The Civil War - AP US History

1. Photo by fauxto_digit

2. Photo by fauxto_digit
Summarize the course of the Civil War and its impact on
democracy, including the major turning points; the impact
of the Emancipation Proclamation; the unequal treatment
afforded to African American military units; the
geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of
the Confederacy…

3. 1. "This nation under
God shall have a new
birth of freedom, and
that government of the
people, by the people,
for the people shall
not perish from the
earth." Assess the
validity of this
statement for the
period 1860-1877.
ESSAY TOPICS
Students will choose one of the following
essay topics at the end of the unit.
Photo by Stéfan

4. 2. "Abraham Lincoln
upheld his oath to
'preserve, protect,
and defend the
Constitution of the
United States.'"
Assess the validity
of this statement for
the period 1860-
1865.
ESSAY TOPICS
Photo by Stéfan
Students will choose one of the following
essay topics at the end of the unit.

5. Part Four
Total War
1864-1865
Part One
Secession
1860-1861
Part Two
Limited War
1861-1862
Part Three
The Turning Point
1863

7. 1856 1860 1864

8. 1856
“A House divided against
itself cannot stand.”
-- Abraham Lincoln
1860 1864

9. Indian
Territory
(CSA)
The “Deep South” seceded
after Lincoln was elected.
Secession
The “Upper South” waited…

10. Confederate States of America
The seven states of the Deep
South formed the CSA in
Feb, 1861, before Lincoln
took office.
(CSA)
First National Flag of
the CSA
Great Seal
Jefferson Davis,
President

11. Great Seal
of the
C.S.A.

12. A President’s Dilemma:
1. Is secession constitutionally
acceptable?
– If yes,
2. If secession isn’t
constitutionally
acceptable, then is the
federal government
constitutionally
authorized to use force
against a state?

13. Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
Compare to
Second Inaugural
March 4, 1861 DOCUMENT

14. Lincoln refused
Confederate demands to
withdraw a garrison of
federal troops stationed
at Fort Sumter, SC.
Map Credit: http://www.abbeville.com
MAP

15. Map Credit: http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields...charleston-harbor-

16. General P.G.T.
Beauregard, CSA
April 12-13, 1861

17. General Pierre G.T. Beauregard
portrait by George Healy, 1861
Smithsonian National Portrait
Gallery Washington DC

18. FROM
ARTICLE I
SECTION 8
“The Congress shall have Power…
To provide for calling forth the
Militia to execute the Laws of the
Union, suppress Insurrections
and repel Invasions…”

19. Lincoln’s Call
for Volunteers
Published in Harper’s
Weekly

20. The Upper South Secedes
Lincoln’s call for troops
prompted Arkansas,
Tennessee,
North Carolina, and
Virginia secede and join
the Confederacy.
All four states
had previously
rejected
secession.
If at first you
don’t secede, try,
try again!

21. “Border States”
Map Credit:
Four slave states
(MO, KY, MD, DE)
did not secede
from the Union,
although many people from
these states fought for the
Confederacy.
Unionists in Western
Virginia organized a
separate state
government, which
Congress admitted as
West Virginia in 1863.

22. BORDER
STATES
Although the Border
States did not
secede, Unionist and
Confederate militias
clashed with each
other, as seen in the
popular Clint Eastwood
film, The Outlaw Josey
Wales.

23. Map Credit:
Slaves as a %
of Population

24. Map Credit:
Cotton Production Areas

25. Percentage of
Slaveholding Families
as a percentage of total free
households in each state
Mississippi: 49%
South Carolina: 46%
Georgia: 37%
Alabama: 35%
Florida: 34%
Louisiana: 29%
Texas: 28%
North Carolina: 28%
Virginia: 26%
Tennessee: 25%
Kentucky: 23%
Arkansas: 20%
Missouri: 13%
Maryland: 12%
Delaware: 3%Source: http://www.civilwarcauses.org/stat.htm
Original Member of CSA
Seceded after Fort Sumter
Non-seceding Slave States
MAP
(Slaves as a % of the
total population)

26. 1 • Lincoln elected President
2 • “Deep South” Secedes
3 • CSA attacks Fort Sumter
4 • Lincoln calls for troops
5 • “Upper South” secedes

27. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
1. Did the States of the Deep South
have proper justification to
secede?
2. Was Lincoln’s call for troops
– constitutional?
– the best decision?
3. Did the States of the Upper
South have proper justification
to secede?

