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Why Your Brain Loves Video
Games
(and the Implications for E-Learning)
ASTD-TCC 2010
Julie Dirksen – November 10, 2010
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Video
Game
Stare
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
- From www.gdmag.com/freeyear
What’s your budget?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Halo 3 Sold 8 million copies
Take from http://www.bungie.net/images/Games/Halo3/Screenshots/Halo3_Valhalla-3rdperson-01.jpg
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What games do you play?
• Adventure / Strategy
• Role-playing (RPG)
• Multiplayer Online Games (MOG/MMOG)
• Sports / Racing Arcade
• First Person Shooter (FPS)
• Casual Games (Puzzle Games, Tetris, etc.)
• Simulations
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What games do you play?
• Platforms
– Console games (Xbox, Playstation,
Nintendo, Wii)
– Online single player games
– Online multiplayer games
– Other PC or Mac games
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How many of
you are using
games for
learning now?
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Is this “educational gaming?”
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
So what do we do about it?
“It may sound trite, but for us educational
games are first and foremost games. Whether
a bona-fide contest with logical rules and a
winning condition, or a Sim City-style sandbox
playtoy, a game experience needs to have
certain basic elements to be a meaningful
experience for players.”
- Eric Zimmerman
So, what are those elements?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
1
Feedback
2
Structure
3
Attention
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
1
Feedback
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Feedback in e-learning:
Good Job! You correctly identified
Option A as the correct answer. That is
correct!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Let’s play a game
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What types of Feedback did you
see?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Points
How games do feedback:
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How games do feedback:
Collecting
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How games do feedback:
Time
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How games do feedback:
Sound
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How games do feedback:
Events /
Reactions
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Feedback Frequency
How often do users get feedback in e-
Learning?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Better than a Skinner Box
• Positive Feedback
• Negative Feedback
• Reward
• Punishment
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
• Points can provide
greater degree of
ambiguity & determine
outcomes
• Multifaceted feedback
(facial expressions,
coaching, line graph,
thoughts)
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
• Different types of elements
to be collected
• Motivational element
• Tracking progress
• Completion
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Special Collecting: The Power-up
Power-ups: Improves the abilities of the
player
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What I really find interesting:
• Gameify!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
2
Structure
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
The boss prize of e-learning
• Familiarization
• Comprehension
• Conscious Effort
• Conscious Action
• Proficiency
• Unconscious Competence
- From Electronic Performance Support Systems by Gloria Gery
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Cycles of Expertise
• Principle: Expertise is formed in any area by
repeated cycles of learners practicing skills
until they are nearly automatic, then having
those skills fail in ways that cause the
learners to have to think again and learn
anew...
• Games: Good games create and support
the cycle of expertise...This is, in fact, part of
what constitutes good pacing in a game.
- James Paul Gee
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How games do feedback:
Leveling
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Leveling
• If you are not
proficient enough,
you don’t move
on until you are
proficient.
• Completion =
proficiency
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
So, can we just put more levels into
e-Learning?
Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6
TEST
TEST
TEST
TEST
TEST
What does this get us?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What’s happening in the
brain?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What is going on when you are
learning something new?
Well, areas like
your frontal cortex
gets busy. It
starts burning a
lot of fuel, and fills
up pretty quickly.
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What is going on when you using a
regular pattern you already know?
That leverages
parts of the brain
that can run
without a lot of
conscious
attention.
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Glucose Metabolic Rate after several weeks of Tetris Practice
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How is most e-Learning
structured?
Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6
Intro New Info More new
Info
Even
more new
Info
Yet again
with the
new info
Summary
Whew
!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
How are most games
structured?
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6
Some
new stuff,
pretty
easy
though
Stuff you
know
plus a bit
more
Stuff
you
know,
maybe a
little
faster
Stuff
you
know
plus a
bit more
Stuff
you
know,
kicked
up a
notch
Boss
Fight
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
It’s a lot like flow:
Challenge
Ability
- Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience
by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
It also allows you to pay
attention to what’s different.
