1. CARDIORESPIRATORY
ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING
 Endurance - two different concepts - muscular
e., cardiorespiratory e.
 Muscular E - ability of muscle to sustain high-
intensity, repetitive or static exercise (important for
sprinters, weight lifter, boxer, wrestler) - related to
muscular strength and anaerobic development.
 Cardiorespiratory E. - ability of the body to sustain
prolonged exercise. (cyclist, distance runners, swimmers)
related to development of cardiovascular and respiratory
systems, thus aerobic development.

2. Evaluation E. Capacity
 Aerobic Power - Vo2 max
with endurance training - more oxygen
delivered - 6 months training - increase
in VO2 max of 20 percent - perform e.
activities at higher work rate, faster.
 Oxygen Transport System
shared by CR systems - VO2
SV x HR x a - VO2 diff.

3. A - CV Adaptations To Training
1) Heart Size - heart´s weight, volume, LV wall
thickness, chamber size increase - „Athlete´s
Heart“
LV internal dimension increases - increase in
ventricular filling (rise in plasma
volume), LV wall
thickness, increase (hypertrophy) - increase in
strength potential of its contractions.
2) Stroke Volume - higher after endurance tr. at
rest, during
exercise,
stronger heart, availability of greater blood

5. 3) Heart Rate (HR) - decrease of HR after endurance
tr. (elite athletes 30 - 40 beats (min.) - increase
in parasympathetic tone. At submaximal exercise
tr. - decrease of HR by about 20 - 40 beats/min.
after 6 months. Maximal HR - unchanged
or slightly decreased (allowing for optimum SV
to maximize CO). HR recovery time - decrease -
well suited to tracking an indvidual´s progress
with tr.
4) Cardiac Output (CO) - at rest, during submaximal
levels of ex. - unchanged , at maximal levels -
considerable increase (mainly by of SV). CO
in untrained 14 - 16 l/min., 40 l intrained athletes.

6. 5) Blood Flow (BF)
enhanced muscle blood supply following
training:
a) increased capillarization of trained muscles
- new capillaries develop - capillary to fiber
ratio
b) greater opening of existing capillaries
c) more effective blood redistribution (shunting
away from areas that don´t need high flow)
6) Blood Pressure (BP) - resting blood pressure
reduced, no changes during submaximal
or maximal work rates.

7. 7) Blood Volume (BV) - E. tr. - BV, mainly
by increase in blood plasma volume
( ADH, aldosterone, amount of plasma
proteins). Red blood cells count
increases, (pseudoanemia). Blood
viscosity - improvement
of circulation).
Plasma volume - high correlation with
VO2 max increase in plasma volume
- most significant training effect

9. B - Respiratory
Adaptations To Training
 Lung Volumes - no change in
VC, RV, TLC, slight increase in TV
 Respiratory Rate increase in maximal exercise
levels of pulmonary ventilation - slightly
reduced at rest, maximal pulmonary
ventilation substantially increased. Untrained -
120 l/min, trained - 240 l/min.
 Pulmonary Diffusion - no change at
rest, increase in maximal exercise
 A-v O2 diff. - increase after training (↓mixed
venous O2 content)

10. Metabolic Adaptations
 Lactate Threshold - E. tr. - lactate thr.
n - higher rate of work at higher rate of O2
consumption without raising blood lactate.
Maximal blood lactate levels increase slightly.
 Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) - at rest -
RER (greater utilization of FFA), at maximal
levels of work - RER in trained individuals.
(sustained hyperventilation excessive CO2
release)

11.  Maximal O2 Consumption - substantial
increase following training - individual
limitation, major limiting factor
- oxygen delivery to the active muscles
(lack of oxidative enzymes in
mitochondria, central and peripheral
circulatory factor limit endurance capacity)

12.  Long-term Improvement in Endurance
Highest attainable VO2 max usually
reached within 18 months of intense e.
conditioning, further improvement with
continued tr. for many additional years
- body´s ability perform at increasing
percentage of VO2 max for extended
periods - result of increase in lactate
threshold

13.  Factors Affecting the Response to Aerobic
Training
 Heredity Genetic factors establish
boundaries for an individual endurance
training can push Vo2 max to the upper
limits of these boundaries.
 Age
Age related decrease - decrease in activity
levels.
Decline in VO2 max
- attenuated by continuing training

14.  Gender
Highly conditioned female e. athletes
- 10 percent lower VO2 max values
 Responders x Nonresponders
Large improvements - responders, little
or no improvement (nonresponders)
to the same training programs - genetic
influence

15.  Specificity of Training
Selection of appropriate training program
- closely matched with athlete´s
individual needs to maximize the
physiological adaptations to training
 Cross Training
Training for more than one sport at the
same time or tr. for several fitness
components (endurance strength) at one
time

16.  Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Performance
E. - the most important component of physical
fitness.
E. - athlete´s major defense against fatigue -
major deterrent to optimal performance –
(muscle strength decreased, reaction and
movement times prolonged, neuromuscular
coordination reduced, concentration and
alertness reduced).
Extent of endurance training needed
varies, dependence on E. demands of chosen
activity (marathon runner x baseball, golf
player)
 All Athletes Can Benefit from Maximizing Their
Endurance