Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.

1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Chemical Bonding 4 IONIC, METALLIC & COORDINATE BONDS University of Lincoln presentation

2. Ionic Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

4. Ionic Bonding – main bonding mechanism of the metals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Ionic f - block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d – block elements Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements

9. Some Common Ions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Silicate SiO 4 4– Hydroxide OH – Sulphate SO 4 2– Carbonate CO 3 2– Sulphide S 2– Peroxide O 2 2– Oxide O 2– Chloride Cl – Name Symbol ANIONS Tin(II) Sn 2+ Iron(III) Fe 3+ Iron(II) Fe 2+ Copper(II) Cu 2+ Copper(I) Cu + Calcium Ca 2+ Potassium K + Sodium Na + Name Symbol CATIONS

12. Rock Salt Structure This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License S 2– Pb 2+ PbS Lead(II) sulfide S 2– Mg 2+ MgS Magnesium sulfide O 2– Fe 2+ FeO Iron(II) oxide O 2– Ba 2+ BaO Barium oxide O 2– Ca 2+ CaO Calcium oxide O 2– Mg 2+ MgO Magnesium oxide Cl – Ag + AgCl Silver chloride F – Ag + AgF Silver fluoride I – K + KI Potassium iodide Br – K + KBr Potassium bromide Cl – Li + LiCl Lithium chloride H – Na + NaH Sodium hydride F – Na + NaF Sodium fluoride Cl – Na + NaCl Sodium chloride Anion Cation Formula Compound

13. Rock Salt Type – cubic This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 6 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 6 NaCl: 801 C S=35.9g/100ml (25C)

15. Caesium Chloride Type – BCC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License BCC = Body centred cubic Cesium chloride unit cell (space filling diagram) Cesium chloride unit cell (ball and stick diagram)

16. Caesium Chloride Type – BCC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 8 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 8 CsCl: 645 C S=162g/100ml (1 C) A unit cell of caesium chloride Extending the caesium chloride structure

17. Fluorite Type This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 8 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 4 CaF 2 : 1402 C S=virtually insoluble CaF 2 unit cell

18. Rutile Type This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 6 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 3 TiO 2 : 1870 C S=Insoluble Unit cell of rutile type TiO 2

19. Metallic Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

21. The Metallic Bond This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Metal ion Electron The structure of a metal consists of a lattice of bonded metal cations with a ‘ sea of electrons ’. The electrons are not bound, and can move throughout the structure – hence metals are good conductors of electricity

22. Coordinate Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

23. Transition Metals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License The TRANSITION METALS (d- and f-block metals) usually form COORDINATE BONDS f - block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d – block elements Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements