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Linked Open Data Fundamentals
  For Libraries, Archives & Museums

               Trevor Thornton
   Senior Applications Developer, NYPL Labs
           New York Public Library
Workshop Topics
• What Linked Open Data is
• Potential benefits of Linked Open Data for
  libraries, archives and museums
• Overview of technical concepts
• Licenses for open data (legal issues)
• Tour of relevant Linked Open Data sources
  (element sets, controlled vocabularies, published
  data sets)
• General considerations for implementation
Linked Open Data (LOD)
Data
For libraries, archives and museums, this is includes any type of digital
information that describes resources or aids in their discovery (metadata).
It also includes data produced through original research (scientific/statistical
data, geospatial data, etc.)

Linked Data
Data published on the Web in accordance with principles designed to
facilitate linkages between resources

Linked Open Data
Linked data that is freely usable, reusable, and redistributable — subject, at
most, to attribution and ‘share alike’ requirements
The value of our data
• Our data is a crucial tool in serving our
  missions to collect, preserve and provide
  access to resources
• We are dedicated to standards of quality and
  accuracy in the data we create
• The creation and management of data
  represents a significant investment on the part
  of cultural heritage institutions
Benefits of Linked Open Data
• Puts information on the web, where people are
  looking for it
• People can use your data in new ways, opening
  opportunities for scholarship and innovation
• Expands discoverability of your collections
• Allows for continuous improvement of
  your data by linking it to a growing pool
  of other data
The emerging data commons




  Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
A very brief
  history of
linked data
        Starring
Tim Berners-Lee
                   Photo: Paul Clarke
1990 (more or less)
Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web to
 publish hypertext documents on the Internet.
      It includes 3 essential technologies:

      URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
     HTTP (Hypertext Transfer protocol)
    HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
2001
 Tim Berners-Lee proposes ‘The Semantic Web’
       in an article in Scientific American
“The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the
current one, in which information is given well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in
cooperation…

In the near future, these developments will usher in significant new
functionality as machines become much better able to process and
‘understand’ the data that they merely display at present.”
2006
 In a document discussing design issues for the
  Semantic Web, Berners-Lee introduces linked
          data as a crucial component:
“The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on the web. It is
about making links, so that a person or machine can explore the
web of data. With linked data, when you have some of it, you
can find other, related, data.”

            He outlines 4 basic principles…
The Linked Data Principles
1. Use URIs as names for things.
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up
   those names.
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide
   useful information, using the standards
   (RDF, SPARQL).
4. Include links to other URIs so that they can
   discover more things.
THE TECHNICAL PART STARTS NOW
URI
    (Uniform Resource Identifier)

Globally unique identifier for a resource on a
          computer or a network.

 HTTP URIs identify resources on the Web.

    http://www.yourdomain.org/something
URI vs. URL
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are a subset
   of URIs that, in addition to identifying a
   resource, provide a means of locating it.
A URI does not necessarily point to a document.
                 A URL does .
    A URI can identify a real-world object.
HTTP
      (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

The foundation of data communication for the Web


                        HTTP request
  Client/User agent                          Web
   (e.g. web browser)                       Server
                            HTTP response
RDF
   Resource Description Framework

  A framework for describing Web resources.

A Web resource is anything that can be retrieved
     or identified on the WWW via a URI.

     RDF descriptions are based on simple
          subject-predicate-object
         expressions called “triples”.
The RDF Triple
                            predicate
        subject                                     object



        Subject - the resource being described
        Predicate - a property of that resource
          Object - the value of the property

         Subject and predicate are defined using URIs.
Object can either be a URI or a ‘literal’ (text, number, date, etc.)
A basic triple

     creator




                 James Joyce
A basic triple

                                               creator




                                                                              James Joyce


http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573



                                     http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator



                                                                        http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643
Another basic triple

                                               subject




                                                                               Dublin, Ireland


http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573


                                     http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject



                                                                        http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin
One more basic triple

                                           date created                 1918/1922



http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573


                                     http://purl.org/dc/terms/created
RDF data as a graph
                        http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309
                                        573



              date created                                  subject
      http://purl.org/dc/terms/created         http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject


                                         creator
                           http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator
                                                                           Dublin, Ireland
1918/1920                                                             http://dbpedia.org/resource/Du
                                                                                    blin



                                  James Joyce
                            http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643
RDF serialization formats
‘Serialization’ = to record one or more
RDF graphs in a machine-readable file.
         There are 2 basic options:
     RDF in a standalone text file:
     •   RDF XML
     •   N3 (Notation 3)
     •   Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)
     •   N-Triples

     RDF embedded in HTML
     •   RDFa (RDF in attributes)
Basic triples in N-Triples
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator>
 <http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643> .


