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21st   Century Media
New Frontiers, New Barriers
           Ujjwal Acharya
   Federation of Nepali Journalists
21st    Century Media
• Communication platforms based on internet
• Personal, group, community and mass
  communication through internet
• Social Media (blogs, photo-sharing, video sharing,
  social networking and microblogging)
• Mobile devices for mass communication
Internet-based Media
• News website
  o Normally website run by media organization, with or without print/radio/tv,
    for news dissemination

• Blogs
  o Normally individually run opinion-based diary

• Social Media
  o Somewhat closed social networking (Facebook) / open microblogging
    (Twitter)
Strengths of Internet Media
•   Global reach
•   Easy publication
•   Interactivity
•   Multimedia possibility
•   Permanancy
•   Timelessness
•   Unlimited space
Weaknesses of Internet Media
•   Information overload
•   Accuracy
•   Credibility
•   Opinion-based
•   Individual
•   Manipulative
Changed Communication
• Source -> Message -> Channel -> Receiver
• Receivers were mostly inactive consumer of
  information, rarely contribution to production
• On internet media, receivers no longer live; there
  are just communicators/active audience
• No monopoly of handful of communicators
• We're in an age of information overload, and too much of
  what we watch, hear and read is mistaken, deceitful or even
  dangerous. Yet you and I can take control and make media
  serve us by being active consumers and participants.
                                Dan Gillmor in Mediactive
Active Consumption of Information
• Internet is filled with thrashes – good information are
  gold, has to be filtered
• Individual producers less likely to fulfill journalistic
  procedure, principles or ethical standards
• Evaluation of information online
   o Multiple sources
   o Verification
Citizen Journalism
• “public playing an active role in the process of
  collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating
  news and information."
• Importance of citizen journalism
   o As information source at crisis time
   o As watchdog of mainstream media

• Derivatives of citizen journalism
Changing Journalism
• Internet affects journalism during
   o   Researching
   o   Reporting
   o   Verification
   o   Distribution

• “We can’t control future medium, thus we need to
  specialize in good news storytelling.”
Legal Framework
• Freedom of Expression as Human Rights
  o Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right
    includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek,
    receive and impart information and ideas through any media and
    regardless of frontiers. (Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Constitutional Right
• Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007, Article 12, Clause
  3 Sub-clause a:
   o Every citizen shall have the following freedoms: freedom of opinion and
     expression..

• Reasonable Restrictions
   o Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to
     impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the
     sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, or which may jeopardize the
     harmonious relations subsisting among the people of various castes, tribes,
     religions or communities, or on any act of defamation, contempt of court
     or incitement to an offence, or on any act which may be contrary to
     decent public behaviour or morality.
FoE is not ABSOLUTE right
• Key rights as a platform to fight for other rights but
  not absolute right as it clashes with other rights
   o Right to live with dignity
   o Right to privacy
   o Other rights
Electronic Transaction Act
47. Publication of illegal materials in electronic form:
(1) If any person publishes or displays any material in
the electronic media including computer, internet
which are prohibited to publish or display by the
prevailing law or which may be contrary to the public
morality or decent behaviour or any types of materials
which may spread hate or jealousy against anyone or
which may jeopardize the harmonious relations
subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes
and communities shall be liable to the punishment
with the fine not exceeding One Hundred Thousand
Rupees or with the imprisonment not exceeding five
years or with both.
Ethics
•   Libertarian vs Social Responsibility Theory
•   No freedom is free!
•   Self-control mechanism
•   Ethical standards
    o No news manipulation
    o Truth
    o No Conflict with Laws
Online Journalism Ethics
• All social and moral ethics apply
• All journalistic ethics apply
• Additions:
   o   No deletion
   o   Privacy issue
   o   Advertising issue
   o   Terms of Use
Thank you
 Ujjwal.acharya@gmail.com
www.twitter.com/ujjwalacharya
   www.nepalivoices.com

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New Frontiers in 21st Century Media

  • 1. 21st Century Media New Frontiers, New Barriers Ujjwal Acharya Federation of Nepali Journalists
  • 2. 21st Century Media • Communication platforms based on internet • Personal, group, community and mass communication through internet • Social Media (blogs, photo-sharing, video sharing, social networking and microblogging) • Mobile devices for mass communication
  • 3. Internet-based Media • News website o Normally website run by media organization, with or without print/radio/tv, for news dissemination • Blogs o Normally individually run opinion-based diary • Social Media o Somewhat closed social networking (Facebook) / open microblogging (Twitter)
  • 4. Strengths of Internet Media • Global reach • Easy publication • Interactivity • Multimedia possibility • Permanancy • Timelessness • Unlimited space
  • 5. Weaknesses of Internet Media • Information overload • Accuracy • Credibility • Opinion-based • Individual • Manipulative
  • 6. Changed Communication • Source -> Message -> Channel -> Receiver • Receivers were mostly inactive consumer of information, rarely contribution to production • On internet media, receivers no longer live; there are just communicators/active audience • No monopoly of handful of communicators • We're in an age of information overload, and too much of what we watch, hear and read is mistaken, deceitful or even dangerous. Yet you and I can take control and make media serve us by being active consumers and participants. Dan Gillmor in Mediactive
  • 7. Active Consumption of Information • Internet is filled with thrashes – good information are gold, has to be filtered • Individual producers less likely to fulfill journalistic procedure, principles or ethical standards • Evaluation of information online o Multiple sources o Verification
  • 8. Citizen Journalism • “public playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information." • Importance of citizen journalism o As information source at crisis time o As watchdog of mainstream media • Derivatives of citizen journalism
  • 9. Changing Journalism • Internet affects journalism during o Researching o Reporting o Verification o Distribution • “We can’t control future medium, thus we need to specialize in good news storytelling.”
  • 10. Legal Framework • Freedom of Expression as Human Rights o Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. (Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
  • 11. Constitutional Right • Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007, Article 12, Clause 3 Sub-clause a: o Every citizen shall have the following freedoms: freedom of opinion and expression.. • Reasonable Restrictions o Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the people of various castes, tribes, religions or communities, or on any act of defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offence, or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behaviour or morality.
  • 12. FoE is not ABSOLUTE right • Key rights as a platform to fight for other rights but not absolute right as it clashes with other rights o Right to live with dignity o Right to privacy o Other rights
  • 13. Electronic Transaction Act 47. Publication of illegal materials in electronic form: (1) If any person publishes or displays any material in the electronic media including computer, internet which are prohibited to publish or display by the prevailing law or which may be contrary to the public morality or decent behaviour or any types of materials which may spread hate or jealousy against anyone or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes and communities shall be liable to the punishment with the fine not exceeding One Hundred Thousand Rupees or with the imprisonment not exceeding five years or with both.
  • 14. Ethics • Libertarian vs Social Responsibility Theory • No freedom is free! • Self-control mechanism • Ethical standards o No news manipulation o Truth o No Conflict with Laws
  • 15. Online Journalism Ethics • All social and moral ethics apply • All journalistic ethics apply • Additions: o No deletion o Privacy issue o Advertising issue o Terms of Use