In this model, everything is new and
everything is important (so nothing is).
Whew
!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
It also allows you to pay
attention to what’s different.
In this model, the new material is
mixed in with existing stuff, so the
new material stands out.
Whew
!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
We all need a rest
sometimes:
If you don’t give people a break,
they will take it anyway.
Okay, I
get it
Uh huh.
Uh huh...
Wait, this is
important
Whew
!
Brain
dead,
leaking
out the
ears
Tuned out
Kind of
distracted
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Goals, Goals and Goals
• Immediate, Short-term and Long-term
goals
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Goals in Diner Dash
• Immediate Goal – Task / Level
• Short-term Goal – Stage
• Long-term Goal – Game Completion
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Long-term Goal: The boss
fight
When you put all the
skills you’ve learned
together to beat the
BOSS.
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
The boss fight
“On the boss fight, you are
ready to fail 5-6 times until
you get it.
If I get a boss on the 1st try,
I think it’s too easy.”
- MS Hunter
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
• Examples: Dialog Coach
http://www.dialogcoach.com
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Leveling
http://www.dialogcoach.com
• Intermittent goals and
overall goal
• Variable mastery of levels
• Gradual improvement of
skills
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Evaluation is hard:
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What if completion was
enough?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
3
Attention
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Why are brains like elephants?
• Why is our brain like a child riding an
elephant?
Jonathan Haidt – The Happiness Hypothesis
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Child = conscious mind / executive
function (prefrontal cortex)
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Elephant = everything else
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Sometimes the elephant is
willing
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Other times...
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
So, how do you train the
elephant?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What are you using here?
• How many people have had to take
the written drivers test lately?
Right of Way and Yielding
Right-of-way and yielding laws help traffic flow smoothly and safely.
They are based on courtesy and common sense. Violation of these
laws is a leading cause of traffic crashes.
When two vehicles reach an intersection at the same time, and there
is no traffic light or signal, the driver of the vehicle on the left must
yield to the vehicle on the right.
-Minnesota Driver’s Manual
• Think about how that feels.
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Now, how
about this?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
If there’s no urgency...
Most of the
burden is on the
executive function
(e.g. frontal
cortex).
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Learning without urgency:
Relying solely on the executive function
is like:
Gasp!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What happens when there is
urgency?
Mid-brain areas (e.g.
limbic system / amygdala
are saying:
“PAY ATTENTION! This
could be important.”
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Learning with urgency:
Learning that engages the whole brain
requires much less conscious effort:
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What makes it work?
• Balanced gameplay
– Expectation
– Surprise
– Reward
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Good surprises are good
• Pleasant surprises cause a dopamine
spike
“PAY
ATTENTION!
If this is good,
then you want
more.
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Even bad surprises are good
• Unpleasant surprises cause a
dopamine drop.
“PAY
ATTENTION!
This is bad.
Avoid in future.”
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
No surprises are bad
Hmm. I wonder
what I should
have for dinner...
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Games do this well
Gold
Coin
Gold
Coin
Gold
Coin
Gold
Coin
Super Platinum Hammer of Death™
that lets you SQUASH evildoers!!!
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What else?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Narrative & Character
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Visual &
Sound
Effects
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Customization /Personalization
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Competition
Leader Boards
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Now you try!
• It’s your turn to try this out…
– Points
– Leveling
– Collecting
– Time
– Surprise
– Reward
– Urgency
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
So what’s the catch?
• So this is all great, but what’s the
catch?
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What’s the catch?
• Games are good at teaching you how
to play games (not necessarily how to
actually do things)
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What’s the catch?
Low
Budget
Fast
Easy
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What’s the catch?
Low
Budget
Fast
Easy
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
What’s the catch?