<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>
 <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin> .


<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/created>
 1918/1922 .




    N-Triples is the most basic expression of RDF.
Basic triples in N3/Turtle
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.


<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573>
 dcterms:creator http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643;
 dcterms:subject http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin;
 dcterms:created 1918/1922.




        Statements about the same resource are
                  grouped together.

     Property URIs are shortened using prefixes.
Basic triples in RDF-XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#”
 xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">


 <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573">
  <dcterms:creator rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643"/>
  <dcterms:subject rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin"/>
  <dcterms:created>1918/1922</dcterms:created>
 </rdf:Description>


</rdf:RDF>
RDFa (RDF in Attributes)
     RDFa allows RDF data to be embedded
             within HTML content.

Rendered HTML:
Ulysses is a novel by the Irish author James Joyce.

HTML code:
<div about=“http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573”
 prefix=“dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
 Ulysses is a novel by the Irish author
 <span property=“dcterms:creator”
 resource=“http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643”>James Joyce</span>
</div>
RDF Ontologies
Ontologies/vocabularies define categories of things
     and the relationships that they can have
                   to each other.

 Ontologies provide the semantics that allow data
         to be interpreted by machines.
 Rules of inference – what can be assumed to be
    true based on what is asserted by a triple.
RDFS (RDF Schema)
 A basic vocabulary for ontology development.
   RDFS defines RDF classes and properties.
Class – a category of resources; a resource in
such a category is said to be an instance of the
class
Property – a relation between a subject
resource and an object resource in a triple.
OWL
        (Web Ontology Language)
 Provides an extended set of properties used in
        ontology/vocabulary definitions
        (used in conjunction with RDFS)
• Equivalence/disjunction
• Advanced property definitions
• Restrictions and Cardinality
SKOS
 (Simple Knowledge Organization System)
Set of vocabularies created to support the use of
thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading
         systems and taxonomies in RDF
• Concept schemes
  (names, topics, geographic terms, etc.)
• Preferred/alternate labels
• Broader/narrower concepts
Triplestore
        A database for storing RDF data.
      Often a triplestore is part of a suite of
         applications that might include:
• Triplestore
• Inference engine – provides the ‘intelligence’
  required to interpret data based on RDFS/OWL
  ontologies
• Query engine – supports access to data based on
  user-supplied queries
SPARQL
  (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language)

• The primary query language for RDF data
  (analogous to SQL for relational databases)
• SPARQL endpoint – Web service that provides
  direct access to RDF datastores via SPARQL
  queries
Publishing Linked Data
      Establish URIs for your resources
• Within a domain that you control (yourlibrary.org)
• Consult with your IT staff on strategies for
  formulating URIs, for example:
    Subdomain (data.yourlibrary.org/something)
    Reserve a path within your domain,
     (yourdomain.org/data/something)
Publishing Linked Data
  Decide what happens when users (human or
  machine) try to access your URIs via the Web
1. Nothing (Not recommended)
2. Something – User is provided with information about the
   resource
    URI directs to RDF file
     Good for machines, not for humans
    URI directs to an HTML representation of the resource
     Good for humans, useless for machines – Not recommended
    URI directs to an HTML representation of the resource with RDFa embedded
     Good for humans, OK for machines
    URI directs to either RDF file or HTML representation based on what
     the user prefers (content negotiation)
HTTP Content Negotiation
                          HTTP request
    Client/User agent                               Web
     (e.g. web browser)                            Server
                              HTTP response




HTTP Request                         HTTP Response
• Resource URI (+ method)            • Status code
• Headers (Information about         • Headers (Information
  the requestor)                       about the response)
• Message body (optional)            • Message body (optional)
HTTP ‘Accept’ Header
  Part of the HTTP request that specifies what
       types of data the client can accept
• Web browsers
  HTML, JPEG, GIF, text, or other formats that browser can
  display – unsupported formats are either displayed as text or
  prompt user to download file
• Semantic web applications
  RDF XML, N3, Turtle, or other RDF serialization
HTTP Status Codes
   Part of the HTTP response that classifies the
              nature of the response
1xx : Informational
2xx : Success
Example: 200 OK

3xx : Redirection
Examples: 301 Moved Permanently, 303 See Other
Response will include ‘Location’ header with URI for new resource
4xx : Error
Example: 404 Not Found
HTTP Content Negotiation
        via 303 Redirect
              HTTP request
              URI: http://example.org/something
              Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.




