1. Pragmatics
By The Sixth Group:
Agil Abdur Rohim
Ainun Chamidah
Ainun Munfadhila
Diah Wahyuni
Nikmayukhah
Siti Nur Fidiawati
Ulil Fauziyah
(D75212075)
(D05212003)
(D35212047)
(D95212082)
(D05212023)
(D55212060)
(D05212045)

2. Introduction of pragmatics
Pragmatics as a field of linguistic inquiry
was initiated in the 1930s by Morris, Carnap, and
Peirce, for whom syntax addressed the formal
relations of signs to one another, semantics the
relation of signs to what they denote, and
pragmatics the relation of signs to their users
and interpreters (Morris 1938).
In this program, pragmatics is the study of
those context-dependent aspects of meaning
which are systematically abstracted away from in
the construction of content or logical form.

3. What is Pragmatics?
Pragmatics is the study of the ways people use
language in actual conversation.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning of words,
phrases and full sentences, but unlike semantics which
deals with the objective meanings of words that can be
found in dictionaries, pragmatics is more concerned
with the meanings that words in fact convey when
they are used, or with intended speaker meaning as it
is sometimes referred to.

4. Definition
Longman:
Technical the study of how words and phrases
are used with special meanings in particular
situations.
Oxford:
The branch of linguistics dealing with language
in use and the contexts in which it is used,
including such matters as Deixis, the taking of
turns in conversation, text organization,
presupposition, and implicative.

5. DEIXIS
Definition
Deixis is “pointing language”. We use
deictic expressions or indexical to signal a
referent and relate that referent to common
ground shared by the speaker and the
addressee. They situate the speaker and the
addressee in relation to each other and the
world around them.
In other words, deixis helps us to identify things
in time and space

6. Person deixis
•
a) Terms referring to speaker and addressee: I, me, my, mine, you, your
,yours
•
•
•
Is there a difference between these:
- I want to see you,
- you can never tell if they are boys
•
b) Terms not referring to speaker or addressee
•
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their,
theirs
•
c) Honorifics - Your Majesty, sir,
•
These terms of social deixis indicate social status

7. Time Deixis
Expressions referring to time:
five minutes ago
tomorrow
last week
next Monday
Choice of tense:
- present tense - he doesn’t know
this is proximal
- past tense
yesterday I slept for 10 hours
this communicates distance from current
time
- conditionals
reality
if I won the lottery I would …
this communicates distance from current

8. Spatial deixis
Spatial deixis refers to proximity to or distance from the speaker.
These can be single words …
here
there
this
that
… or expressions
two kilometres from the school
500 meters away
… and words/expressions referring to direction and/or movement
to my left
under the carpet
fetch, take, bring
she came home
she went home

9. Interpretation of deictic terms
We interpret deictic terms by looking at aspects of
context such as
- who is speaking
- the time of speaking
- the location of the speaker
speaker
- gestures or body language of the
- the topic of the discourse

10. REFERENCE
An act by which a speaker (or writer)
uses language to enable a listener (or
reader) to identify something.

11. Inference
REFERENCE
Anaphora
Presupposition

12. Inference
additional information used by the listener
to create a connection between what is
said and what must be meant
Example
A :“where’s the spinach salad sitting?”
B :“He’s sitting by the door”

13. Anaphora
subsequent reference to an already
introduced entity
OR
The use of a linguistic unit, such as a
pronoun, to refer back to another unit

14. Example
We found a house to rent, but the kitchen
was very small.
1st = antecedent
2nd= anaphor

15. Presupposition
What a speaker (or writer) assumes is
true or known by a listener (or reader)

16. example
My car is a wreck (there’s presupposition that
the speaker has a car)
Your brother is waiting outside (there’s an
presupposition that you have a brother)
Why did you arrive late? (there’s
presupposition that you did arrive late)
a

17. Idiom model of Pragmatic
Idiom is group of words with a
meaning that is different from the
meaning of all the individual words.
Each individual has different meaning
of words.

