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Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative and NREL: Implementing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- 1. The Hawai’i Clean Energy Initiative: Implementing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Renewable Energy and Island Sustainability Seminar Series University of Hawai’i September 3, 2009 Paul Norton NREL
- 5. Long-Term Impact: Requires Breakthrough/Translational Science Managing the science-to-technology interface Translational Research Facility
- 10. U.S. Photovoltaic Solar Resource
- 11. U.S. Concentrating Solar Resource
- 12. U.S. Wind Resource (50m)
- 15. Energy Efficiency Offers Low or No-Cost Carbon Reduction Options Building Efficiency (in red) represent largest No-Cost option Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2007
- 17. Energy Used in Buildings Buildings use 72% of the nation’s electricity and 55% of its natural gas. 100.7 Quads of Total Use, 2005 Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007
- 18. Technology for Cost Effective Zero Energy Buildings NREL Zero Energy Habitat House BIPV Products & PV-T Array Compressorless Cooling Electrochromic Windows Polymer Solar Water Heaters Computerized optimization & simulation Tools
- 19. Net-Zero Energy Homes That Are Cashflow Neutral Average 1990’s home Homeowner cost for low energy home* is the same as minimum code home * low energy home requires 65% less energy • NREL Analysis using BEOpt software for Boulder,CO climate Example taken from the “GEOS” Neighborhood. Courtesy of Wonderland Hills Development, Boulder Colorado
- 23. Wind Energy Technology Advanced Blades Offshore Wind US Wind Resource Exceeds Total Electrical Demand Innovative Tall Towers Giant Multi-megawatt Turbines Wind Forecasting Courtesy:WindLogics, Inc. St. Paul, MN
- 25. Applications of Solar Heat and Electricity Photovoltaics (PV) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Centralized Generation, large users or utilities Distributed Generation, on-site or near point of use Solar Thermal Transportation Residential & Commercial Buildings Industrial Passive solar Hot water
- 28. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future PV Conversion Technologies— Decades of NREL Leadership
- 31. Biofuels
- 34. Wide Range of Biofuel Technologies National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Feedstocks Lignocellulosic Biomass Perennial - Herbaceous - Woody Annual Crops Sugar/Starch (corn, sugarcane, wheat, sugarbeet, etc.) Other Residues - Forestry, forest products - Municipal and urban: green waste, food, paper, etc. - Animal residues, etc. - Waste fats and oils Plant Oils/A lgae Transportation Fuels Ethanol & Mixed Alcohols or Methane or Hydrogen Diesel * Methanol Gasoline * Diesel * Gasoline * & Diesel * Diesel * Gasoline * Hydrogen Ethanol, Butanol, Hydrocarbons Bio-Methane Biodiesel Green diesel Catalytic synthesis FT synthesis MeOH synthesis HydroCracking/Treating Aqueous Phase Processing Catalytic pyrolysis Aqueous Phase Reforming Fermentation Catalytic upgrading MTG Ag residues, (stover, straws, bagasse) Intermediates Bio SynGas Bio-Oils Lignin Sugars Biogas Lipids/ Oils Gasification Pyrolysis & Liquefaction Hydrolysis Pretreatment & Hydrolysis * Blending Products Anaerobic Digestion Upgrading Transesterification Hydrodeoxygenation Extraction Fermentation
- 37. Advanced Vehicle Technologies Batteries UltraCaps GM Volt Vehicle Ancillary Loads Reduction Energy Storage Advanced Power Electronics Before After
- 39. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
- 41. New Directions
- 42. Evaluating Potential New Directions Enhanced Geothermal Systems Ocean Kinetic Energy Pelamis—Ocean Power Delivery Verdant—Power RITE Turbine Tidal Wave
- 43. Smart Grid – Renewable Energy Integration in Systems at All Scales
- 44. An Integrated Approach is Required
- 45. Making Transformational Change We must seize the moment. The opportunity for making renewable energy transformational change is now before us as a solution to a global crisis.
- 46. What is HCEI? National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future What is HCEI?
- 48. The 70% clean energy by 2030 goal Source: HECO IRP4, Sept. 2008
- 49. Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Goals Total Electricity Consumption Year 2008 2030 Projected consumption – business as usual
- 50. Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Goals Total Electricity Consumption Year 2008 2030 Projected consumption – business as usual Actual consumption with efficiency improvements Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use
- 51. Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Goals Total Electricity Consumption Year 2008 2030 Projected consumption – business as usual Actual consumption with efficiency improvements Renewables = 40% of 2030 projected use Renewable Electricity Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use
- 52. Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Goals Total Electricity Consumption Year 2008 2030 Projected consumption – business as usual Actual consumption with efficiency improvements Renewables = 40% of 2030 projected use Oil = 30% of 2030 projected use Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use Generation from oil Renewable Electricity
- 53. 70% Clean Energy = 30% Efficiency + 40% Renewables Source: Booz Allen Hamilton, 2008
- 54. Each island has unique renewable energy opportunities
- 59. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future An example of NET Zero Energy in a home kW kW NET energy consumption Hourly energy consumption Hourly PV production kW
- 62. Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu Percent energy savings Combined monthly cost: energy cost + increased mortgage cost due to efficiency measures ($/month) National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
- 63. Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu Percent energy savings Combined monthly cost: energy cost + increased mortgage cost due to efficiency measures ($/month) National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Net metering $0.20/kWh 7% 30 year mortgage Minimum cost design Neutral cost design Zero energy Efficiency/PV balance point
- 64. Energy Costs National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
- 65. Percent energy savings Combined monthly cost: energy cost + increased mortgage cost due to efficiency measures ($/month) National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future $0.20/kWh $0.30/kWh $0.40/kWh $0.50/kWh Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu
- 66. Sizing the PV system National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Typical new home Zero energy home Annual PV Production efficiency
- 67. Sizing the PV system National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Typical new home Zero energy home efficiency education Annual PV Production House Design Occupant Education
- 69. Energy use depends on us! Las Vegas Homes with identical energy efficiency features Annual Energy Use per Home 3300 kWh/mo 620 kWh/mo National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future More than 5x difference
- 71. For example, our refrigerators… Source: NRDC National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
- 72. … .our TVs… National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
- 75. Example Analysis: Big –Box Pet Store in Colorado
- 76. Starting Point Minimum Cost Point Cost Neutral Point Maximum Energy Savings ZEB Not Possible Example Analysis: Big –Box Pet Store in Colorado
- 80. Examples of Low-Energy and Zero Energy Residential Buildings DHHL Kaupuni Zero Energy Village, Oahu Frisco, Texas Hickory, North Carolina Patterson, New Jersey Washington State Tucson, Arizona Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Michael Crowley, a senior scientist with the Chemical and Biosciences Center, created an animated model of Cel7A, nature's primary enzyme for decaying plants. By visualizing the enzyme's process, Crowley and his co-workers hope to bioengineer a version that will accelerate the process of making simple sugars from woody plants and farm wastes that are easily converted into cellulosic ethanol. Cel7A is a vegetarian molecule that is nature's primary agent for decaying plants. Crowley, an NREL senior scientist, and his associates are modeling Cel7A in hopes of bioengineering a version that will accelerate the process of making cellulosic ethanol from woody plants and farm wastes. A breakthrough like this would enable biofuels to be produced more easily from abundant biomass wastes and could reduce our nation's dependence on foreign oil.