                                                        Web server
Web browser                                          (running some kind of
                                                  content negotiation service)
HTTP Content Negotiation
        via 303 Redirect
              HTTP request
              URI: http://example.org/something
              Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.


                                            HTTP response
                                         Status: 303 See Other
                                                      Location:         Web server
Web browser                 http://example.org/something.html
                                                                     (running some kind of
                                                                  content negotiation service)
HTTP Content Negotiation
        via 303 Redirect
              HTTP request
              URI: http://example.org/something
              Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.


                                            HTTP response
                                         Status: 303 See Other
                                                      Location:         Web server
Web browser                 http://example.org/something.html
                                                                     (running some kind of
                                                                  content negotiation service)
              HTTP request
              URI: http://example.org/something.html
              Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.
HTTP Content Negotiation
        via 303 Redirect
              HTTP request
              URI: http://example.org/something
              Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.


                                            HTTP response
                                         Status: 303 See Other
                                                      Location:          Web server
Web browser                 http://example.org/something.html
                                                                      (running some kind of
                                                                   content negotiation service)
              HTTP request
              URI: http://example.org/something.html
              Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.


                                            HTTP response
                                                  Status: 200 OK
Trust
  The rapid growth of the Web is attributable in
large part to the fact that it allows anyone to say
        anything about anything (provable
    facts, subjective opinions, blatant lies and
              everything in between)
     This is also true of the linked data web.
Libraries, archives and museums are expected
to provide ‘factual’, objective data and depend
               on trusted sources.
Linked data attribution
 A growing concern in the linked data community is
the need to include attribution with data in order to
determine whether or not it can/should be trusted.
• RDF reification – allows source attribution to be associated
  with an RDF triple
• Named graphs – Extension of RDF that allows attribution and
  other metadata to be associated with RDF descriptions
• Quad stores – Similar to triplestores but with an additional
  element that connects the triple with its source
THE TECHNICAL PART IS NOW OVER
Linked Open Data
Data
For libraries, archives and museums, this is includes any type of digital
information that describes resources or aids in their discovery (metadata).
Also includes data produced through original research (scientific/statistical
data, geospatial data, etc.)

Linked Data
Data published on the Web in accordance with principles designed to
facilitate linkages between resources

Linked Open Data
Linked data that is freely usable, reusable, and redistributable — subject, at
most, to attribution and ‘share alike’ requirements
Open data licensing
Licensing your data is not the same as licensing
your assets. Typically permitted uses of data are
              much less restrictive.

 You can often provide free, open use of your
      data even if use of your assets are
            completely restricted.

  TALK TO YOUR LEGAL DEPARTMENT FIRST.
Open data licensing


 A nonprofit organization that enables the
sharing and use of creativity and knowledge
          through free legal tools.

  CC provides an alternative to standard
      “all rights reserved” copyright.
Creative Commons Licenses
                        Three-Layer Design:
LEAGAL CODE
The actual license as a legal
document (accessible on the Web)


COMMONS DEED
The human-readable version
of the license


MACHINE-READABLE CODE
Allows license info to be
expressed in RDF
Creative Commons Licenses
   CC licenses allow creators to specify a
    combination of 4 restrictions on use
         Attribution                   Non-Commercial
         Any use must give             Only non-commercial
         credit to the creator         uses are permitted


         Share Alike                   No Derivative Works
         Any use must be made          The original may only be used
         available under the same      in whole and unchanged
         terms as the original


Licenses specify that any restrictions may be waived with
            permission of the rights holder.
OPEN DATA (:       Creative Commons Licenses
                          Attribution (CC BY)
                          Allows distribution and reuse in any way as long as you get credit

                          Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
                          Allows distribution and reuse in any way as long as you get credit and
                          derivative works are released under the same license


                          Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND)
                          Requires that the original is used unchanged and in whole, with credit to you
NOT OPEN DATA ):




                          Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-ND)
                          Allows distribution and reuse in any way, for non-commercial purposes only, as long as
                          you get credit