Gamers are a self-
selecting audience
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Playtesting
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Tools
• Captivate
• SmartBuilder
• Quandary
• Bravo
• Thinking Worlds
• Also: See this blog post:
• http://www.kaplaneduneering.com/kap
pnotes/index.php/2010/09/11-free-
game-creation-software-programs/
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Questions?
Thanks to:
You can also reach me with questions at:
• Presentation site : http://www.usablelearning.com/tcc2010.html
• Blog: http://usablelearning.wordpress.com
• Twitter: http://twitter.com/usablelearning
• Email: julie@usablelearning.com
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
References
• Books
– Electronic Performance Support System by Gloria Gery
– Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience by Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi (A reasonable Wikipedia explanation can be found at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology) )
– What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and
Literacy by James Paul Gee
– The Happiness Hypothesis by Jonathan Haidt
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
References
• Game Articles:
– Learning to Play to Learn - Lessons in Educational Game Design by Nick
Fortugno & Eric Zimmerman
http://www.ericzimmerman.com/texts/learningtoplay.htm - originally
published in Gamasutra
http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20050405/zimmerman_01.shtml
(Other publications by Eric Zimmerman
http://www.ericzimmerman.com/writings.html)
– Behavioral Game Design by John Hopson
http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20010427/hopson_01.htm
– Proof of Learning: Assessment in Serious Games by Sande Chen
http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20051019/chen_01.shtml
– Learning by Design: Games as Learning Machines by James Paul Gee
http://www.gamasutra.com/gdc2004/features/20040324/gee_01.shtml
– Your Brain on Video Games by Steven Johnson
http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jul/brain-on-video-
games/article_print
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
References
• General Articles
– The Neuroscience of Leadership by David Rock and Jeffrey
Schwartz http://www.strategy-
business.com/press/freearticle/06207
– The New Science of Change by Christopher Koch
http://www.cio.com/archive/091506/change.html
– Hijacking the Brain Circuits With a Nickel Slot Machine by Sandra
Blakeslee
http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F70A14F7
355B0C7A8DDDAB0894DA404482 (paid access)
– Getting past the brain's crap filter Posted by Kathy Sierra on
December 22, 2004 on Creating Passionate Users Blog
http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2004/w
eek52/index.html
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
References
• Egghead stuff
– Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward by Gregory S. Berns, Samuel M.
McClure, Giuseppe Pagnoni, and P. Read Montague
http://www.ccnl.emory.edu/greg/Koolaid_JN_Print.pdf (Other recent publications by
Gregory Berns http://www.ccnl.emory.edu/greg/)
– When Things Are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the
Allocation of Processing Resources
http://www.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu/articles/JNeuroScience2006PottsMontague.pdf Geoffrey F.
Potts, Laura E. Martin, Philip Burton, and P. Read Montague (Other recent publications by
Read Montague http://www.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu/faculty.html)
– Reward signaling by dopamine neurons by Wolfram Schultz
http://www.biopsychiatry.com/dopaminerev.htm
– Recent publications by Jonathan Cohen http://www.csbmb.princeton.edu/ncc/jdc.html
– Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a
positron emission tomographic study by Richard J. Haier, Benjamin V. Siegel Jr., Andrew
MacLachlan, Eric Soderling, Stephen Lottenberg and Monte S. Buchsbaum
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1617405
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
References
• Games
– Diner Dash:
http://www.shockwave.com/gamelanding/dinerdash.jsp
– Driver's Ed Game:
http://www.mofunzone.com/online_games/driversed.shtml#
– Super Collapse 3:
http://www.shockwave.com/gamelanding/collapse3.jsp
– Luck Charm Deluxe:
http://www.shockwave.com/gamelanding/luckcharm.jsp
– Insaniquarium http://www.shockwave.com
– Luxor http://www.shockwave.com
– Project ALERT: http://www.projectalert.com

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Why Your Brain Loves Video Games & The Implications for e-Learning

  • 1. Why Your Brain Loves Video Games (and the Implications for E-Learning) ASTD-TCC 2010 Julie Dirksen – November 10, 2010
  • 2. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Video Game Stare
  • 3. Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License - From www.gdmag.com/freeyear What’s your budget?