- McKinsey, like virtually all efficiency and carbon reduction studies, has assessed potential contributions of individual technologies, but has not attempted to assess the much more powerful aspects of whole building integration approaches to net-zero homes and commercial buildings. Advanced design, construction, control and operations are wholly missing from this analysis – as well as from NEMS, MARKAL, and MINICAM modeling efforts. Also, it should be noted that for virtually all of the IPCC and DOE CCTP scenarios to “work” in stabilizing atmospheric carbon concentrations massive amounts of new efficiency is assumed to occur without explanation of the source of that new efficiency in terms of R&D, investment, and support infrastructure.
- Upper Right : NREL designed and built a Net Zero Energy Habitat for Humanity House about 5 miles from the NREL campus. Over the two years that NREL monitored the building it actually produced 3000 kWh more than it used (accounting for gas use). Key energy features of the building are: a) Highly Insulated R-30 Walls and R-60 roof, b) passive solar window design, c) energy recovery ventilation system, e) 4kW PV array, f) Solar domestic hot water system backed up by an instantaneous gas water heater. Upper Middle : NREL has collaborated with industry to develop a number of Building Integrated PV (BIPV) systems that can work with shingle style roofs, standing seam metal roofs, and flat “built-up” roofs. NREL has also partnered with industry to develop a combined PV-Thermal system (shown on the house) that simultaneously cools the PV array, and preheats the solar thermal array providing electricity and hot water while reducing the roof area needed for the panels. Upper Right: NREL has collaborated with industry to produce a variety of evaporative and desiccant based coolers that are more efficient than vapor compression technology. NREL has also developed a revolutionary concept “DEVap” that combines desiccant and evaporative cooling in a single element making it possible to do highly efficient evaporative cooling anywhere in the country. Analysis for a DEVap unit in Phoenix showed 80% energy savings compared to a typical vapor compression air conditioner (even accounting for the 1 to 2 month humid monsoon period in the summer). Bottom Left: NREL has collaborated with industry to develop electrochromic windows that can be controlled to darken when the sun is not wanted, and lighten when the sun is beneficial. Bottom Middle : NREL has collaborated with industry partners to develop two low-cost polymer based solar hot water systems. The system in a box can be purchased at Home Depot and installed as a do-it-yourself project for about $1000. Bottom Right: NREL has developed building energy simulation and optimization tools that enable the most cost effective package of efficiency and renewable technologies to be determined for any given savings level, in any building type, in any climate. Other NREL developed tools assist developers to design energy efficient community layouts accounting for trees and other buildings.
- Worldwide installed capacity = 56,813 MW as of Jan 2006 Worldwide industry = $12-$14B
- Fly Ranch Geyser at fly Ranch Hot Springs, located in Hualapai Flat about 24 km north of Gerlach, Nevada (3 spouting mountains) Caption Geysers are the rarest fountains found in geothermal aresa. What makes them rare and distinguishes them from hot springs is that somewhere, usually near the surface in the plumbing system of a geyser, there are one or more constrictions. Expanding steam bubbles generated from the rising hot water build up behind these constrictions, ultimately squeezing through the narrow passageways and forcing the water above to overflow from the geyser. Credit:
- NREL Research Thrusts The Biorefinery Solutions to under-utilized waste residues - Agriculture - Forestry - Urban Advanced agriculture (energy crops) enabled by plant genomics and bioscience
- Found there is the potential to tap up to 100 GW of energy in the first 10 km of rock underneath the U.S. by 2050 (one-tenth of current U.S. generating capacity) It is estimated the resource potential of ocean energy is on par with hydropower (which currently makes up 7% of electricity generation) Current Energy – more advanced, production potential is largely unmapped Wave Energy – less advanced, multiple technological approaches, production potential is estimated to be between 250,000-260,000 GWh per year (or 5% of total current generation; EPRI, 2004) Federal Geothermal Program since the 1970’s NREL Geothermal R&D since the late 1980’s Low temperature energy conversion cycles Better performing, lower cost components Innovative materials Analysis to define technology path to Enhanced Geothermal Systems Geothermal Program de-emphasized last several years Ongoing renaissance of DOE program and NREL efforts