                          Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)
                          Requires that the original is used unchanged and in whole, with credit to you, provided
                          that derivative works are released under the same license

                          Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)
                          Only permits use as-is, for non commercial purposes, and with credit to you – the most
                          restrictive CC license available
CC0 (‘CC Zero’)
                      Allows creators to waive all rights to work
                      and to place it as completely as possible
                      into the public domain.
• Laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction as to what rights are
  automatically granted and how and when they expire or may
  be voluntarily relinquished
• Ambiguity with regard to rights can limit creative re-use
• CC0 is designed to make it as clear as is legally possible that
  any use of your content is allowed
• Quickly becoming the preferred license for open data
       AGAIN, TALK TO YOUR LEGAL DEPARTMENT FIRST!
LINKED DATA SOURCES
DCMI Terms
dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/
General purpose metadata terms maintained by the
         Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
Bibliographic Ontology
           bibliontology.com
An extensive vocabulary of terms for describing
            bibliographic resources
FOAF (Friend of a Friend)
                foaf-project.org
Provides a vocabulary for describing people and their
relationships to each other and the things they create
LC Linked Data Service
                        id.loc.gov
Library of Congress authorities as linked data (Name Authority
 File, Subject Headings, Thesaurus of Graphic Materials, etc.)
Virtual International Authority File
                         viaf.org
 Links names from multiple authority files to create cluster
         records representing the entities identified
GeoNames
                   geonames.org
Aggregates geographic data from a wide variety of sources
             and makes it available as LOD
New York Times
              data.nytimes.com
150 years of subjects from New York Times articles –
        data source for Times Topics pages
Data.gov
Open access to datasets held or generated by the
            US Federal Government
DBpedia
                       dbpedia.org
     Crowd-sourced community effort to extract structured
information from Wikipedia and to make it available on the Web
Freebase
                          freebase.com
  A large collaborative knowledge base consisting of metadata
composed mainly by its community members (owned by Google)
Google Knowledge Graph
  Google uses data from Freebase and other sources
to provide related information based on search queries
Schema.org
A set of vocabularies developed by Google, Bing (Microsoft)
     and Yahoo! for adding semantic data to web pages
OCLC WorldCat
                oclc.org/worldcat
 Earlier this year, OCLC added linked data to records in
WorldCat, using Schema.org vocabularies and proposed
                        extensions
                      for library data
SOME CONSIDERATIONS
Start small
       Linked Open Data is not an
       ‘all or nothing’ proposition
     Start by publishing data about
     specific collections or items of
             special interest
Consider incorporating Linked Open Data
into online exhibitions or special projects
Engage the linked data
         community
Let people know what you’re up to, and
    ask for feedback – you will get it.
Be creative
   In addition to publishing data about
your own collections, think about how you
 can incorporate data from other sources
             into your projects
      Consider collaborations with
           other institutions
Utilize your internal resources
     Cataloging/Metadata
Curators/Subject Matter Experts
            IT Staff
      Legal Department
me:
trevorthornton@nypl.org

     nypl labs:
  www.nypl.org/labs

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Linked Open Data Fundamentals for Libraries, Archives and Museums