18. Examples
A : “Crack the window”
B : “Yes, I do”
A : “Its raining cats and dogs”
B : “I think so”

19. POLITENESS
In the study of linguistic politeness, the
most relevant concept is “face.” Your face, in
pragmatics, is your public self-image. This is the
emotional and social sense of self that everyone
has and expects everyone else to recognize.
Politeness can be defined as showing awareness
and consideration of another person’s face. If
you say something that represents a threat to
another person’s self-image, that is called a facethreatening act.

20. Example
•If you use a direct speech act to get
do something
Give me that paper!
someone to
•An indirect speech act, in the form associated
with a question (Could you pass me that paper?),
removes the assumption of social power

21. ExamplE……..
• A: Hello.
•B: Hi Rodney. Can you guess who this is?
•‘Wow, you look awful today! Is there anything
wrong?
•To you best friend?
•To your boss?

22. Speech Acts Theory
Founded By:
J.L Austin 1930’s
John R. Searle 1950’s

23. J.L Austin
• Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin is foremost
attributed to developing this theory.
• Austin formulated his ideas on speech act
theory in the 1930’s and lectured on them at
both Oxford and Harvard.

24. John R. Searle
• After Austin’s death one of his former
students, John R. Searle, took many of Austin’s
ideas and concepts on speech act theory and
further elaborated and refined them in 1950’s

25. Theory
•
•
•
•
1. Performative
2. Constantive
3. Explicit Performative
4. Implicit Performative
Felicity
Condition
•
•
•
•
1.Prepositional Content
2.Preparatory Condition
3.Sincerity Condition
4.Essential Condition
Indirect
Speech
• Definition

26. Speech Act Theory
• Basic concept of Speech Act Theory is “Saying
is part of doing” or “Words are connected to
actions”
• A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy
of language is an utterance that has
performative function in language and
communication (Wikipedia

27. Speech Act Theory
1. Performative
Utterances that are used to do things or
perform acts.
Ex: “Kholik promises Unya to treat her in KFC.”
2. Constatives
Utterances that can be verified as true or
false.
Ex: “Rizky is beautiful and stylish.”

28. Speech Act Theory
3. Explicit Performative
Sentence that contains a performative verb
that makes explicit what kind of act is being
performed.
Ex: The court hereby forbids you to enter your
former wife’s house.
4. Implicit Performative
Sentence that does not contain explicit
meaning.
Ex: “Do it yourself!”.

29. Felicity Condition of Speech Acts
1. Propositional Content: Concerned with what
the speech act is about (the “core” of
utterances)
• Ex: “I do want to pay that, unfortunately, I don’t
have money”.
• Meaning: I don’t pay that.
• Ex: “I love you too, but I already have a
boyfriend.
• Meaning: She rejects the boy’s love

30. Felicity Condition of Speech Acts
2. Preparatory Condition: Real-world prerequisites for
the speech acts.
3. Sincerity Condition: Must be satisfied if the act is
performed sincerely ( if it isn’t satisfied, the act is still
performed, but there is an abuse)
• Ex: Teacher: Submit your 3 day lesson plan now!
Ainun : But, we haven’t finish it mom 
Teacher: No reason!
Ainun : *submit it with crying*

31. Felicity Condition of Speech Acts
4. Essential Condition: Speaker's intention that his
utterance will count as the identifiable act and that
this intention is recognized by the addresse.
• Ex: Act: Agil
: Ulil’s husband
Ulil
: Agil’s wife
Ni’mayucha : Agil and Ulil’s baby.
• Ni’mayucha: *cry out loud*
Agil
: Dear, you know what to do 
Ulil
: Okay honey *throws the baby out*

32. Indirect Speech Acts
• Indirect speech is a written text of about what
was said by someone.
• Ex: “Dila, would you please throw the durian to
Dyah?”, said Vidia. <- Example of interrogative
indirect speech.