Object oriented programing

1. OBJECT ORIENTED JAVASCRIPT
Getting Started
Created By :
Usman Mehmood
Senior software Engineer
Systems Limited
97-Aziz Avenue Canal Bank, Gulberg V, Lahore, Pakistan
Office: +92-42- 3577 5582 - 85 EXT: 245
VOIP: + 1 732 994 6492 - 94 EXT: 245 Fax: +92 423 587 7238
Email: usman.tufail@systemsltd.com
Website: http://www.systemsltd.com

2. OVERVIEW
 JavaScript is an object oriented dynamic language;
it has types and operators, core objects, and
methods. Its syntax comes from the Java and C
languages, so many structures from those
languages apply to JavaScript as well. One of the
key differences is that JavaScript does not have
classes; instead, the class functionality is
accomplished by object prototypes. The other main
difference is that functions are objects

3. LET'S START OFF BY LOOKING AT THE BUILDING
BLOCK OF ANY LANGUAGE: THE TYPES.
JAVASCRIPT PROGRAMS MANIPULATE VALUES, AND
THOSE VALUES ALL BELONG TO A TYPE.
JAVASCRIPT'S TYPES ARE:

4.  oh, and Undefined and Null, which are slightly odd.
And Arrays, which are a special kind of object.
And Dates and Regular Expressions, which are
objects that you get for free. And to be technically
accurate, functions are just a special type of object.
So the type diagram looks more like this:

5. CORE OBJECTS
 JavaScript has several objects included in its core;
for example, there are objects like Math, Object,
Array, and String. The example below shows how to
use the Math object to get a random number by
using its random() method.
 you can look here for all core objects

6. NOTE
 Every object in JavaScript is an instance of the
Object and therefore inherits all its properties and
methods.

7. CUSTOM OBJECTS
The Class:
JavaScript is a prototype-based language which contains no class statement,
such as is found in C++ or Java. This is sometimes confusing for programmers
accustomed to languages with a class statement. Instead, JavaScript uses
functions as classes. Defining a class is as easy as defining a function. In the
example below we define a new class called Person.

8. THE OBJECT (CLASS INSTANCE)
To create a new instance of an object obj we use the
statement new obj, assigning the result (which is of type obj) to a
variable to access it later. In the example below we define a
class named Person and we create two instances
(person1 and person2).
Please also see Object.create for a new
and alternative instantiation method.

9. THE CONSTRUCTOR
 The constructor is called at the moment of instantiation (the moment when the
object instance is created). The constructor is a method of the class. In
JavaScript, the function serves as the constructor of the object; therefore,
there is no need to explicitly define a constructor method. Every action
declared in the class gets executed at the time of instantiation. In the example
below, the constructor of the class Person displays an alert when a Person is
instantiated.

10. THE PROPERTY (OBJECT ATTRIBUTE)
 Properties are variables contained in the class; every instance
of the object has those properties. Properties should be set in
the prototype property of the class (function) so that
inheritance works correctly.
 Working with properties from within the class is done by the
keyword this, which refers to the current object. Accessing
(reading or writing) a property outside of the class is done with
the syntax: InstanceName.Property; this is the same syntax
used by C++, Java, and a number of other languages. (Inside
the class the syntax this.Property is used to get or set the
property's value.)

11. IN THE EXAMPLE BELOW WE DEFINE
THE GENDER PROPERTY FOR THE PERSON CLASS AND WE
DEFINE IT AT INSTANTIATION

12. THE METHODS
 Methods follow the same logic as properties; the
difference is that they are functions and they are
defined as functions. Calling a method is similar to
accessing a property, but you add () at the end of
the method name, possibly with arguments. To
define a method, assign a function to a named
property of the class's prototype property; the name
that the function is assigned to is the name that the
method is called by on the object.

13. SCOPE OF VARIABLES PUBLIC/PRIVATE
 private variables are declared with the 'var' keyword
inside the object, and can only be accessed by private
functions and privileged methods.
 private functions are declared inline inside the object's
constructor (or alternatively may be defined
via var functionName=function(){...}) and may only be
called by privileged methods (including the object's
constructor).

