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A View of Life
                         WarmUp Questions
3.What are the eleven levels of biological organization in order from largest to
smallest?
5.Name 4 characteristics of life.
7.Can you differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning?
A View of Life




The phenomenon we call…
         LIFE
Chapter 01


A View of Life
A View of Life




   Biologists use various forms of inquiry to
    explore life
   At the heart of science is inquiry
    ◦ A search for information and explanation, often
      focusing on specific questions
   Biology blends two main processes of scientific
    inquiry
    ◦ Discovery science
    ◦ Hypothesis-based science
A View of Life




◦ Describes natural structures and processes as
  accurately as possible through careful observation
  and analysis of data
A View of Life




   Data
    ◦ Are recorded observations
    ◦ Can be quantitative or qualitative




                             Figure 1.24
A View of Life




   In inductive reasoning
    ◦ Scientists derive generalizations based on a large
      number of specific observations
A View of Life




   In science, inquiry that asks specific questions
    ◦ Usually involves the proposing and testing of
      hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses
A View of Life




   In science, a hypothesis
    ◦ Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an
      explanation on trial
    ◦ Makes predictions that can be tested
A View of Life
 We use simple hypotheses ALL THE TIME


                                          Observations




                                           Questions

                  Hypothesis # 1:                          Hypothesis # 2:
                  Dead batteries                           Burnt-out bulb

                 Prediction:                              Prediction:
                 Replacing batteries                      Replacing bulb
                 will fix problem                         will fix problem




                  Test prediction                         Test prediction




Figure 1.25   Test falsifies hypothesis            Test does not falsify hypothesis
A View of Life




   In deductive reasoning
    ◦ The logic flows from the general to the specific
   If a hypothesis is correct
    ◦ Then we can expect a particular outcome
A View of Life




   A scientific hypothesis must have two
    important qualities
    ◦ It must be testable
    ◦ It must be falsifiable
A View of Life




   The scientific method
    ◦ Is an idealized process of inquiry
   Very few scientific inquiries
    ◦ Adhere to the “textbook” scientific method
A View of Life




   In mimicry
    ◦ A harmless species resembles a harmful species



                          Flower fly
                        (non-stinging)




                                         Honeybee (stinging)
          Figure 1.26
A View of Life



   In this case study
    ◦ Mimicry in king snakes is examined
    ◦ The hypothesis predicts that predators in non–coral
      snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently
      than will predators that live where coral snakes are
      present                    Scarlet king snake
                                                       Key
                                                      Range of scarlet king snake
                                                      Range of eastern color snake

                                            North
                                           Carolina
                                     South
                                    Carolina




                                                         Eastern coral snake

                      Figure 1.27   Scarlet king snake
A View of Life




   To test this mimicry
    hypothesis
    ◦ Researchers made hundreds
      of artificial snakes, an
      experimental group
      resembling king snakes and
      a control group of plain
                                     (a) Artificial king snake
      brown snakes




                       Figure 1.28   (b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked
A View of Life




   After a given period
    of time                                         Key
                                                    Key
                                                % of attacks on artificial king snakes
    ◦ The researchers                           % of attacks on brown artificial snakes
      collected data that fit a                 Field site with artificial snakes

      key prediction                 In areas where coral snakes
                                                                                     17%

                                      were absent, most attacks                     83%
                                     were on artificial king snakes
                                                                      X
                                                              North   XX                    X
                                                                                           XX
                                                             Carolina X
                                                        South        XX
                                                       Carolina          X
                                                                X          X
                                                               XX                         16%

                                                                                           84%



                                                                      In areas where coral
                                                                      snakes were present,
                                                                      most attacks were on brown
                                  Figure 1.29                         artificial snakes
A View of Life




   Experiments must be designed to test
    ◦ The effect of one variable by testing control groups
      and experimental groups in a way that cancels the
      effects of unwanted variables
A View of Life




   Science cannot address supernatural
    phenomena
    ◦ Because hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable
      and experimental results must be repeatable
A View of Life




   A scientific theory
    ◦ Is broad in scope
    ◦ Generates new hypotheses
    ◦ Is supported by a large body of evidence
A View of Life



