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Nervous System-Review
1.
Neurological Disturbances Ma.
Tosca Cybil A. Torres, RN, MAN
2.
Review of Anatomy
and Physiology
3.
4.
5.
Brain
6.
Spinal cord
7.
Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)
8.
9.
10.
Two subdivisions
11.
Somatic nervous system
= voluntary
12.
13.
14.
Abundant, star-shaped cells
15.
Brace neurons
16.
Form barrier between
capillaries and neurons
17.
18.
Spider-like phagocytes
19.
Dispose of debris
20.
Ependymal cells (CNS)
21.
Line cavities of
the brain and spinal cord
22.
23.
24.
25.
Protect neuron cell
bodies
26.
Schwann cells
27.
Form myelin sheath
in the peripheral nervous systemFigure 7.3e
28.
29.
Cells specialized to
transmit messages
30.
Major regions of
neurons
31.
Cell body –
nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
32.
33.
Nucleus
34.
Large nucleolusFigure 7.4a
Slide 7.9b
35.
36.
Dendrites – conduct
impulses toward the cell body
37.
Axons – conduct
impulses away from the cell bodyFigure 7.4a Slide 7.10
38.
39.
Axonal terminals contain
vesicles with neurotransmitters
40.
Axonal terminals are
separated from the next neuron by a gap
41.
Synaptic cleft –
gap between adjacent neurons
42.
43.
44.
Nodes of Ranvier
– gaps in myelin sheath along the axonFigure 7.5 Slide 7.12
45.
46.
Carry impulses from
the sensory receptors
47.
Cutaneous sense organs
48.
Proprioceptors – detect
stretch or tension
49.
Motor (efferent) neurons
50.
51.
Found in neural
pathways in the central nervous system
52.
53.
How Neurons Communicate
at Synapses Figure 7.10
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
The neural tube
becomes the brain and spinal cord
59.
The opening of
the neural tube becomes the ventricles
60.
Four chambers within
the brain
61.
62.
Diencephalon
63.
Brain stem
64.
65.
Functional areas of
the brain Motor function area Motor function area Sensory area Broca’s area Somatosensory Association area Auditory area Higher mental functions Visual area Association area Wernicke’s area
66.
67.
Outer layer
68.
Composed mostly of
neuron cell bodiesFigure 7.13a
69.
70.
Fiber tracts inside
the gray matter
71.
Example: corpus callosum
connects hemispheresFigure 7.13a
72.
73.
Enclosed by the
cerebral hemispheres
74.
Made of three
parts
75.
Thalamus
76.
Hypothalamus
77.
78.
79.
The relay station
for sensory impulses
80.
81.
Important autonomic nervous
system center
82.
Helps regulate body
temperature
83.
Controls water balance
84.
85.
86.
Houses the pineal
body (an endocrine gland)
87.
88.
Parts of the
brain stem
89.
Midbrain
90.
Pons
91.
92.
Brainstem
93.
94.
Reflex centers for
vision and hearing
95.
96.
Mostly composed of
fiber tracts
97.
98.
Merges into the
spinal cord
99.
Includes important fiber
tracts
100.
Contains important control
centers
101.
Heart rate control
102.
Blood pressure regulation
103.
Breathing
104.
Swallowing
105.
106.
107.
Skull and vertebral
column
108.
109.
110.
111.
Double-layered external covering
112.
Periosteum – attached
to surface of the skull
113.
Meningeal layer –
outer covering of the brain
114.
115.
Middle layer
116.
Web-like
117.
Pia mater
118.
Internal layer
119.
120.
Formed by the
choroid plexus
121.
Forms a watery
cushion to protect the brain
122.
123.
Ventricles and Location
of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17a
124.
Ventricles and Location
of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17b
125.
126.
127.
Excludes many potentially
harmful substances
128.
Useless against some
substances
129.
Fats and fat
soluble molecules
130.
Respiratory gases
131.
Alcohol
132.
Nicotine
133.
134.
Below T12 is
the caudaequina (a collection of spinal nerves)
135.
136.
137.
Dorsal (posterior) horns
138.
Anterior (ventral) hornsFigure
7.19
139.
140.
141.
Nerves leave at
the level of each vertebrae
142.
Dorsal root
143.
Associated with the
dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
144.
145.
Nerve = bundle
of neuron fibers
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
C1 C2 C2
C3 C3 C4 C2 C5 C5 C3 C6 C6 C7 C4 C4 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T2 T4 T4 T5 T3 T5 T6 C5 C5 T7 T4 C6 C6 T6 T8 T2 T2 T7 T9 T5 T10 T8 T11 T9 T12 T6 L1 T10 C6 C6 L2 T7 T1 T1 T11 L3 S1 T8 L1 T12 S2 S3 S4 T9 S2 L2 L2 S5 C8 C8 S1 C7 C7 C7 C7 T10 C8 C8 T11 L3 L3 T12 L1 L2 L3 S1 S1 L4 S2 S2 L4 L4 L5 L5 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S1 S5 DERMATOMES
152.
153.
Consists of only
motor nerves
154.
Divided into two
divisions
155.
Sympathetic division
156.
157.
158.
Response to unusual
stimulus
159.
Takes over to
increase activities
160.
161.
Sympatheticnervous system T1
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T 1 1 T12 L1 L2 L3 Pupils Salivary glands Heart Bronchi of lungs Liver Stomach Small intestines Adrenal gland Large intestine Kidney Rectum Bladder Genitals
162.
163.
Conserves energy
164.
Maintains daily necessary
body functions
165.
166.
Brainarteries
167.
Brainarteries Circle of
Willis
168.
169.
Any maternal infection
can have extremely harmful effects
170.
171.
The brain reaches
maximum weight as a young adult
172.
However, we can
always grow dendrites!
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