  • 1. Linked Open Data Fundamentals For Libraries, Archives & Museums Trevor Thornton Senior Applications Developer, NYPL Labs New York Public Library
  • 2. Workshop Topics • What Linked Open Data is • Potential benefits of Linked Open Data for libraries, archives and museums • Overview of technical concepts • Licenses for open data (legal issues) • Tour of relevant Linked Open Data sources (element sets, controlled vocabularies, published data sets) • General considerations for implementation
  • 3. Linked Open Data (LOD) Data For libraries, archives and museums, this is includes any type of digital information that describes resources or aids in their discovery (metadata). It also includes data produced through original research (scientific/statistical data, geospatial data, etc.) Linked Data Data published on the Web in accordance with principles designed to facilitate linkages between resources Linked Open Data Linked data that is freely usable, reusable, and redistributable — subject, at most, to attribution and ‘share alike’ requirements
  • 4. The value of our data • Our data is a crucial tool in serving our missions to collect, preserve and provide access to resources • We are dedicated to standards of quality and accuracy in the data we create • The creation and management of data represents a significant investment on the part of cultural heritage institutions
  • 5. Benefits of Linked Open Data • Puts information on the web, where people are looking for it • People can use your data in new ways, opening opportunities for scholarship and innovation • Expands discoverability of your collections • Allows for continuous improvement of your data by linking it to a growing pool of other data
  • 6. The emerging data commons Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
  • 7. A very brief history of linked data Starring Tim Berners-Lee Photo: Paul Clarke
  • 8. 1990 (more or less) Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web to publish hypertext documents on the Internet. It includes 3 essential technologies: URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer protocol) HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
  • 9. 2001 Tim Berners-Lee proposes ‘The Semantic Web’ in an article in Scientific American “The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation… In the near future, these developments will usher in significant new functionality as machines become much better able to process and ‘understand’ the data that they merely display at present.”
  • 10. 2006 In a document discussing design issues for the Semantic Web, Berners-Lee introduces linked data as a crucial component: “The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on the web. It is about making links, so that a person or machine can explore the web of data. With linked data, when you have some of it, you can find other, related, data.” He outlines 4 basic principles…
  • 11. The Linked Data Principles 1. Use URIs as names for things. 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names. 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL). 4. Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things.
  • 12. THE TECHNICAL PART STARTS NOW
  • 13. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) Globally unique identifier for a resource on a computer or a network. HTTP URIs identify resources on the Web. http://www.yourdomain.org/something
  • 14. URI vs. URL URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are a subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating it. A URI does not necessarily point to a document. A URL does . A URI can identify a real-world object.
  • 15. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) The foundation of data communication for the Web HTTP request Client/User agent Web (e.g. web browser) Server HTTP response
  • 16. RDF Resource Description Framework A framework for describing Web resources. A Web resource is anything that can be retrieved or identified on the WWW via a URI. RDF descriptions are based on simple subject-predicate-object expressions called “triples”.
  • 17. The RDF Triple predicate subject object Subject - the resource being described Predicate - a property of that resource Object - the value of the property Subject and predicate are defined using URIs. Object can either be a URI or a ‘literal’ (text, number, date, etc.)
  • 18. A basic triple creator James Joyce
  • 19. A basic triple creator James Joyce http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643
  • 20. Another basic triple subject Dublin, Ireland http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573 http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin
  • 21. One more basic triple date created 1918/1922 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573 http://purl.org/dc/terms/created
  • 22. RDF data as a graph http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309 573 date created subject http://purl.org/dc/terms/created http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject creator http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator Dublin, Ireland 1918/1920 http://dbpedia.org/resource/Du blin James Joyce http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643
  • 23. RDF serialization formats ‘Serialization’ = to record one or more RDF graphs in a machine-readable file. There are 2 basic options: RDF in a standalone text file: • RDF XML • N3 (Notation 3) • Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) • N-Triples RDF embedded in HTML • RDFa (RDF in attributes)
  • 24. Basic triples in N-Triples <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643> . <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject> <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin> . <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/created> 1918/1922 . N-Triples is the most basic expression of RDF.
  • 25. Basic triples in N3/Turtle @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>. <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573> dcterms:creator http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643; dcterms:subject http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin; dcterms:created 1918/1922. Statements about the same resource are grouped together. Property URIs are shortened using prefixes.