   Defining Life
    ◦ Emergent Properties
    ◦ Organized
    ◦ Materials and Energy
    ◦ Response
    ◦ Reproduce and Develop
    ◦ Adaptations and Natural Selection
   Biosphere Organization
    ◦ Human Population
    ◦ Biodiversity
   Classification
   The Scientific Method



                                                           21
A View of Life




   Living things vs. nonliving objects:

    ◦ Comprised of the same chemical elements

    ◦ Obey the same physical and chemical laws

   The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of all
    life

    ◦ Familiar organisms are multicellular

    ◦ Some cells independent – single-celled organisms


                                                              22
Defining
  Life
A View of Life




   Emergent Properties – Biological organization

    ◦ Levels range from extreme micro to global

    ◦ Each level up:

      More complex than the preceding level

      Properties:

        A superset of preceding level’s properties emerge from
         interactions between components




                                                                    24
Levels of Biological
   Organization
Living Things:

1. Demonstrate Order
2. Self-regulation
3. Growth and Development
A View of Life




   Energy - the capacity to do work
    ◦ The sun:
      Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth

      Drives photosynthesis

    ◦ Metabolism - all the chemical reactions in a cell
      Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions
       within certain boundaries




                                                                   27
Acquiring
Nutrients
A View of Life




   Living things detect changes in environment
   Response often involves movement
    ◦ Vulture can detect and find carrion a mile away
    ◦ Monarch butterfly senses fall and migrates south
    ◦ Microroganisms follow light or chemicals
    ◦ Even leaves of plants follow sun

   Responses collectively constitute behavior


                                                              29
A View of Life




   Organisms live and die

   Must reproduce to maintain population

   Multicellular organisms:
    ◦ Begins with union of sperm and egg

    ◦ Developmental instructions encoded in genes

      Composed of DNA

      Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

                                                              30
Rockhopper Penguins &
      Offspring
A View of Life




   Adaptation
    ◦ Any modification that makes an organism more
      suited to its way of life

    ◦ Organisms, become modified over time

    ◦ However, organisms very similar at basic level
      Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

      Descent with modification - Evolution

      Caused by natural selection


                                                                32
A View of Life




   Population - Members of a species within an
    area
   Community - A local collection of interacting
    populations
   Ecosystem - The communities in an area
    considered with their physical environment
      How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms
      How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top
       predators


                                                               33
Terrestrial Ecosystems:
     A Grassland
Marine
Ecosystems:
A Coral Reef
A View of Life




   Ecosystems negatively impacted by human
    populations
    ◦ Destroyed for agriculture, housing, industry, etc.
    ◦ Degraded and destabilized by pollution
   However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems
    for
    ◦ Food
    ◦ Medicines
    ◦ Raw materials
    ◦ Other ecosystem processes


                                                                 36
A View of Life




   Biodiversity:
    ◦ The total number of species (est. 15 million)

    ◦ The variability of their genes

    ◦ The ecosystems in which they live

   Extinction:
    ◦ The death of the last member of a species

    ◦ Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide


                                                              37
A View of Life




   Taxonomy:
    ◦ The rules for identifying and classifying organisms
    ◦ Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized
      evolutionary relationships
    ◦ Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
      Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom,
       and domain
      A level usually includes more species than the level
       below it, and fewer species than the one above it




                                                                 38
A View of Life   39




Taxon      Human            Corn
Domain     Eukarya       Eukarya
Kingdom   Animalia        Plantae
Phylum    Chordata      Anthophyta
Class     Mammalia       Liliopsida
Order     Primates     Commelinales
Family    Hominidae       Poacae
Genus       Homo             Zea
Species   H. sapiens      Z. mays
A View of Life




   Bacteria
    ◦ Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

   Archaea
    ◦ Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

    ◦ Extreme aquatic environments

   Eukarya
    ◦ Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms


                                                               40
Domains:
The Archaea
Domains:
  The
Bacteria
A View of Life




   Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out

   Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out

   Eukarya
    ◦ Kingdom Protista

    ◦ Kingdom Fungi

    ◦ Kingdom Plantae

    ◦ Kingdom Animalia

                                                       43
Domains:
The Eukaryote
  Kindoms
A View of Life




   Binomial nomenclature (two-word namess)
   Universal
   Latin-based
    ◦ First word represents genus of organism
    ◦ Second word is specific epithet of a species within
      the genus
    ◦ Always Italicized asa Genus species (Homo sapiens)
    ◦ Genus may occur alone (Homo), but not specific
      epithet