29. Icons Courtesy of Iconify.it
South North
Population
Farm
Acreage
Manufacturing
Workers
Bank
Capital

30. Confederate
Advantages
• Military Leadership
– Lee, Jackson, etc.
• “Home Field Advantage”
• DEFENSE as objective
– NOT conquest
• HIGH STAKES
– Survival as objective
Photo by Mrs. Gemstone
FURTHER READING

31. OBJECTIVES IN 1861
UNION CONFEDERACY
PRIMARY
OBJECTIVE
(Regarding Southern
Independence)
SHORT WAR
or
LONG WAR?
(Which side benefits in
each scenario?)
PRESERVE
THE UNION
MAINTAIN
Independence
LONG SHORT

32. The North’s Strategy for Victory
Photo by Silvain de Munck

33. The “Anaconda Plan”

34. Battle State Victory Significance
Fort Sumter SC Confederate Began the war
First Bull
Run
(First
Manassas)
VA Confederate Myth of
Confederate
invincibility

37. Capture of Ricketts' Battery, painting by Sidney E. King, National Park Service.

38. “Like a Stone Wall”
Brig. Gen.
Barnard E. Bee
(CSA)
Gen. Thomas J.
“Stonewall” Jackson
(CSA)

39. Gen. Bee, who was
mortally wounded at
First Manassas, is
buried in the
cemetery at St. Paul’s
Episcopal Church in
Pendleton, SC.
Visit St. Paul’s
cemetery:

40. Engagement State Victory
Peninsula
Campaign
VA Confederate
Seven Days VA Confederate
Second
Manassas
VA Confederate
Antietam MD Tactical Draw
Union Strategic
Fredericksburg VA Confederate
Eastern Theater
Robert E. Lee
took command of
Confederate forces in
Virginia in 1862.

41. Peninsular Campaign
McClellan’s Objective:
Capture
Richmond
FAILURE
Driven back by
Robert E. Lee
in the Seven Days
Battles
Gen. George
McClellan
(USA)

43. Seven Days
Battles
Lee drove McClellan
away from
Richmond…
Lee

44. Second
Bull Run
…Then defeated
another Union Army
in Northern VA.
Lee

45. Map Credit: http://www.freeworldmaps.net
Antietam
In order to gain
the initiative and
re-supply his
army, Lee invaded
Maryland.
A Confederate victory on
northern soil would bolster
the cause of Southern
independence.
US Army Principles of War
September, 1862

46. Antietam
Lee and McClellan
fought to a tactical
draw in the
bloodiest single day
of the war.
Afterwards,
Lee retreated to VA.
STRATEGIC
VICTORY
for the Union
September, 1862
CASUALTIES USA CSA

47. Lincoln and McClellan
after Antietam
After claiming victory at
Antietam, Lincoln:
1. Issued the Preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation
and
2. fired McClellan.

48. Burnside
Gen. Ambrose
Burnside, the new
Union commander,
marched his army
toward Richmond.
Lee moved to
intercept him at
Fredericksburg.

49. Fredericksburg
Lee ended 1862 with
a lopsided victory
over Burnside’s army.
December, 1862
CASUALTIES USA CSAhttp://www.civilwarartillery.com
Canister and Grape Shot

50. Western Theater
Engagement State Victory
Forts
Henry and
Donelson
TN Union
Shiloh TN Union
Capture of
New
Orleans
LA Union
Ulysses S.
Grant (USA)
Army of the
Tennessee

51. The
Western
Theater
The Union Army’s
Objective:
Control the
Mississippi R.
Split the
Confederacy

52. “Unconditional
Surrender” Grant
Gen. Ulysses S.
Grant, USA

53. Battle of Shiloh by Thure de Thulstrup.

54. Shiloh
April, 1862
Grant caught off
guard by a
Confederate attack.
Still standing at
nightfall…
Reinforced during the
night, Grant counter-
attacked and forced a
Confederate retreat.

