1. NAME-NIRALI MEHTA
CLASS- X B
ROLL.NO-22
REG.NOB114084140078
PROJECT- SCIENCE

2. BIOLOGY
PROJECT
RECYCLING OF
WATER

3. RECYCLING OF WATER
• Recycled water, is former wastewater (sewage) that is treated to
remove solids and certain impurities, and used insustainable
landscaping irrigation or to recharge groundwater aquifers . The
purpose of these processes is sustainability and water conservation,
rather than discharging the treated water to surface waters such as
rivers and ocRecycled water, is former wastewater (sewage) that is
treated to remove solids and certain impurities, and used insustainable
landscaping irrigation or to recharge groundwater aquifers . The
purpose of these processes is sustainability and water conservation,
rather than discharging the treated water to surface waters such as
rivers and oceans. In some cases, recycled water can be used for
streamflow augmentation to benefit ecosystems and improve
aesthetics. One example of this is along Calera Creek in the City of
Pacifica, CA.
• The definition of reclaimed water, as defined by Levine and Asaneo, is
"The end product of wastewater reclamation that meets water quality
requirements for biodegradable materials, suspended matter and
pathogens.“ In more recent conventional use, the term refers to water
that is not treated as highly in order to offer a way to conserve drinking
water. This water is given to uses such as agriculture and sundry
industry uses.

4. HOW IS WATER RECYCLED?
While various wastewater recycling technologies have the same ultimate goal
– to give drillers a cost-effective means of reusing flowback and produced
water – there is no clear consensus on how to achieve it. Some companies
use chemicals, others use electrical pulses. Some see removal of solids as
mandatory, some see it as costly and unnecessary.
OriginOil uses a system called Electro Water Separation (EWS). EWS combines
electrocoagulation – using electrical pulses to prompt organic material in
water to coagulate, or clump together – and electrofloation, which makes
clumped material float to the surface, where it can simply be raked off the
top.
The process leaves a solution that is not potable, but can be sent to disposal
wells or as the first stage in a water-recycling program. “We get it to about
99% clean,” said company Chief Executive. These processes can remove
additional materials, such as minerals that contribute to water hardness. A
company called Pace has integrated OriginOil’s process with a nanofiltration
process.

5. USES OF RECYCLED WATER
Recycled water can be used for almost any use, as long as it is treated to a
level to make it fit for that intended purpose (i.e. fit-for-purpose) from a
health and environmental perspective . However, the cost of treatment may
make reclamation uneconomical for some uses. Australia now has more than
600 different recycled water schemes operating. The bulk of these schemes
involve:
• Urban and municipal environments
• Households, golf courses and recreational parks.
• Industry
• Washing and cooling in power stations and mills.
• Agriculture
• Horticulture, forestry, pasture, flowers, viticulture and sugar cane.
• Fire fighting
• Groundwater recharge
• Environmental flows and wetlands
• It is now also possible for advanced treatment technology to produce safe
drinking (potable) water. In several countries wastewater is recycled for
potable reuse via groundwater

6. RECYCLING OF WATER

7. NAME-NIRALI MEHTA
CLASS- X B
ROLL.NO-22
REG.NOB114084140078
PROJECT-SCIENCE

8. CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
HARDNESS OF WATER

9. HARD WATER
Hard water is water that has high mineral content
(in contrast with "soft water").
Hard drinking water is generally not harmful to one's
health,[1] but can pose serious problems in industrial
settings, where water hardness is monitored to
avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers,
and other equipment that handles water. In
domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a
lack of suds formation when soap is agitated in
water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles
and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a
concern, water softening is commonly used to
reduce hard water's adverse effects.

10. EFFECTS OF HARD WATER
• With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap
scum) instead of producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy
the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate
(the soap scum). A major component of such scum is calcium
stearate, which arises from sodium stearate, the main component
of soap:
2 C17H35COO- + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2C
• Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits,
called "scale", are composed mainly of calcium
carbonate(CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium
sulfate (CaSO4).[2] Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be
deposited as off-white solids on the inside surfaces of pipes
and heat exchangers.
• In swimming pools, hard water is manifested by a turbid, or cloudy
(milky), appearance to the water. Calcium and magnesium
hydroxides are both soluble in water.

11. HOW TO SOFTEN HARD WATER?
Method 1 of 2: Soften Your Entire Household Water Supply
•
Determine that your water is hard.
•
Install a mechanical water softener that replaces calcium and magnesium with sodium if your
water source is hard.
•
Install a magnetic water conditioner that alters calcium ions so they are unable to cause lime
scale.
Method 2 of 2: Soften Water Before Use
•
Boil your water before drinking it.
•
Soften water using washing soda or lime.
•
Add ammonia, borax, lye or washing-soda to the water at the same time you add the soap
when doing laundry and other household cleaning.
•
Use a water filter pitcher that provides water softening for drinking water.These are available in
many retail stores under many brand names. Some of these
• Put a similar type of filter on your kitchen and bathroom sink faucets to provide softening for
water dispensed through the tap.

12. HARDNESS OF WATER