                                                              45
A View of Life




   Begins with observation
    ◦ Scientists use their five senses

    ◦ Instruments can extend the range of senses

   Hypothesis
    ◦ A tentative explanation for what was observed

    ◦ Developed through inductively reasoning from
      specific to general


                                                            46
The Scientific
    Method:
A Flow Diagram
A View of Life




   Experimentation
    ◦ Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis
    ◦ Designed through deductively reasoning from
      general to specific
    ◦ Often divides subjects into a control group and an
      experimental group
    ◦ Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is
      valid
        If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged
        If not, hypothesis is unsupportable


                                                                48
A View of Life




   Results
    ◦ Observable, objective results from an experiment

    ◦ Strength of the data expressed in probabilities

    ◦ The probability that random variation could have
      caused the results
      Low probability (less than 5%) is good

      Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss
       random chance as the sole cause of the results



                                                                  49
A View of Life




   The results are analyzed and interpreted
   Conclusions are what the scientist thinks
    caused the results
   Findings must be reported in scientific
    journals
   Peers review the findings and the conclusions
   Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or
    dismiss the published findings

                                                        50
A View of Life




   Scientific Theory:
    ◦ Joins together two or more related hypotheses

    ◦ Supported by broad range of observations,
      experiments, and data

   Scientific Principle / Law:
    ◦ Widely accepted set of theories

    ◦ No serious challenges to validity


                                                            51
A View of Life




   Experimental (Independent) variable
    ◦ Applied one way to experimental group

    ◦ Applied a different way to control group

   Response (dependent) variable
    ◦ Variable that is measured to generate data

    ◦ Expected to yield different results in control versus
      experimental groups


                                                               52
A View of Life




   Observations:
    ◦ Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may
      damage soils

    ◦ When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it
      adds natural nitrogen

   Hypothesis:
    ◦ Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as
      much as nitrates

    ◦ Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils


                                                               53
Root
Nodules
A View of Life




   Experimental Design
    ◦ Control Group
      Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer
    ◦ Experimental Groups
      1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate
      2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate
      3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a crop
       of pigeon peas
    ◦ All groups treated identically except for above



                                                                  55
Crop Rotation
   Study
A View of Life




   Experimental Prediction:
    ◦ Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation will
      be equal or better than following nitrate fertilizer
   Results
    ◦ 45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls
    ◦ 90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as
      controls
    ◦ Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much as the
      controls



                                                              57
A View of Life




   Conclusion
    ◦ Research hypothesis was not supported by results
    ◦ However, research hypothesis was not proven false
      by negative results
   Revised experiment
    ◦ Grow wheat in same pots for several generations
    ◦ Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved
      production in pigeon pea pots



                                                             58
A View of Life




   Results
    ◦ After second year:
      Production following nitrates declined
      Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest
       of all
    ◦ After third year
      Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls
   Revised conclusions
    ◦ Research hypothesis supported
    ◦ Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over
      nitrates


                                                                59
A Field Study
A View of Life




   Defining Life - Emergent Properties
    ◦ Materials and Energy
    ◦ Reproduction and Development
    ◦ Adaptations and Natural Selection
   Biosphere Organization
    ◦ Human Population
    ◦ Biodiversity
   Classification
   The Scientific Method

                                                           61
Ending Slide Chapter 01


A View of Life

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Ap bio lecture ch1 a view of life