55. Capture of New Orleans
May, 1862
The Union Navy
overcame
Confederate
defenses on the
Mississippi to
capture the
Confederacy’s
largest city.

56. Union Occupation
of New Orleans
Butler’s
“Woman Order”
William
Mumford
Butler
Benjamin Butler,
a political general in
charge of the occupation
of New Orleans, drew
criticism due to his
heavy-handed
governance.
GENERAL
ORDERS,
No. 111.

57. From
Harper’s
Weekly
(Northern
Paper)
July 12,
1862
The Ladies of New Orleans before General Butler’s ProclamationAfter General Butler’s Proclamation

58. Union Occupation
of New Orleans
“Spoons”
“Beast”
Nicknames:
…and my
personal
favorite:

59. Alabama Dept. of
Archives and History

61. The Emancipation Proclamation
"That on the first day of January, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and sixty-three, all persons held as
slaves within any State or designated
part of a State, the people whereof
shall then be in rebellion against the
United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free….
“Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President
of the United States, by virtue of the power
in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of
the Army and Navy of the United States in
time of actual armed rebellion against the
authority and government of the United
States, and as a fit and necessary war
measure for suppressing said rebellion…”
1/1/1863
DOCUMENT

62. WHY, THEN?
0

63. Engagement State Victory
Chancellorsville VA Confederate
Gettysburg PA Union
Vicksburg MS Union
Decisive Engagements
Lee
In 1863, Lee won
his greatest
victory and
suffered his
greatest defeat.

64. Chancellorsville
Gen. Robert E. Lee,
CSA
Gen. Joseph Hooker,
USA
Troop Strength:
133,868
Troop Strength:
60,892
Lee’s
“Perfect
Victory”
May, 1863

65. May 2, 1863May 3, 1863
R.I.P.
May 4-6, 1863
CASUALTIES UNION CONFEDERATE
Chancellorsville

66. Casualties of the Civil War
Casualties
By Battle
Historical
Casualty
Statistics:
ALL WARS
Confederate Memorial
Arlington National Cemetery
Memorial to Civil War
Unknown Dead
Arlington National
Cemetery http://www.census-
charts.com/Population/p
op-us-1790-2000.html

67. Conscription
“Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.”
-- Anti-draft slogan
aka, “The Draft”
Confederate
(1862)
Union
(1863)
o Draftees could
hire substitutes
o Planters*
exempt
*20 or more slaves
o Draftees could
hire substitutes
o $300 to exempt

68. NYC Draft Riots
o Over 100 dead
o Racially motivated
Many rioters
were Irish
immigrants who
feared
competition from
freedmen for jobs.
1863

69. “Peace Democrats”
Goals: Armistice / Compromise
Copperhead movement peaked
in early 1863
Clement
Vallandigham
Ohio Copperhead
Habeas corpus

70. CSA
The Prognosis
May, 1863

71. After his victory at
Chancellorsville,
Lee invaded
Pennsylvania in
hopes of gaining a
decisive victory on
Northern soil.
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863

72. Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
CASUALTIES UNION CONFEDERATE
After three days of
fighting, Lee failed
to defeat the Union
Army.
LEE’S FIRST
TACTICAL
DEFEAT

73. Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign
In the spring of 1863, the
Confederates still controlled
a stretch of the Mississippi
River between Vicksburg, MS,
and Port Hudson, LA.

