Pig Nutritional Requirements for Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D - Dr. Pedro Urriola, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, from the 2013 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 14-17, 2013, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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3. Overview
• Dietary requirements for P and Ca are dynamic, but
poorly defined for vitamin D
• Concentrations and digestibility of P and Ca vary
among and within feed ingredients
• Premixes are formulated to contain generous
amounts of vitamin D:
– uncertainty of requirements
– low content in other diet feed ingredients
4. Introduction
• Previous mentioned issues of
mortality and lameness were
linked to hypovitaminosis D
• However, not all events may
necessary be due to low
vitamin D
• Interplay of 3 nutrients on
requirements and nutrient
concentration
• Therefore, a review of the
requirements is necessary
Vit
D
P
Ca
5. Objectives
• Review NRC (2012) approach for
determining Ca and P requirements for swine
• Review usefulness of models of digestion
and metabolism
• Review requirements of Vit D in bone growth
and health management
7. Form of Ca and P in feed ingredients
• About 60% of P in cereal grains is
present as phytate
• Pigs cannot digest phytate
• Phytase enzymes are added to
feed to release P from phytate
– Phytase activity is defined as FTU and
varies among commercial products
– Reduces the need for inorganic
supplementation
– Reduces P excreted in manure
8. How do we measure the concentration and
utilization of Ca and P in diets for pigs?
• Total P
• Available P
• Apparent total tract
digestible
• Standardized total tract
digestible
9. Concentration, availability and digestibility
of Ca, P, and phytate (%, as-fed basis)
Ca
P
Phytate
Avail. of P1
STTD of P2
Corn
0.02
0.26
0.21
-
34.0
Soybean meal
0.33
0.71
0.38
-
48.0
DDGS
0.12
0.73
0.26
-
65.0
Dical-P
24.8
18.8
-
49.5
81.4
Monocal-P 70
16.9
21.5
-
68.9
53.4
1Availability
of phosphorus
2Standardized ileal digestibility of phosphorus
10. Availability P system was used to measure P in
feed ingredients
Slope 1 standard = 0.5
Slope for test = 0.25
Ratio = 0.25/0.5 = 0.5
1.2
1
y = 0.5x - 1
R² = 1
0.8
Bone strength
0.6
0.4
Test ingredient 50%
y = 0.25x - 1
R² = 1
0.2
0
-0.2 0
1
2
3
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Inclusion level or intake
4
5
Standard Ing.
Test Ing.
Linear (Standard Ing.)
Linear (Test Ing.)
11. Availability system reduces total diet P
while meeting the animals requirement
C-SBM
100 g/kg DDGS
200 g/kg DDGS
Total P Total P Available P Total P Available P
Ingredient g/kg as fed
Corn
DDGS
Soybean meal
Dical phosphate
Limestone
615.2
540.2
540.7
465
466.1
0
100
100
200
200
332.1
305.6
305.4
279.1
278.8
10.8
9.4
8.8
8.1
6.3
7.2
8.2
8.6
9.2
10.5
Calculated nutrient concentration (g/kg DM)
Total phosphorus
6.3
6.3
6.1
6.3
5.9
Available P
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.8
3.4
Hanson et al. (2012)
12. Formulation of diets on an available P basis
reduces total P intake when using DDGS
P intake, g/d
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3
2.9
CSB
Hanson et al. (2012)
10D-TP
10D-AP2
20D-TP3
20D-AP4
13. Formulation of diets on an available P basis
reduces P excretion when using DDGS
P excretion, g/d
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
CSB
Hanson et al. (2012)
10D-TP
10D-AP2
20D-TP3
20D-AP4
14. Digestibility system account for
undigested P and adopted NRC (2012)
• Apparent
• Standardized
– Endogenous losses
• True
Stein et al. (2007)
15. Outflow, g/kg DMI
But not all P excreted in feces comes from
the diet → endogenous losses
Specific
Basal
Intake, g/kg
Fernandez (1995); Stein et al. (2007)
16. The STTD digestibility system
accounts for endogenous losses of P
• Apparent (ATTD)
• Standardized (STTD)
– Endogenous losses
• True (TTTD)
Stein et al. (2007)
17. Use of the STTD system reduces the
amount of inclusion of monocal phosphate
Item
Ingredient composition, %
Corn
SBM
DDGS
Monocal phosphate
Nutrient composition
Total P, %
STTD of P, %
Fangzu et al. (unpublished data)
Diet 1
Diet 2 STTD of P, %
64.5
32.6
1.07
43.7
13.2
40
0.4
26
39
65
83
0.61
0.31
0.64
0.31
51
48
19. Bioavailability is used to measure vitamin activity
in feed ingredients and synthetic sources
1.2
Slope 1 standard = 0.5
Slope for test = 0.25
Ratio = 0.25/0.5 = 0.5
Outcome variable (BW)
1
0.8
Test ingredient 50% bioavailability
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0
1
2
3
4
5
Standard Ing.
