History of Online Journalism 2014

JOUR 5121: HISTORY & ETHICS OF JOURNALISM
History of Online Journalism
1 / 53
Tim Currie | @tscurrie
October 1, 2014
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Some themes borrowed
from David Carlson, University of Florida

2 / 53
1963
Ted Nelson, Harvard
sociology student
Formulates the concept of
hypertext
TED NELSON / HYPERLAND.COM

3 / 53
1965
Nelson gives a lecture which is covered in the
student newspaper. The first print reference of
“hypertext” appears, Feb. 3, 1965

4 / 53
1969
ARPANET created by
U.S. Defense Dept.
Goal: A network to
withstand nuclear
attack
Decentralized.
Assumption: parts
WILL fail

5 / 53
1971
BBC rolls out a new
technology… Teletext
• A loop of “pages”
broadcast on TV
• Not interactive, slow
• Limited # of pages
• Slow

6 / 53
Video:
Ceefax is Here (1979 video)

7 / 53
1974
The British Post Office’s
Research Laboratory
demonstrates the first
Videotext service
• It’s truly interactive
• You use your TV, hooked up
to cable and a phone line
• Better graphics than teletext;
even photo display

8 / 53
1974
Snapshot: Three competing technologies …
Teletext Videotext
• Not interactive
• Slow
• But all you
need is a TV
and a decoder
box
• Interactive
• You need
cable TV and
an expensive
subscription
Computers
• Interactive
• Expensive
• Poorly
networked
• Almost no
one has one

9 / 53
1975
Canada begins
developing Telidon,
an advanced
videotext system
By 1979 is
considered a world
leader with advanced
graphics technology GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

10 / 53
1975
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

11 / 53
1981-82
First computer-based dial-up
services emerge. Eg.:
• Compuserve
• The Source
• Prodigy
Are closed systems —
only subscribers have
access
EVAN AMOS / WIKIPEDIA BILBY / WIKIPEDIA
COMPUSERVE

12 / 53
1981
Video:
Internet News in 1981 (KRON TV report)

13 / 53
1983-1988
• 1983: Time Magazine names the
computer “Machine of the Year”
• 1985: Worldwide 22 nations
have videotext & teletext
• 1986: Computers available in
university computer labs, offices
TIME
• 1988: DARPA makes Internet public

14 / 53
1990
Tim Berners-Lee
invents the World
Wide Web
Creates Hypertext
Markup Language
CERN

15 / 53
1993
January: 26 “reasonably
reliable” servers exist on
the World Wide Web:
CERN
August: Mosaic, the first
graphical Web browser
for Windows, is released
by U of Illinois

16 / 53
1993
October: First journalism site on the Web is
launched at the University of Florida. There now
are about 200 web servers in the world
• Dec. 8: 1st article about the web (New York
Times)

17 / 53
1994
Jan. 19: First newspaper
to regularly publish on the
Web. Palo Alto Weekly
begins twice-weekly
postings
April: Yahoo “Internet
index” started by Stanford
PhD candidates David Filo
and Jerry Yang

18 / 53
1994
June:
First
Canadian
newspaper,
the Halifax
Daily News
goes online

19 / 53
1995
April 19: Oklahoma
City Bombing
The first major event
in which people turn
to the Web for news
PRESTON CHASTEEN / WIKIPEDIA

20 / 53
1997
March 26: Heaven’s
Gate suicides
Members of the cult
have a website.
Audience rushes to view
the primary source used
in reporting
KTTV LOS ANGELES

21 / 53
1997
Video:
ABC News: March 26, 1997: Heaven's Gate Cult
Suicide
Journalists point readers to their online source
material

22 / 53
1997
February: First time a
mainstream news
organization breaks a
major story on its website
— not in its newspaper

23 / 53
1998
Jan. 19: Early reports of U.S.
President Bill Clinton’s
involvement with White House
intern Monica Lewinsky
demonstrate how a small,
independent news site can set
the news agenda
DEFENSE DEPT. /
WIKIPEDIA
BOB MCNEELY /
WIKIPEDIA

24 / 53
1998
A media
frenzy follows
both online
and in the
traditional
press

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1998
September: Starr Report
A new relationship between
politicians & the public — Starr
bypasses the press & distributes a
major political document online first
KENNETH STARR /
U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

26 / 53
2000
News sites begin to
involve their audience
Death of Pierre Trudeau:
Canadians share their
stories on news websites
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

27 / 53
2001
Sept. 11:
Online news
operations
stumble …

28 / 53
2001
… then recover …

29 / 53
2003
Classified listings flee print ...
& take money with them

30 / 53
2003
Canada.com
moves to paid
subscription
model
Breaking news
is free
Other content
requires $$

31 / 53
2003
The dawn of
citizen media
Blogging software
makes web
publishing easy
The “Baghdad
Blogger”
captivates the
world

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2004
Bloggers lead
the way in
forcing CBS
to retract its
story on
George W.
Bush’s
military
service

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Bloggers
beat the
mainstream
media to
tsunami-ravaged
South-East
Asia
2004

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2004
Major trend: “A growing number of news outlets are
chasing relatively static or even shrinking audiences for
news. One result of this is that most sectors of the
news media are losing audience.
The only sectors seeing general audience growth
today are online, ethnic and alternative media.”

35 / 53
2005
Mainstream
media start
harnessing
user-generated
video

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News sites
rush to
establish
citizen
communities
2005
STEVE YELVINGTON

37 / 53
2005
“The era of ‘Trust Me’ journalism has
passed and the era of ‘Show Me’
journalism has begun.”

38 / 53
Participatory
journalism
advocate Dan
Gillmor tries
(& fails) to put
his ideas into
practice
2006

39 / 53
2006
Web 2.0: The
Collaborative Web
Time Magazine Person
of the Year

40 / 53
2007
Bloggers face
greater legal
scrutiny

41 / 53
2007
Citizen media grows in importance

42 / 53
2007

43 / 53
2007
“Journalism is becoming a smaller part of
people’s information mix”
“The signs are clearer that advertising works
differently online. The consequence is that
advertisers may not need journalism as they
once did, particularly online.”

44 / 53
2007
September:
Journalism sites
move away from
subscription-based
news
Advertising is seen
as the only workable
funding model

45 / 53
2009
Use of citizen
content is
commonplace

46 / 53
2009
“Power is shifting to the
individual journalist and away,
by degrees, from journalistic
institutions."
MARK LUCKIE /
GETLUCKIE.NET

47 / 53
2010
Experiments with mobile

48 / 53
2011
Back to a
paywall for the
NY Times.
This time some
modest success

49 / 53
2012
“A more fundamental challenge that we identified
last year has intensified — the extent to which
technology intermediaries (Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Apple) now control the future of news.”

50 / 53
2012

51 / 53
2013
Repeat of
Drudge/Isikoff
Toronto Star
holds back;
Gawker doesn’t

52 / 53
2013
Instagram
“arrives”
Journalists
become their
own brands
ROBYN DOOLITTLE

53 / 53
… and That’s It
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History of Online Journalism 2014

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