14. SCOPE OF VARIABLES PUBLIC/PRIVATE
 privileged methods are declared
with this.methodName=function(){...} and may invoked by code
external to the object.
 public properties are declared with this.variableName and may
be read/written from outside the object.
 public methods are defined
by Classname.prototype.methodName = function(){...} and may
be called from outside the object.
 prototype properties are defined
by Classname.prototype.propertyName = someValue
 static properties are defined by Classname.propertyName =
someValue

15. PUBLIC MEMBERS
 The members of an object are all public members. Any
function can access, modify, or delete those members, or add
new members. There are two main ways of putting members
in a new object:
 In the constructor
 This technique is usually used to initialize public instance
variables. The constructor's this variable is used to add
members to the object.
http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/Ybd7v/6/

16. PUBLIC VARIABLES
 In the prototype
 This technique is usually used to add public methods. When a
member is sought and it isn't found in the object itself, then it is
taken from the object's constructor's prototype member. The
prototype mechanism is used for inheritance. It also conserves
memory. To add a method to all objects made by a constructor,
add a function to the constructor's prototype:

17. PRIVATE MEMBERS
 Private members are made by the constructor. Ordinary vars and
parameters of the constructor becomes the private members.
 They are attached to the object, but they are not accessible to the
outside, nor are they accessible to the object's own public methods. They
are accessible to private methods. Private methods are inner functions of
the constructor.

18. PRIVILEGED METHOD
 A privileged method is able to access the private
variables and methods, and is itself accessible to
the public methods and the outside. It is possible to
delete or replace a privileged method, but it is not
possible to alter it, or to force it to give up its
secrets.
 Privileged methods are assigned with this within the
constructor.
 http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/gXgT7/1/
 http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/Ybd7v/7/

19. PROTOTYPE-BASED PROGRAMMING
 Prototype-based programming is a style of object-
oriented programming in which classes are not
present, and behavior reuse (known as inheritance
in class-based languages) is accomplished through
a process of decorating existing objects which
serve as prototypes. This model is also known as
class-less, prototype-oriented, or instance-based
programming.

20. IN THE EXAMPLE BELOW WE DEFINE AND USE THE
METHOD SAYHELLO() FOR THE PERSON CLASS.
http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/9ufnw/

21. INHERITANCE
 Inheritance is a way to create a class as a
specialized version of one or more classes
(JavaScript only supports single class inheritance).
The specialized class is commonly called the child,
and the other class is commonly called the parent.
In JavaScript you do this by assigning an instance
of the parent class to the child class, and then
specializing it. In modern browsers you can also
use Object.create to implement inheritance.

22. IMPORTANT
 JavaScript does not detect the child
class prototype.constructor see Core JavaScript 1.5
Reference:Global
Objects:Object:prototype property, so we must state
that manually.

23. IN THE EXAMPLE BELOW, WE DEFINE THE CLASS STUDENT AS A CHILD
CLASS OF PERSON. THEN WE REDEFINE THE SAYHELLO() METHOD
AND ADD THESAYGOODBYE() METHOD.
Click here to open code

24. WHAT IS NAMESPACING?
 In many programming languages, namespacing is a technique
employed to avoid collisions with other objects or variables in
the global namespace. They're also extremely useful for
helping organize blocks of functionality in your application into
easily manageable groups that can be uniquely identified.
http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/BDRM4/

25. CREATING OBJECTS
 http://jsfiddle.net/mehmoodusman786/JLQFY/

26. INNER FUNCTIONS
 JavaScript function declarations are allowed inside
other functions. An important detail of nested
functions in JavaScript is that they can access
variables in their parent function's scope:
 http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/GFQha/2/

27. CLOSURES
 A closure is a function defined within another scope
that has access to all the variables within the outer
scope
 Closures are a strange concept to get to grips with,
but once this core concept is understood they’re
relatively easy to understand: a closure is created
when a developer accesses variables outside of the
immediate lexical scope.
http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/95PTq/1/
http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/95PTq/3/

28. MEMORY LEAKS
 An unfortunate side effect of closures is that they make it trivially easy to leak
memory in Internet Explorer. JavaScript is a garbage collected language — objects
are allocated memory upon their creation and that memory is reclaimed by the
browser when no references to an object remain. Objects provided by the host
environment are handled by that environment.
 A memory leak in IE occurs any time a circular reference is formed between a
JavaScript object and a native object. Consider the following:
The circular reference formed above creates a memory leak; IE will not
free the memory used by el and o until the browser is completely
restarted.

29. MODULE PATTERN
 http://jsfiddle.net/usmantufail/Emqt2/

30. ASSIGNMENT
 How to avoid memory leaks give some examples
and work around
 Create a reusable JavaScript class using Singleton
module pattern use public private members
 What is Unobtrusive JavaScript.
 Create a class calculator using OOP concepts.
 Create a class scientific calculator with Min 4
additional functions and all functions must be
parameter less you are not allowed to declare
parameters in functions but need to use parameters
passed.