  • 26. Basic triples in RDF-XML <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#” xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573"> <dcterms:creator rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643"/> <dcterms:subject rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dublin"/> <dcterms:created>1918/1922</dcterms:created> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>
  • 27. RDFa (RDF in Attributes) RDFa allows RDF data to be embedded within HTML content. Rendered HTML: Ulysses is a novel by the Irish author James Joyce. HTML code: <div about=“http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746309573” prefix=“dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/> Ulysses is a novel by the Irish author <span property=“dcterms:creator” resource=“http://viaf.org/viaf/44300643”>James Joyce</span> </div>
  • 28. RDF Ontologies Ontologies/vocabularies define categories of things and the relationships that they can have to each other. Ontologies provide the semantics that allow data to be interpreted by machines. Rules of inference – what can be assumed to be true based on what is asserted by a triple.
  • 29. RDFS (RDF Schema) A basic vocabulary for ontology development. RDFS defines RDF classes and properties. Class – a category of resources; a resource in such a category is said to be an instance of the class Property – a relation between a subject resource and an object resource in a triple.
  • 30. OWL (Web Ontology Language) Provides an extended set of properties used in ontology/vocabulary definitions (used in conjunction with RDFS) • Equivalence/disjunction • Advanced property definitions • Restrictions and Cardinality
  • 31. SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) Set of vocabularies created to support the use of thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading systems and taxonomies in RDF • Concept schemes (names, topics, geographic terms, etc.) • Preferred/alternate labels • Broader/narrower concepts
  • 32. Triplestore A database for storing RDF data. Often a triplestore is part of a suite of applications that might include: • Triplestore • Inference engine – provides the ‘intelligence’ required to interpret data based on RDFS/OWL ontologies • Query engine – supports access to data based on user-supplied queries
  • 33. SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) • The primary query language for RDF data (analogous to SQL for relational databases) • SPARQL endpoint – Web service that provides direct access to RDF datastores via SPARQL queries
  • 34. Publishing Linked Data Establish URIs for your resources • Within a domain that you control (yourlibrary.org) • Consult with your IT staff on strategies for formulating URIs, for example:  Subdomain (data.yourlibrary.org/something)  Reserve a path within your domain, (yourdomain.org/data/something)
  • 35. Publishing Linked Data Decide what happens when users (human or machine) try to access your URIs via the Web 1. Nothing (Not recommended) 2. Something – User is provided with information about the resource  URI directs to RDF file Good for machines, not for humans  URI directs to an HTML representation of the resource Good for humans, useless for machines – Not recommended  URI directs to an HTML representation of the resource with RDFa embedded Good for humans, OK for machines  URI directs to either RDF file or HTML representation based on what the user prefers (content negotiation)
  • 36. HTTP Content Negotiation HTTP request Client/User agent Web (e.g. web browser) Server HTTP response HTTP Request HTTP Response • Resource URI (+ method) • Status code • Headers (Information about • Headers (Information the requestor) about the response) • Message body (optional) • Message body (optional)
  • 37. HTTP ‘Accept’ Header Part of the HTTP request that specifies what types of data the client can accept • Web browsers HTML, JPEG, GIF, text, or other formats that browser can display – unsupported formats are either displayed as text or prompt user to download file • Semantic web applications RDF XML, N3, Turtle, or other RDF serialization
  • 38. HTTP Status Codes Part of the HTTP response that classifies the nature of the response 1xx : Informational 2xx : Success Example: 200 OK 3xx : Redirection Examples: 301 Moved Permanently, 303 See Other Response will include ‘Location’ header with URI for new resource 4xx : Error Example: 404 Not Found
  • 39. HTTP Content Negotiation via 303 Redirect HTTP request URI: http://example.org/something Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc. Web server Web browser (running some kind of content negotiation service)
  • 40. HTTP Content Negotiation via 303 Redirect HTTP request URI: http://example.org/something Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc. HTTP response Status: 303 See Other Location: Web server Web browser http://example.org/something.html (running some kind of content negotiation service)
  • 41. HTTP Content Negotiation via 303 Redirect HTTP request URI: http://example.org/something Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc. HTTP response Status: 303 See Other Location: Web server Web browser http://example.org/something.html (running some kind of content negotiation service) HTTP request URI: http://example.org/something.html Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc.
  • 42. HTTP Content Negotiation via 303 Redirect HTTP request URI: http://example.org/something Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc. HTTP response Status: 303 See Other Location: Web server Web browser http://example.org/something.html (running some kind of content negotiation service) HTTP request URI: http://example.org/something.html Accepts: HTML, JPEG, GIF, etc. HTTP response Status: 200 OK
  • 43. Trust The rapid growth of the Web is attributable in large part to the fact that it allows anyone to say anything about anything (provable facts, subjective opinions, blatant lies and everything in between) This is also true of the linked data web. Libraries, archives and museums are expected to provide ‘factual’, objective data and depend on trusted sources.