75. Grant
Siege of
Vicksburg
May 18 – July 4, 1863

76. Photo Credit:
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/71hudson/71visual1.ht
The Confederate
defenders at Port Hudson
held out for 48
days, making it the
longest siege in United
States history. After
hearing of the fall of
Vicksburg, the defenders
surrendered on July
9, relinquishing the last
Confederate stronghold
on the Mississippi River.
Click the thumbnails on the left to view
images of Confederate defensive
positions.
Port
Hudson

77. A “Quaker Gun”
Port Hudson, 1863

78. A Turning Point...
The back-to-back losses at
Gettysburg and Vicksburg
were severe blows to the
Confederacy.
What effect did these battles have
on the Copperhead movement in
the North?

79. The
Gettysburg
Address
November 19, 1863
Fourscore and
seven years ago…
Of the people, by
the people, and
for the people…
RHETORIC

80. Redefining the War
Lincoln in 1861 Lincoln in 1863
Southern
Independence
SLAVERY
CONQUEROR LIBERATOR

81. PART FOUR:
Total War

82. African-Americans
About 180,000 African-
Americans enlisted in the
Union Army in the later years
of the war.
– 10% of Union Army / 1% of Population
ALL VOLUNTEER
Only whites were drafted in the North.
in the Civil War

84. 54th Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry
The film, Glory
(1989), is based on
the story of the 54th
Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry.

85. The Old Flag Never Touched the Ground, which depicts the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer
Infantry Regiment at the attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, on July 18, 1863.

86. African-Americans
Confederate Emancipation
& Enlistment
– Advocated By Lee
– Too Little, Too Late
– Black support for Confederacy rare,
but not entirely unheard of
in the Civil War
A Northern newspaper pokes
fun of Confederate plans to
raise black regiments.

87. Explanation

88. 1864 Presidential Election
The Political Spectrum
War
Democrats
Moderate
Republicans
Radical
Republicans
Peace
Democrats
Election of 1864 Cartoons
Abolish Slavery
Political
Equality for
Blacks
Win the War
Preserve the
Union
Abolish Slavery
Armistice
Return to Pre-
war State of
Affairs

89. From
Harper’s
Weekly
July 2, 1864
http://elections.harpweek.c
om/1864/cartoon-1864-
Medium.asp?UniqueID=6
&Year=1864

90. Gen. George
McClellan
1864 Democratic Nominee
War Democrat
Peace Platform
Document 7.8

91. http://elections.harpweek.com/1864/cartoon-1864-

92. 1864 Election
Propaganda
National Union
Edition

93. 1864 Election
Propaganda
Democratic
Edition

94. 1856 1860 1864

95. Four
More
Years!

97. TOTAL WAR
After defeating McClellan, Lincoln was no
longer bound by political considerations.
Lincoln Grant Sherman

98. Lee
vs.
Grant
WAR OF ATTRITION
Virginia
1864-1865

99. Gen. William T.
Sherman (USA)
Sherman’s March 1864-1865

100. Sherman’s March 1864-1865

101. Gen. William T.
Sherman (USA)
Carolinas Campaign 1865

103. Sherman vs. Hampton
Gen. William
T. Sherman,
USA
Gen. Wade
Hampton, CSA
CORRESPONDENCE

104. “War is Hell!”I’ve been where you are now and I
know just how you feel. It’s
entirely natural that there should
beat in the breast of every one of
you a hope and desire that some
day you can use the skill you have
acquired here. Suppress it! You
don’t know the horrible aspects of
war. I’ve been through two wars
and I know. I’ve seen cities and
homes in ashes. I’ve seen
thousands of men lying on the
ground, their dead faces looking up
at the skies. I tell you, war is
Hell!
Gen. William T.
Sherman (USA)

105. Alexander
Stephens,
Vice President (CSA)
Abraham Lincoln,
President (USA)
FAI
L
Hampton Roads Conference
February,
1865

106. Lincoln’s Second
Inaugural Address
Compare to
First
Inaugural
March 4,
1865

107. Lee Surrenders to Grant
Appomattox Court House
April 12, 1865

108. Richmond, 1865