack of privacy/
anxiety associated with the parent role
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
52. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF IV
52
STAGE OF LABOR
Assess
Fundal location and consistency
Lochia amount , color , consistency , odour
Vital signs
Perineal or episiotomy care
Status of hydration
Bladder observation and distension
Fatigue and exhaustion
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
53. MATERNAL SYSTEMIC
RESPONSE TO
LABOUR
53 Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
54. I CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
54
Increased BP in first and second stage of labor
with a return to pre labor level during the third
stage of labor
Other factors which increases BP are anxiety
apprehension and pain
Increased Heart rate during second stage
Clinical manifestation of hypotension and
increased pulse rate results from Supine vena
caval syndrome
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
55. II RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
55
Oxygen consumption during labor is equal to
that of moderate to strenuous exercise
Increased in ventilation until respiratory center
is not depressed by medication
May quickly develop hypoxia or acidosis
Hyperventilation cause decreased Carbon-
dioxide in blood 8/25/2012
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab
56. III RENAL SYSTEM
56
Muscle breakdown during labor results proteinuria.
If it is more pre eclampsia results
Distended bladder may cause prolonged labor and
urinary stasis which results risk of infection
Supine position may compress the ureters by
distended uterine results decreased urinary flow
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
57. V GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT
57
SYSTEM
Decreased gastro intestinal peristaltic movement
results from decreased absorption and decreased
solid intake , because it can take 12 hrs to digest a
meal
Risk of aspiration of vomitus because of eating
GI absorption of liquid is not changed
Ice chips frequently can be given
Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012
58. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
58
Muscle activity increases BMR, body temperature,
Sweating and fluid evaporation from the skin
Increased Perspiration
Increased respiratory rate
Hyper ventilation results from Labor alter the
electrolyte balance
Adequate hydration and IV Fluid administration is
necessary Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab 8/25/2012