  • 1. A View of Life WarmUp Questions 3.What are the eleven levels of biological organization in order from largest to smallest? 5.Name 4 characteristics of life. 7.Can you differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning?
  • 2. A View of Life The phenomenon we call… LIFE
  • 4. A View of Life  Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life  At the heart of science is inquiry ◦ A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions  Biology blends two main processes of scientific inquiry ◦ Discovery science ◦ Hypothesis-based science
  • 5. A View of Life ◦ Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data
  • 6. A View of Life  Data ◦ Are recorded observations ◦ Can be quantitative or qualitative Figure 1.24
  • 7. A View of Life  In inductive reasoning ◦ Scientists derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations
  • 8. A View of Life  In science, inquiry that asks specific questions ◦ Usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses
  • 9. A View of Life  In science, a hypothesis ◦ Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial ◦ Makes predictions that can be tested
  • 10. A View of Life We use simple hypotheses ALL THE TIME Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Hypothesis # 2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction Figure 1.25 Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
  • 11. A View of Life  In deductive reasoning ◦ The logic flows from the general to the specific  If a hypothesis is correct ◦ Then we can expect a particular outcome
  • 12. A View of Life  A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities ◦ It must be testable ◦ It must be falsifiable
  • 13. A View of Life  The scientific method ◦ Is an idealized process of inquiry  Very few scientific inquiries ◦ Adhere to the “textbook” scientific method
  • 14. A View of Life  In mimicry ◦ A harmless species resembles a harmful species Flower fly (non-stinging) Honeybee (stinging) Figure 1.26
  • 15. A View of Life  In this case study ◦ Mimicry in king snakes is examined ◦ The hypothesis predicts that predators in non–coral snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently than will predators that live where coral snakes are present Scarlet king snake Key Range of scarlet king snake Range of eastern color snake North Carolina South Carolina Eastern coral snake Figure 1.27 Scarlet king snake
  • 16. A View of Life  To test this mimicry hypothesis ◦ Researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes, an experimental group resembling king snakes and a control group of plain (a) Artificial king snake brown snakes Figure 1.28 (b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked
  • 17. A View of Life  After a given period of time Key Key % of attacks on artificial king snakes ◦ The researchers % of attacks on brown artificial snakes collected data that fit a Field site with artificial snakes key prediction In areas where coral snakes 17% were absent, most attacks 83% were on artificial king snakes X North XX X XX Carolina X South XX Carolina X X X XX 16% 84% In areas where coral snakes were present, most attacks were on brown Figure 1.29 artificial snakes
  • 18. A View of Life  Experiments must be designed to test ◦ The effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables
  • 19. A View of Life  Science cannot address supernatural phenomena ◦ Because hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and experimental results must be repeatable
  • 20. A View of Life  A scientific theory ◦ Is broad in scope ◦ Generates new hypotheses ◦ Is supported by a large body of evidence
  • 21. A View of Life  Defining Life ◦ Emergent Properties ◦ Organized ◦ Materials and Energy ◦ Response ◦ Reproduce and Develop ◦ Adaptations and Natural Selection  Biosphere Organization ◦ Human Population ◦ Biodiversity  Classification  The Scientific Method 21
  • 22. A View of Life  Living things vs. nonliving objects: ◦ Comprised of the same chemical elements ◦ Obey the same physical and chemical laws  The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of all life ◦ Familiar organisms are multicellular ◦ Some cells independent – single-celled organisms 22
  • 24. A View of Life  Emergent Properties – Biological organization ◦ Levels range from extreme micro to global ◦ Each level up:  More complex than the preceding level  Properties:  A superset of preceding level’s properties emerge from interactions between components 24
  • 25. Levels of Biological Organization
  • 26. Living Things: 1. Demonstrate Order 2. Self-regulation 3. Growth and Development
  • 27. A View of Life  Energy - the capacity to do work ◦ The sun:  Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth  Drives photosynthesis ◦ Metabolism - all the chemical reactions in a cell  Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries 27
  • 29. A View of Life  Living things detect changes in environment  Response often involves movement ◦ Vulture can detect and find carrion a mile away ◦ Monarch butterfly senses fall and migrates south ◦ Microroganisms follow light or chemicals ◦ Even leaves of plants follow sun  Responses collectively constitute behavior 29
  • 30. A View of Life  Organisms live and die  Must reproduce to maintain population  Multicellular organisms: ◦ Begins with union of sperm and egg ◦ Developmental instructions encoded in genes  Composed of DNA  Long spiral molecule in chromosomes 30
  • 32. A View of Life  Adaptation ◦ Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life ◦ Organisms, become modified over time ◦ However, organisms very similar at basic level  Suggests living things descended from same ancestor  Descent with modification - Evolution  Caused by natural selection 32
  • 33. A View of Life  Population - Members of a species within an area  Community - A local collection of interacting populations  Ecosystem - The communities in an area considered with their physical environment  How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms  How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators 33
  • 34. Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland
  • 36. A View of Life  Ecosystems negatively impacted by human populations ◦ Destroyed for agriculture, housing, industry, etc. ◦ Degraded and destabilized by pollution  However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for ◦ Food ◦ Medicines ◦ Raw materials ◦ Other ecosystem processes 36
  • 37. A View of Life  Biodiversity: ◦ The total number of species (est. 15 million) ◦ The variability of their genes ◦ The ecosystems in which they live  Extinction: ◦ The death of the last member of a species ◦ Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide 37
  • 38. A View of Life  Taxonomy: ◦ The rules for identifying and classifying organisms ◦ Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships ◦ Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:  Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain  A level usually includes more species than the level below it, and fewer species than the one above it 38
  • 39. A View of Life 39 Taxon Human Corn Domain Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Class Mammalia Liliopsida Order Primates Commelinales Family Hominidae Poacae Genus Homo Zea Species H. sapiens Z. mays
  • 40. A View of Life  Bacteria ◦ Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes  Archaea ◦ Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes ◦ Extreme aquatic environments  Eukarya ◦ Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms 40
  • 43. A View of Life  Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out  Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out  Eukarya ◦ Kingdom Protista ◦ Kingdom Fungi ◦ Kingdom Plantae ◦ Kingdom Animalia 43
  • 45. A View of Life  Binomial nomenclature (two-word namess)  Universal  Latin-based ◦ First word represents genus of organism ◦ Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus ◦ Always Italicized asa Genus species (Homo sapiens) ◦ Genus may occur alone (Homo), but not specific epithet 45
  • 46. A View of Life  Begins with observation ◦ Scientists use their five senses ◦ Instruments can extend the range of senses  Hypothesis ◦ A tentative explanation for what was observed ◦ Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general 46
  • 47. The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram
  • 48. A View of Life  Experimentation ◦ Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis ◦ Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific ◦ Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group ◦ Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid  If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged  If not, hypothesis is unsupportable 48
  • 49. A View of Life  Results ◦ Observable, objective results from an experiment ◦ Strength of the data expressed in probabilities ◦ The probability that random variation could have caused the results  Low probability (less than 5%) is good  Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss random chance as the sole cause of the results 49
  • 50. A View of Life  The results are analyzed and interpreted  Conclusions are what the scientist thinks caused the results  Findings must be reported in scientific journals  Peers review the findings and the conclusions  Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings 50
  • 51. A View of Life  Scientific Theory: ◦ Joins together two or more related hypotheses ◦ Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data  Scientific Principle / Law: ◦ Widely accepted set of theories ◦ No serious challenges to validity 51
  • 52. A View of Life  Experimental (Independent) variable ◦ Applied one way to experimental group ◦ Applied a different way to control group  Response (dependent) variable ◦ Variable that is measured to generate data ◦ Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental groups 52
  • 53. A View of Life  Observations: ◦ Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage soils ◦ When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds natural nitrogen  Hypothesis: ◦ Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much as nitrates ◦ Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils 53
  • 55. A View of Life  Experimental Design ◦ Control Group  Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer ◦ Experimental Groups  1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate  2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate  3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a crop of pigeon peas ◦ All groups treated identically except for above 55
  • 56. Crop Rotation Study
  • 57. A View of Life  Experimental Prediction: ◦ Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation will be equal or better than following nitrate fertilizer  Results ◦ 45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls ◦ 90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as controls ◦ Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much as the controls 57
  • 58. A View of Life  Conclusion ◦ Research hypothesis was not supported by results ◦ However, research hypothesis was not proven false by negative results  Revised experiment ◦ Grow wheat in same pots for several generations ◦ Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved production in pigeon pea pots 58
  • 59. A View of Life  Results ◦ After second year:  Production following nitrates declined  Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all ◦ After third year  Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls  Revised conclusions ◦ Research hypothesis supported ◦ Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over nitrates 59
  • 61. A View of Life  Defining Life - Emergent Properties ◦ Materials and Energy ◦ Reproduction and Development ◦ Adaptations and Natural Selection  Biosphere Organization ◦ Human Population ◦ Biodiversity  Classification  The Scientific Method 61
  • 62. Ending Slide Chapter 01 A View of Life

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader A View of Life Slide # Chapter 01
  2. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader A View of Life Slide # Chapter 01
  3. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader A View of Life Slide # Chapter 01
  4. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader A View of Life Slide # Chapter 01