related to Grammar

2. Clauses & Phrases
PREPARED BY
UMAIR

4. Clauses & Phrases

6. Clauses

7. Cluster of words that contain:
subject + verb
 I am Standing.
 He reached university.
 He is laughing.
Clause

8. Two or more clauses in a sentence
 I am Standing.
 He is laughing.
 I am happy, because I won a prize.
 I like Mathematics, but my brother likes Biology,
because he wants to become a doctor.
Clause

9. Phrase
 I am standing near a table.
 He reached university in time.
 He is laughing at a joker.

10. Clause
INDEPENDENT
Dependent
Noun
Adjective
Adverb

12. Subject + verb = complete thought
 He is wearing a shirt.
 I like Chinese rice.
 I bought a computer.
Examples

13.  He is wearing a shirt which look very nice.
 I like Chinese rice which tastes good.
 I bought a computer that cost is 15000.
Examples
Subject + verb + subordinating conjunction

15. Definition:-
“A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a
complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or
adverb”.
Example:-
He likes Chinese rice which tastes good.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE

16. On the basis of their function in a sentence, subordinate clauses can be divided in to
following types
Noun Clause
Adjective
Clause.
Adverb Clause
TYPES

17. “A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence is called noun
clause.”
A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.
What he did made a problem for his family.
Noun Clause:-
Example:-

18. A noun clause starts with words “that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever,
whomever”.
Examples:-
Whatever you learn will help you in future. (noun clause as a
subject)
What you said made me laugh. (noun clause as a
subject)
He knows that he will pass the test. (noun clause as an
object)
Now I realize what he would have thought. (noun clause as an
object)

19. Adjective Clause:-
“A dependent clause that functions as an
adjective in a sentence is called adjective clause.”
Example:-
He wears a shirt which looks nice.
Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause
or non-restrictive clause.

20. “A restrictive clause limits the meaning of preceding noun
or pronoun”.
“A non-restrictive clause tells us something about preceding
noun or pronoun but does not limit the meaning of preceding
noun or pronoun”.
Restrictive Clauses:-
Non-restrictive
Clauses:-

21. •The student in the class who studied a lot passed the test. (restrictive clause)
•The student in the class, who had attended all the lectures, passed
the test. (non-restrictive clause)
Example:-

22. “A dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence is called
adverb clause”
It modifies(describes) the situation in main clause in terms of
“time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast,
condition, intensity (to what extent).”
Adverb Clause :-

23. Examples:-
Don’t go before he comes.
He takes medicine because he is ill.
You are safe as long as you drive carefully.
Time: when, whenever, since,
Cause and effect: because, since,
Contrast: although, even
Condition: If, unless, only if,

24. Phrases

25. Definition Of Phrase
A phrase is a collection of words that may have
nouns or verbs, but it does not have a subject doing
a verb.

26. Characteristics of Phrases
 Mostly Phrases do not have subject and a verb
 E.G
 on the way
 Under the table etc.
 Phrases may have Subject or a Verb but not at a same
point in time, means Phrase cannot have a subject,
doing a verb.
 E.g.
 leaving behind the dog (verb but no Subject)
 smashing into a fence (verb but no Subject)
 A man on the roof (Contains Subject but not verb)

27.  The DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CLAUSE and a phrase is that a
clause consists of both subject and verb, but a phrase lacks a
subject and verb.
 Phrase Is not a complete sentence it does not convey a proper
meaning. Phrase is a part of sentence. Normally phrase and clause
combine together to make a complete sentence.
 Example
He reached school in time.
They are singing in a loud voice.
Characteristics of Phrases (Cont.)
Phrase
Clause

28. TYPES OF PHRASE
Noun Phrase
Prepositional
Phrase Adverb
Phrase Adjective
Phrase Absolute
Phrase Infinite
Phrase Participle
Phrase Gerund
Phrase

29. Noun Phrase
 A noun phrase consists of a noun and other related words
(usually modifiers and determiners) which modify the noun.
 Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers
(the modifiers can be after or before noun)
 Examples
 He is wearing a nice red shirt. (as noun/object)
 The boy with brown hair is laughing. (as noun/subject)

30. Prepositional phrase.
 A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, object
of preposition (noun or pronoun) and may also consist
of other modifiers.
 E.G.
 On a table,
 near a wall,
 in the room,

31. Prepositional phrase (cont.)
 A single sentence may also contain two or three prepositional
phrases

33. Examples
Allama Iqbal
was a man having
great wisdom.
The king lives in
a palace made of
white marble.

34. Adverb phrases
An adverb phrase is a group of words that performs the function of an adverb.
an adverb is a word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or
pronoun.
She replied politely. (politely is an adverb)

35. Examples
She replied
in a polite manner.
He works
without considering his health.

37. Examples

38. TYPES OF PHRASES
Participle Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Infinitive Phrase
Absolute Phrase

39. A participle is a type of verbal. A participle acts as
an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.
Participle act as an adjective and end in ing -ed-en-
d-t-n
 Present participle end in ing
 Past participle end in ed – en -n –d -t
Participle

41. A participle phrase is an adjective phrase that starts with
a participle. It usually follows the noun (or pronoun)
which it modifies.
A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a
participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or
noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s),
indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or
state expressed in the participle, such as

42.  Removing his coat , Jack rushed to the river.
 Is that Arthur running for the bus?
 We saw a car, damaged in a car accident.
 Children interested in music early develop strong
intellectual skills.
Examples

43. Gerund
Gerund is a verb that ends in ing and used as
a verbal noun
It performs the function of both noun and
verb
A gerund can be used both as as an object
and subject of the sentense

44. Examples:
Dancing is enjoyable and
creative vocation
He loves eating
chocolates.

45. A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a sentence. A gerund phrase is
a group of words that consist of a gerund ,object and modifiers.
Gerund Object Modifiers
Gerund
Phrase
Gerund Phrase

47. An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to +
simple form of the verb]. It will include objects
and/or modifiers.
Examples :
To smash a spider
To kick the ball past the dazed goalie
Infinitive phrases can function
as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

48.  He likes to read books.
(As noun/object)
 To earn money is a desire of everyone.
(As noun/subject)
 He shouted to inform people about fire.
(As adverb, modifies verb shout)
 He made a plan to buy a car.
(As adjective, modifies noun plan)

49. An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any
accompanying modifiers or objects.
NOUN + PARTICIPLE + OPTIONAL MODIFIER(S) AND/OR OBJECT(S)
Examples:
Legs quivering
Her arms folded across her chest, Professor Hill warned the
class about the penalties of plagiarism.
He looks sad, his face expressing worry.
Absolute Phrase