  • 4. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Halo 3 Sold 8 million copies Take from http://www.bungie.net/images/Games/Halo3/Screenshots/Halo3_Valhalla-3rdperson-01.jpg
  • 5. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What games do you play? • Adventure / Strategy • Role-playing (RPG) • Multiplayer Online Games (MOG/MMOG) • Sports / Racing Arcade • First Person Shooter (FPS) • Casual Games (Puzzle Games, Tetris, etc.) • Simulations
  • 6. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What games do you play? • Platforms – Console games (Xbox, Playstation, Nintendo, Wii) – Online single player games – Online multiplayer games – Other PC or Mac games
  • 7. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How many of you are using games for learning now?
  • 8. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Is this “educational gaming?” $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500
  • 9. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License So what do we do about it? “It may sound trite, but for us educational games are first and foremost games. Whether a bona-fide contest with logical rules and a winning condition, or a Sim City-style sandbox playtoy, a game experience needs to have certain basic elements to be a meaningful experience for players.” - Eric Zimmerman So, what are those elements?
  • 10. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 1 Feedback 2 Structure 3 Attention
  • 11. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 1 Feedback
  • 12. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Feedback in e-learning: Good Job! You correctly identified Option A as the correct answer. That is correct!
  • 13. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Let’s play a game
  • 14. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What types of Feedback did you see?
  • 15. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Points How games do feedback:
  • 16. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How games do feedback: Collecting
  • 17. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How games do feedback: Time
  • 18. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How games do feedback: Sound
  • 19. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How games do feedback: Events / Reactions
  • 20. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Feedback Frequency How often do users get feedback in e- Learning?
  • 21. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Better than a Skinner Box • Positive Feedback • Negative Feedback • Reward • Punishment
  • 22. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License • Points can provide greater degree of ambiguity & determine outcomes • Multifaceted feedback (facial expressions, coaching, line graph, thoughts)
  • 23. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License • Different types of elements to be collected • Motivational element • Tracking progress • Completion
  • 24. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Special Collecting: The Power-up Power-ups: Improves the abilities of the player
  • 25. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What I really find interesting: • Gameify!
  • 26. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 2 Structure
  • 27. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License The boss prize of e-learning • Familiarization • Comprehension • Conscious Effort • Conscious Action • Proficiency • Unconscious Competence - From Electronic Performance Support Systems by Gloria Gery
  • 28. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Cycles of Expertise • Principle: Expertise is formed in any area by repeated cycles of learners practicing skills until they are nearly automatic, then having those skills fail in ways that cause the learners to have to think again and learn anew... • Games: Good games create and support the cycle of expertise...This is, in fact, part of what constitutes good pacing in a game. - James Paul Gee
  • 29. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How games do feedback: Leveling
  • 30. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Leveling • If you are not proficient enough, you don’t move on until you are proficient. • Completion = proficiency
  • 31. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License So, can we just put more levels into e-Learning? Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST What does this get us?
  • 32. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What’s happening in the brain?
  • 33. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What is going on when you are learning something new? Well, areas like your frontal cortex gets busy. It starts burning a lot of fuel, and fills up pretty quickly.
  • 34. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What is going on when you using a regular pattern you already know? That leverages parts of the brain that can run without a lot of conscious attention.
  • 35. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Glucose Metabolic Rate after several weeks of Tetris Practice
  • 36. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How is most e-Learning structured? Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 Intro New Info More new Info Even more new Info Yet again with the new info Summary Whew !