  • 44. Linked data attribution A growing concern in the linked data community is the need to include attribution with data in order to determine whether or not it can/should be trusted. • RDF reification – allows source attribution to be associated with an RDF triple • Named graphs – Extension of RDF that allows attribution and other metadata to be associated with RDF descriptions • Quad stores – Similar to triplestores but with an additional element that connects the triple with its source
  • 45. THE TECHNICAL PART IS NOW OVER
  • 46. Linked Open Data Data For libraries, archives and museums, this is includes any type of digital information that describes resources or aids in their discovery (metadata). Also includes data produced through original research (scientific/statistical data, geospatial data, etc.) Linked Data Data published on the Web in accordance with principles designed to facilitate linkages between resources Linked Open Data Linked data that is freely usable, reusable, and redistributable — subject, at most, to attribution and ‘share alike’ requirements
  • 47. Open data licensing Licensing your data is not the same as licensing your assets. Typically permitted uses of data are much less restrictive. You can often provide free, open use of your data even if use of your assets are completely restricted. TALK TO YOUR LEGAL DEPARTMENT FIRST.
  • 48. Open data licensing A nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. CC provides an alternative to standard “all rights reserved” copyright.
  • 49. Creative Commons Licenses Three-Layer Design: LEAGAL CODE The actual license as a legal document (accessible on the Web) COMMONS DEED The human-readable version of the license MACHINE-READABLE CODE Allows license info to be expressed in RDF
  • 50. Creative Commons Licenses CC licenses allow creators to specify a combination of 4 restrictions on use Attribution Non-Commercial Any use must give Only non-commercial credit to the creator uses are permitted Share Alike No Derivative Works Any use must be made The original may only be used available under the same in whole and unchanged terms as the original Licenses specify that any restrictions may be waived with permission of the rights holder.
  • 51. OPEN DATA (: Creative Commons Licenses Attribution (CC BY) Allows distribution and reuse in any way as long as you get credit Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) Allows distribution and reuse in any way as long as you get credit and derivative works are released under the same license Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND) Requires that the original is used unchanged and in whole, with credit to you NOT OPEN DATA ): Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-ND) Allows distribution and reuse in any way, for non-commercial purposes only, as long as you get credit Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA) Requires that the original is used unchanged and in whole, with credit to you, provided that derivative works are released under the same license Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) Only permits use as-is, for non commercial purposes, and with credit to you – the most restrictive CC license available
  • 52. CC0 (‘CC Zero’) Allows creators to waive all rights to work and to place it as completely as possible into the public domain. • Laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction as to what rights are automatically granted and how and when they expire or may be voluntarily relinquished • Ambiguity with regard to rights can limit creative re-use • CC0 is designed to make it as clear as is legally possible that any use of your content is allowed • Quickly becoming the preferred license for open data AGAIN, TALK TO YOUR LEGAL DEPARTMENT FIRST!
  • 54. DCMI Terms dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/ General purpose metadata terms maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
  • 55. Bibliographic Ontology bibliontology.com An extensive vocabulary of terms for describing bibliographic resources
  • 56. FOAF (Friend of a Friend) foaf-project.org Provides a vocabulary for describing people and their relationships to each other and the things they create
  • 57. LC Linked Data Service id.loc.gov Library of Congress authorities as linked data (Name Authority File, Subject Headings, Thesaurus of Graphic Materials, etc.)
  • 58. Virtual International Authority File viaf.org Links names from multiple authority files to create cluster records representing the entities identified
  • 59. GeoNames geonames.org Aggregates geographic data from a wide variety of sources and makes it available as LOD
  • 60. New York Times data.nytimes.com 150 years of subjects from New York Times articles – data source for Times Topics pages
  • 61. Data.gov Open access to datasets held or generated by the US Federal Government
  • 62. DBpedia dbpedia.org Crowd-sourced community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make it available on the Web
  • 63. Freebase freebase.com A large collaborative knowledge base consisting of metadata composed mainly by its community members (owned by Google)
  • 64. Google Knowledge Graph Google uses data from Freebase and other sources to provide related information based on search queries
  • 65. Schema.org A set of vocabularies developed by Google, Bing (Microsoft) and Yahoo! for adding semantic data to web pages
  • 66. OCLC WorldCat oclc.org/worldcat Earlier this year, OCLC added linked data to records in WorldCat, using Schema.org vocabularies and proposed extensions for library data
  • 68. Start small Linked Open Data is not an ‘all or nothing’ proposition Start by publishing data about specific collections or items of special interest Consider incorporating Linked Open Data into online exhibitions or special projects
  • 69. Engage the linked data community Let people know what you’re up to, and ask for feedback – you will get it.
  • 70. Be creative In addition to publishing data about your own collections, think about how you can incorporate data from other sources into your projects Consider collaborations with other institutions
  • 71. Utilize your internal resources Cataloging/Metadata Curators/Subject Matter Experts IT Staff Legal Department
  • 72. me: trevorthornton@nypl.org nypl labs: www.nypl.org/labs

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. LC, BNF, DNB20 agencies from 16 countries