Test Ing.
Linear (Standard Ing.)
Linear (Test Ing.)
-0.4
y = 0.5x - 1
R² = 1
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Inclusion level or intake
y = 0.25x - 1
R² = 1
20. Concentration of vitamin D is expressed as
international units (IU)
• The IU of VitD = biological activity of 0.025 μg of
cholecalciferol
• Another prominent form is ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) found
in plant materials.
21. Concentration of vitamins in premixes
and diets
• Factors that affect the bioavailability and degradation of
vitamins in premixes:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Humidity
Sun light exposure
Heat
pH
Presence of oxidative agents
Type of inorganic trace minerals (Shurson et al., 2011)
• Under practical applications, concentrations provided by
premixes are at levels several times (2 to 3x) greater than
recommended levels in the final diet (Richert, 2012).
22. Nutritional requirement for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in
growing pigs
USE OF MODELS TO ESTIMATE DIETARY
REQUIREMENTS
23. Dietary requirements of Ca and P are
dynamic
• There is no standard recommendation (NRC
2012), rather is calculated
• Optimal lean growth can be obtained with 85% of P
for optimal bone growth
• Observe impact of dry matter intake
24. No all phytase enzyme have the same effect
of apparent total tract digestibility of P, %
60
52.7
47.4
ATTD of P, %
50
39.6
36.3
32.1
40
29.7
30
Natuphos
Optiphos
Phyzyme
Ronozyme
22.8
18.4
20
13.3
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
Phytase units,
Kerr et al. (2012)
1000
1200
30. Sometimes it improves BW of pigs after
40,000 IU of Vit D
14
12.28 12.67
12
10
8
6
5.43 5.64
6.06 6.37
Control
40 K Vit D
4
2
0
21
Tousignant et al. (2013)
28
47
31. …but it is inconsistent
ADG, g/d
Control
40K Vit D
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Birth
Jang et al. (2012)
d10
Weaning
d14
postwean
33. Conclusion
• Dietary requirements for Ca, P, and VitD are
dynamic
• Constant monitoring and adjustment in diet
formulations
• Nutritional models are a useful tool for
determining objective and dynamic
requirements
• New parameters need to account for
differences in animal health
35. Mechanistic model of P fate in GIT of pigs
Phosphorus flows
stomach (STO) and
the proximal (PSI)
and distal (DSI)
small intestine
PP = phytate P; a =
animal, pl =
plant, min =
mineral origen.
PPns = nonsol PP;
PPs = sol PP;
NPPs = sol NPP;
NPPns = nonsol
NPP;
Pendo = end P
Létourneau-Montminy et al. (2011)
36. Synthesis of vitamin D
7dehydroch
olesterol
25-OH-D3
1, 25-OHD3
Vitmanin D
receptor
37. Recommended requirements
• Humans:
– Indoor and high latitude
– IOM (2011) serum 25(OH)D:
• Estimated average requirement:
• Recommended daily intake:
• Swine:
– Indoor reared
– NRC (2012)
40 nmol/L
50 nmol/L
38. Parameters of P metabolism in growing
pigs with medium and high P intake (g/d)
H = high P intake (g/d)
M = medium P intake (g/d)
Fernandez (1995)