  • 37. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License How are most games structured? Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Some new stuff, pretty easy though Stuff you know plus a bit more Stuff you know, maybe a little faster Stuff you know plus a bit more Stuff you know, kicked up a notch Boss Fight
  • 38. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License It’s a lot like flow: Challenge Ability - Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
  • 39. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License It also allows you to pay attention to what’s different. In this model, everything is new and everything is important (so nothing is). Whew !
  • 40. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License It also allows you to pay attention to what’s different. In this model, the new material is mixed in with existing stuff, so the new material stands out. Whew !
  • 41. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License We all need a rest sometimes: If you don’t give people a break, they will take it anyway. Okay, I get it Uh huh. Uh huh... Wait, this is important Whew ! Brain dead, leaking out the ears Tuned out Kind of distracted
  • 42. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Goals, Goals and Goals • Immediate, Short-term and Long-term goals
  • 43. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Goals in Diner Dash • Immediate Goal – Task / Level • Short-term Goal – Stage • Long-term Goal – Game Completion
  • 44. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
  • 45. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
  • 46. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Long-term Goal: The boss fight When you put all the skills you’ve learned together to beat the BOSS.
  • 47. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License The boss fight “On the boss fight, you are ready to fail 5-6 times until you get it. If I get a boss on the 1st try, I think it’s too easy.” - MS Hunter
  • 48. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License • Examples: Dialog Coach http://www.dialogcoach.com
  • 49. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Leveling http://www.dialogcoach.com • Intermittent goals and overall goal • Variable mastery of levels • Gradual improvement of skills
  • 50. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Evaluation is hard:
  • 51. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What if completion was enough?
  • 52. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3 Attention
  • 53. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Why are brains like elephants? • Why is our brain like a child riding an elephant? Jonathan Haidt – The Happiness Hypothesis
  • 54. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Child = conscious mind / executive function (prefrontal cortex)
  • 55. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Elephant = everything else
  • 56. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Sometimes the elephant is willing
  • 57. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Other times...
  • 58. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License So, how do you train the elephant?
  • 59. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What are you using here? • How many people have had to take the written drivers test lately? Right of Way and Yielding Right-of-way and yielding laws help traffic flow smoothly and safely. They are based on courtesy and common sense. Violation of these laws is a leading cause of traffic crashes. When two vehicles reach an intersection at the same time, and there is no traffic light or signal, the driver of the vehicle on the left must yield to the vehicle on the right. -Minnesota Driver’s Manual • Think about how that feels.
  • 60. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Now, how about this?
  • 61. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License If there’s no urgency... Most of the burden is on the executive function (e.g. frontal cortex).
  • 62. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Learning without urgency: Relying solely on the executive function is like: Gasp!
  • 63. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What happens when there is urgency? Mid-brain areas (e.g. limbic system / amygdala are saying: “PAY ATTENTION! This could be important.”
  • 64. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Learning with urgency: Learning that engages the whole brain requires much less conscious effort:
  • 65. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What makes it work? • Balanced gameplay – Expectation – Surprise – Reward
  • 66. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Good surprises are good • Pleasant surprises cause a dopamine spike “PAY ATTENTION! If this is good, then you want more.
  • 67. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Even bad surprises are good • Unpleasant surprises cause a dopamine drop. “PAY ATTENTION! This is bad. Avoid in future.”
  • 68. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License No surprises are bad Hmm. I wonder what I should have for dinner...
  • 69. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Games do this well Gold Coin Gold Coin Gold Coin Gold Coin Super Platinum Hammer of Death™ that lets you SQUASH evildoers!!!
  • 70. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What else?
  • 71. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Narrative & Character
  • 72. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
  • 73. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Visual & Sound Effects
  • 74. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Customization /Personalization
  • 75. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Competition Leader Boards
  • 76. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Now you try! • It’s your turn to try this out… – Points – Leveling – Collecting – Time – Surprise – Reward – Urgency
  • 77. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License So what’s the catch? • So this is all great, but what’s the catch?
