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Life diversity
- 1. The Five-Kingdom System An Overview
- 2. How many organisms are there in the world?
- 3. 1.5 million known species on earth – 250,000 plants – 750,000 insects – 43,000 vertebrates 4200 mammals 9000 birds 6300 reptiles 4200 amphibians 18,000 bony fishes 900 cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes
- 4. Classification System Why classify organisms? – Method of organizing creatures into some meaningful pattern Current method uses similar shared observable characteristics that are unique to that group of organisms (phenetic scheme)
- 5. What do these animals have in common? Why classify bats and hummingbirds together but not include dragonflies?
- 6. Kingdoms Shared characteristics among Kingdoms –All are made up of cells –All have DNA with the same genetic code
- 8. What are species? What are genera? What are kingdoms?
- 9. What are Species? Interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei
- 10. What are Genera? An inclusive group of similar species, usually with anatomical similarities Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus Genus = Peromyscus
- 11. What are Kingdoms? Major unit of biological classification
- 13. KPCOFGS Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Corvus Species: brachyrhynchos
- 14. American crow Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (with backbones) Class: Aves (birds) Order: Passeriformes (songbirds) Family: Corvidae (crows, jays) Genus: Corvus Species: brachyrhynchos
- 15. Corvus brachyrhynchus Why Latin? “Dead” language – no changes being made; it is not in use today Common names are often shared among several species; may differ from region to region; may not be understood in different cultures Assures a unique name for each species
- 16. Lasionycteris noctivagans Nocti = nocturnal Vagans = wanderer Nyct = night, nocturnal Lasio = shaggy Silver-haired bat “night wandering shaggy bat”
- 17. Classification System 5 Kingdom System – Monera – Protista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia
- 18. Differences among Kingdoms 1. Monera: Prokaryotic cell structure 2. Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular 3. Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall, no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic 4. Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophic 5. Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellular
- 19. Classification System 5 Kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
- 21. Bacteria Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our oxygen atmosphere by photosynthesis. fossil cyanobacteria http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html
- 22. Prokaryota Include eubacteria and archaebacteria Most abundant/diverse Prokaryotic organisms Lacks an organized nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Nostoc (cyanobacterium)
- 23. 1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
- 24. Eubacteria Eubacteria (“True bacteria”) have 3 methods of energy acquisition – Chemosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (ammonia, sulfur) – Photosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from sunlight and convert to carbohydrate energy – Heterotrophic bacteria: saprophytes and symbionts
- 25. Archaebacteria – Oldest and most primitive organisms known – Life’s extremists, occupying environments that “normal” organisms find too harsh – 3 types methanogens, halophiles, thermacidophiles – thermacidophile example: lives in heated acid springs, mud pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5.
- 26. Roles in Ecosystem Can cause disease – Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis Photosynthesis and oxygen production Food source Nutrient transfer – (convert inert N to organic forms useable by plants) Spirulina Decomposition – Saprophytic (decompose dead tissue) – Symbiotic (live within a host multicellular organism) Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria
- 27. Kingdom Protista
- 28. Protista Protozoans and mostly unicellular algae Heterotrophic and autotrophic Occur in freshwater, saltwater, soil Because of tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult. paramecium
- 29. Protista Protozoa – Single-celled, motile, heterotrophic – Digest food by engulfing, breaking down, and absorbing it Algae – Single-celled to colonial – Diatoms, golden brown algae, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, green algae – Subdivided by type of photosynthetic pigment Slime molds Eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants!
- 31. Protista – Roles in Ecosystem Photosynthesis and oxygen production Food source (brown, red, green algae) – Animal feed, fertilizers – Algae sheets used in some Japanese dishes – Additive to puddings, ice cream, salad dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate) Can cause disease – Avian malaria, human malaria, amoebic dysentery
- 32. Protista and Red Tides Population explosion of dinoflagellates Neurotoxin released Shellfish concentrate toxin Humans can be killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg
- 33. Kingdom Fungi
- 34. Fungi Mushrooms, blights, rusts, molds >60,000 species Heterotrophic Chitinous cell wall Symbiotic – 2 or more organisms live together in close association Mostly multicellular – Yeasts are unicellular
- 35. Fungi Hyphae = filaments make up the body of a fungus Collectively, hyphae are called mycelium Can produce sporocarps Absorptive heterotrophs en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus – Hyphae have small volume, large surface area so enhance absorptive capacity – Break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto substrate then absorbing food molecules
- 36. Fungi ~6 taxonomic divisions: Zygomycota – bread molds Glomeromycota – arbuscular mycorrihizal fungi Ascomycota – yeasts, sac fungi, Penicillium Basidiomycota – mushrooms, toadstools, rusts Lichens – fungus-algae relationship Deuteromycota – everything else www.tolweb.org/Fungi
- 37. Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem Food source – Mushrooms, truffles, morels – Mycorrhizae – Fungal colonies in cheeses give them their flavor – Beer and wine produced with yeasts www.genomenewsnetwork.org/a rticles/12_03/yeast_screen.shtml Antibiotics – Penicillin helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/p enicill.htm www.treepics.co.uk/education/animals/index.ph p?n=squirrel
- 38. Benefit wildlife – Food, nest sites, hiding cover Caribou feeding on lichens
- 39. Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem American chestnut, late 1800s Crop parasites cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious disease Claviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight Claviceps purpurea
- 40. Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem Symbiosis - mutualism – Lichens (fungus+alga) – Mycorrhizae Lichen Mycorrhizal fungi
