Here ya go

1. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 After periods of internal problems and weak rulers ottoman
empire appeared to be ready to collapse.
 incapable sultans created opportunity for power struggles
between Janissary commanders, religious experts, and
rival minsters
 Provincial Officials and the Ayans (Land-owning elite)
conspired together and cheated tax $$$ from sultan.
 Took $$$ from already impoverished peasantry.

2. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 Riots led by artisans began springing about the empire.
 Less need for local artisans. Ottoman Merchants become
dependent on European counter parts. No bueno
 Because of the lack of internal order, Ottomans lose the
Northern Balkans in Eastern Europe.
 Austrian Hapsburg dynsaty (Ottoman rulers) are overthrown
in Hungary

3. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 Main threat to Ottoman empire survival are… the
RUSSIANS!
 Military setbacks and Russian Advancements in the black sea
pressure Ottomans
 Weak alliances with Christian powers further emphasize disorder
in the Ottoman Empire.
 Uprisings in Serbia(1804) break out and are quelled in a few
years at a large cost.
 Greece revolts against Ottomans in 1820, independence in 1830.
Serbian independence in 1867
 Balkan wars from Ch.23

4. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 O.E. beats the odds and survived into the 20th century
because of two reasons
 Divisions between European Powers.
 Multiple nations in Europe feared another power would gain to
much territory out of O.E. land.
 In response Britain Supported the O.E. to prevent Russian
control of Istanbul

5. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Large part of survival was social reform within O.E.
 Two factions in O.E. politics, those wanting changes more
akin to Europe and those wanting to change to previous
precedents from early O.E
 Think Conservatives vs. Liberals
 First printing press arrives in O.E. territory in 1727

6. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Sultan Selim III takes power
 Selim III pushed for bolder reforms.
 His main efforts were focused at reforming the army and
administration
 Angered Janisarry Corp. Selim was killed in a Janissary
revolt in 1807.

7. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Following Selim’s failure Mahmud II triumphed in reforms
 Mahmud created a secret army with help of European
advisors in 1826
 Janissary uprising in Istanbul, all were slaughtered by the
new secret force.
 Made Tanzimat reforms to further westernize O.E.
Established Diplomatic corps on western lines

8. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Tanzimat Reforms(1839-1876) introduce western education,
telegraph lines, and railways.
 New constitution created based on European prototypes.
 Artisans suffer further because of the removal of import taxes
that protected local producers.
 Rights for women debated but never were changed

9. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 Tanzimat Reforms did allow the O.E. to resist western
aggressors, but created social problems.
 Western educated bureaucrats and officers began seeing
sultanate as barrier to more radical reforms
 New western elite clashed with Ulama and the
Ayan(conservatives)

10. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 Sultan Abdul Hamid responds to growing westernized
population by returning to a despotic absolutism government.
 During his reign he nullifies the newly set constitution.
 Retains certain freedoms such as the freedom of press
 Despite all his acts against westernization Hamid pushed for
westernization in military arms and techniques
 Established railways and more telegraphs with German aid.

11. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 Abdul Hamid’s rule came to an end after an almost bloodless
military coup in 1908.
 Turkish intellectuals and politicians whom were exiled formed the
Ottoman society For Union and Progress in Paris in 1889
 O.S.F.U.P.P. wanted to resume far reaching reforms and bring the
1876 constitution back into effect
 Sultan was overthrown and created as a religious position

12. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 The new elite officers began to quarrel among themselves in
factional fighting.
 People most affected by the decision to overthrow Sultan were
the people of the fertile crescent in Arabia.
 Arabians wanted less Turkish power ruling over them, but were
further subjugated.
 Unfortunately their time was limited before WW I

13. Questions for Candy!
 What territories did the Ottomans lose?
 What happened to position of Artisans?
 Printing press introduced?
 Describe Mahmud’s reforms.
 What did Abdul Hamid do to stop westernization?
 What finished the Ottoman Empire?