  • 78. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What’s the catch? • Games are good at teaching you how to play games (not necessarily how to actually do things)
  • 79. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What’s the catch? Low Budget Fast Easy
  • 80. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What’s the catch? Low Budget Fast Easy
  • 81. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License What’s the catch? Gamers are a self- selecting audience
  • 82. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Playtesting
  • 83. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Tools • Captivate • SmartBuilder • Quandary • Bravo • Thinking Worlds • Also: See this blog post: • http://www.kaplaneduneering.com/kap pnotes/index.php/2010/09/11-free- game-creation-software-programs/
  • 84. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Questions? Thanks to: You can also reach me with questions at: • Presentation site : http://www.usablelearning.com/tcc2010.html • Blog: http://usablelearning.wordpress.com • Twitter: http://twitter.com/usablelearning • Email: julie@usablelearning.com
  • 85. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License References • Books – Electronic Performance Support System by Gloria Gery – Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (A reasonable Wikipedia explanation can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology) ) – What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy by James Paul Gee – The Happiness Hypothesis by Jonathan Haidt
  • 86. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License References • Game Articles: – Learning to Play to Learn - Lessons in Educational Game Design by Nick Fortugno & Eric Zimmerman http://www.ericzimmerman.com/texts/learningtoplay.htm - originally published in Gamasutra http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20050405/zimmerman_01.shtml (Other publications by Eric Zimmerman http://www.ericzimmerman.com/writings.html) – Behavioral Game Design by John Hopson http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20010427/hopson_01.htm – Proof of Learning: Assessment in Serious Games by Sande Chen http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20051019/chen_01.shtml – Learning by Design: Games as Learning Machines by James Paul Gee http://www.gamasutra.com/gdc2004/features/20040324/gee_01.shtml – Your Brain on Video Games by Steven Johnson http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jul/brain-on-video- games/article_print
  • 87. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License References • General Articles – The Neuroscience of Leadership by David Rock and Jeffrey Schwartz http://www.strategy- business.com/press/freearticle/06207 – The New Science of Change by Christopher Koch http://www.cio.com/archive/091506/change.html – Hijacking the Brain Circuits With a Nickel Slot Machine by Sandra Blakeslee http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F70A14F7 355B0C7A8DDDAB0894DA404482 (paid access) – Getting past the brain's crap filter Posted by Kathy Sierra on December 22, 2004 on Creating Passionate Users Blog http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2004/w eek52/index.html
  • 88. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License References • Egghead stuff – Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward by Gregory S. Berns, Samuel M. McClure, Giuseppe Pagnoni, and P. Read Montague http://www.ccnl.emory.edu/greg/Koolaid_JN_Print.pdf (Other recent publications by Gregory Berns http://www.ccnl.emory.edu/greg/) – When Things Are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources http://www.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu/articles/JNeuroScience2006PottsMontague.pdf Geoffrey F. Potts, Laura E. Martin, Philip Burton, and P. Read Montague (Other recent publications by Read Montague http://www.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu/faculty.html) – Reward signaling by dopamine neurons by Wolfram Schultz http://www.biopsychiatry.com/dopaminerev.htm – Recent publications by Jonathan Cohen http://www.csbmb.princeton.edu/ncc/jdc.html – Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study by Richard J. Haier, Benjamin V. Siegel Jr., Andrew MacLachlan, Eric Soderling, Stephen Lottenberg and Monte S. Buchsbaum http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1617405
  • 89. is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License References • Games – Diner Dash: http://www.shockwave.com/gamelanding/dinerdash.jsp – Driver's Ed Game: http://www.mofunzone.com/online_games/driversed.shtml# – Super Collapse 3: http://www.shockwave.com/gamelanding/collapse3.jsp – Luck Charm Deluxe: http://www.shockwave.com/gamelanding/luckcharm.jsp – Insaniquarium http://www.shockwave.com – Luxor http://www.shockwave.com – Project ALERT: http://www.projectalert.com