3. Today’s Topics What is early specialization? Pros and cons of early specialization What is long-term athlete development? Recommendations

5. Which Way to the Top? Team sports (eg baseball) and endurance sports (eg marathon) A rtistic sports (eg gymnastics, diving, figure skating) If you comprehensively and systematically trained, your career as an athlete would be longer If you specialized early, you succeed early Early diversification or LTAD Early specialization

6. It is defined as participation to a single sport with a deliberate focus on training and development in that sport Baker, 2003 What is Early Specialization ?

7. Pros and Cons of Early Specialization Wiersma, 2000; Hooper et al, 2006 Inappropriate weight control Disrupted social development Increased susceptibility of injury and illness Burnout More proficient at specific motor skills More training and competition experiences Early success (eg attained professional status and scholarship) Potential Risks Potential Benefits

8. Negative Consequences of Early Specialization Female Athlete Triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis (IOC position stand, 2005) Social isolation (Tofler et al, 1996) Overuse injuries: shoulder tendonitis in swimmers, stress fractures in runners (Striker, 2002) Youth sports injuries: Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sever’s disease, Little League Elbow, and Patellar Femoral Pain Syndrome (Adirim and Cheng, 2003) Dropout: lack of fun or enjoyment (Butcher et al, 2002) and over-involvement of parents (Wiersma, 2000) Lack of general motor skills: potentially limits overall motor skill development (Wiersma, 2000) Inappropriate weight control Disrupted social development Increased susceptibility of injury and illness Burnout Negative Consequences Potential Risks

10. Health and welfare of youth athletes needs to be taken care of

11. Interventions Mediation and rationalization by coaches of athletes’ commitments Comprehensive monitoring of training and competition schedules by sports scientists Education from sports psychologists in identifying early warning signs of distress and how to deal with it and assistance in balancing study, sport, and other commitments Mentoring from elite athlete role models Education for parents to help them better play their important role in positively supporting youth athletes Hooper et al, 2006

13. Two Youth Development Models Team sports (eg baseball) and endurance sports (eg marathon) A rtistic sports (eg gymnastics, diving, figure skating) If you comprehensively and systematically trained, your career as an athlete would be longer If you specialized early, you succeed early Early diversification or LTAD Early specialization

14. The 10-Year Rule Bloom, 1985; Ericsson et al, 1993 R esearch ers ha ve concluded that it takes 8 to 12 years of training for a talented athlete to reach high performance

15. LTAD is a training, competition, and recovery framework Although the concept is well-established, there is a lack of empirical data to support the concept What is Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) ? Balyi et al, 2005

16. The Big Picture of LTAD Talent Identification and Search Talent Development and Transfer High Performance Sports Participation Athletes career support YOG Olympics

17. Tai’s LTAD Model

18. Biological Approach for Training Golden Age Later childhood Early adolescence Late adolescence Neural Coordination Speed Endurance Skill analysis PHV Field tests Training 0 100 (%) General Brain plasticity Strength Sports science support Power

19. Recommendations Ultimately it is children’s choice to participate in sports based on their abilities and interests Early specialization has potential benefits and risks leading to negative consequences Parents and coaches should be more active to lead a child who is matured enough to specialize in a given sport Coaches, parents, sports scientists and doctors, administrators, and media who are working with youth should understand the concept of long-term athlete development (LTAD) Close monitoring of growth and development, and nutrition by sports scientists is beneficial

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