4. 2/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: I have never been there.
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
5. 3/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: I saw her last week.
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
6. 4/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
E.g.: She sat in aclausecorner.
Verbless dark
7. 5/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
at the window table.
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
8. 6/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
infinitive
He plays to win.
Verbless-ed participle
clause
-ing participle
Seeing Tom, she
smiles.
Whenever left alone,
he cried.
9. 7/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.
12. 3/7
2
Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS 2. can be contrasted with another
DISJUNCTS
adverbial in an alternative
interrogation (as focus of clause
CONJUNCTS interrogation)
E.g. Does he write to his parents
because he misses them, or only
because he wants some money?
13. 4/7
2
ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS3. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in alternative negation
DISJUNCTS
(as focus of clause negation)
E.g. We didn’t hate him because of
CONJUNCTS
his appearance, but because of his bad
behavior.
17. 1/21
3
Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
1.
Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form
or predication ellipsis.
E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.
18. 2/21
3
Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
2.
Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.
E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for
longer).
19. 3/21
3
Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.
E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.
4.
Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.
E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.
20. 4/21
3
Adjuncts
ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
1. Can constitute a comparative construction
E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.
2. Have premodifying “however”
E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious
in the way you talk.
21. 5/21
3
Adjuncts
ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
3. Have premodifying “how”
E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?
How carelessly he drives!
4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)
E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.
23. 7/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
+ = ‘if we consider what we
are saying from a [adj. phrase]
intensifier point of view’
process
+ usually in initial position
E.g.: Geographically (speaking),
subject
Vietnam is a diverse country.
place
Business-wise, it’s not a good
time
others
idea to open a fast food
restaurant in this area.
26. 10/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
+ = in that way/ that way
intensifier
+ favor final conditions
process
subject
+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,
not stative verbs
E.g.: They live frugally.
place
Tear gas indiscriminatively
time
sprayed on the protesters.
others
29. 13/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint + denote position, direction,
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
movement, and passage
+ most are prepositional phrases;
adverb phrases and noun phrases
used frequently
+ used only with verbs of motions or
other dynamic verbs denoting
direction
E.g.: She works a long way from here.
We’re moving some furniture
into the kitchen.
34. 18/21
3
Adjuncts
process
+ indefinite
- usual occurrence: E.g.: usually
when
- continuous/continual:
E.g.: always
- high: E.g.: often
duration
- low/zero: occasionally, never
subject
frequency
place
+ definite
other relationships
- period: E.g.: daily
- number: E.g.: twice
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
time
others
37. 21/21
3
Adjuncts
RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS
1. In final position: process – place - time
E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole
morning (time).
2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.
3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity
E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).
4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.
E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).
39. 2/3
4
Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on
the form of what he is saying,
defining in some way under what
conditions he is speaking
E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?
Personally, I don’t approve of her.
Very frankly, I am tired.
40. 3/3
4
Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on the
Attitudinal disjuncts
content of what he is saying
• generally appear only on declarative
clauses
E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.
Understandably, they were all
annoyed when reading the letter.
41. 1/15
5
CONJUNCTS
Conjuncts
1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases
or prepositional phrases.
2. The normal position for most conjuncts
is initial.
3. Conjuncts often have a separate
tone unit.