- 42. Kingdom Plantae
- 43. Plants >300,000 known species Multicellular phototrophs Cell wall with cellulose 2 groups – Nonvascular (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) – Vascular (common plants like pines, ferns, corn, and oaks)
- 44. Plants Nonvascular plants – Small (lack of conducting cells keeps them <5” high) – First evolved approximately 500 million years ago, likely were the earliest land plants http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bryoph1.htm Vascular plants – Have specialized transporting cells Xylem (for transporting water and mineral nutrients) Phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant) www.ventephoto.com/image10.htm
- 46. Plants – Roles in Ecosystem List 3 functional roles that plants play in your life. my.opera.com/Mathilda/albums/show.dml?id=45047 Food source Generate oxygen Provide habitat
- 47. Kingdom Animalia
- 48. Animals Big-brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus Multicellular heterotrophs No cell wall External or internal skeletons for support Skin to reduce water loss Muscles for moving to find food Brains, nervous system for integration of signals Internal digestive systems
- 49. Animals - Feeding Strategies Heterotrophs – Herbivores – eat plants – Granivores – eat seeds – Frugivores – eat fruits – Foliovores – eat leaves – Carnivores – eat other animals – Piscivores – eat fish
- 50. Animals - 2 main groups Invertebrate Phyla – Porifera – Platyhelminthes – Annelida – Arthropoda – Cnidaria – Nematoda – Mollusca – Echinodermata Vertebrate Phylum – Phylum Chordata – Subphylum Vertebrata
- 51. Animals - Invertebrates Phylum Porifera – Sponges, primitive filter feeders Phylum Cnidaria – Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones Phylum Mollusca – Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams – Gastropods – snails, slugs – Cephalopods – squids, octopi Phylum Echinodermata – Sea urchins and sea stars Phylum Arthropoda http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7004909622962894202&q=shar – Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and more
- 53. Animals - Vertebrates Phylum Chordata: 50,000 vertebrates 2 groups – Jawless forms (Class Agnatha) hagfish, lamprey – Jawed forms – most of the animals we know
- 54. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Condrichthyes www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm
- 55. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Osteichthyes www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm
- 56. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Amphibia www.natureserve.org
- 57. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Reptilia www.natureserve.org
- 58. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Aves www.natureserve.org
- 59. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Mammalia www.natureserve.org
- 60. A Short Review
- 61. 1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
- 62. 2. Chloroplasts This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
- 63. 3. Cell Wall This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
- 64. 4. Chitin v. Cellulose chitin Inflexible, tough, insoluble in water cellulose
- 65. 5. Heterotropic v Autotrophic Autotrophic = “self-feeding” – Create food through photosynthesis Heterotrophic = “other feeding” – Must absorb food – Can grow through or on a substrate, break down the substrate, absorb nutrients This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
- 66. 6. Unicellular v Multicellular unicellular bacteria cell multicellular animal cell This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
- 67. Differences among Kingdoms Archaeabacteria: Prokaryotic cell structure Eubacteria: Prokaryotic cell structure Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall, no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic 5. Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophic 6. Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellular 1. 2. 3. 4.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Morphologically similar
- What differences/similarities do you see in the morphology of these 2 species?
- Monera from all other kingdoms
- Lyme disease – carried by mammals and birds, transmitted by ticks to humans Many heterotrophic bacteria also cause diseases such as strep throat, rheumatic fever, cholera, gonorrhea, syphilis, and toxic shock syndrome. Bacteria can cause disease by destroying cells, releasing toxins, contaminating food, or by the reaction of the body to the infecting bacteria. Bacterial infections can be controlled by vaccinations and antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics interfere with some aspect of the replication of bacteria, and are produced by microorganisms such as fungi, that compete with bacteria for resources. Penicillin, the first antibiotic discovered, inhibits the synthesis of new cell walls in certain types of bacteria. However, the overuse of antibiotics during the past fifty years has led to natural selection favoring antibiotic resistance. There are reportedly more than 50 strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria, necessitating the development of new antibiotics and the frequent change of antibiotics in treatment.
- Euglena, diatoms, paramecium
- Euglena, diatoms, paramecium
- Protista: Tremendous diversity – unicellular and multicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic, variety of photosynthetic pigments
- Fungi, lichens
- Fungi, lichens
- Fungi, lichens
- Lichen pictured is a favorite of caribou. Lacewing using lichen to camoflage (http://www.lichen.com/animals.html)
- Symbiosis – 2 or more species live together in close association Mutualism = both benefit Lichen = algae + fungi Mycorrhizae – fungus + plant, fungus helps with water absorption, ion transfer; tree supplies fungus with food (carbohydrates) Lichens are a symbiosis between a photosynthetic organism (alga or cyanobacterium) and a fungus (sac or club). Mycorrhizae are fungi (usually a zygomycete or basidiomycete) symbiotic with the roots of plants. Both relationships are mutualistic: both parties benefit. Fungi provide nutrients from the substrate, the phototroph provides food. Plants with mycorrhizae grow better: the plant gets nutrients from the fungus in exchange for carbohydrates. The word "mycorrhizae" literally means "fungus-roots" and defines the close mutually beneficial relationship between specialized soil fungi (mycorrhizal fungi) and plant roots.About 95% of the world’s land plants form the mycorrhizal relationship in their native habitats. It is estimated that mycorrhizal fungal filaments explore hundreds to thousands more soil volume compared to roots alone.Benefits include: Improved nutrient and water uptake Improved root growth Improved plant growth and yield Improved disease resistance Reduced transplant shock Reduced drought stress http://www.mycorrhizae.com/WhatAreMyco.php
- See picture of mycorrhizal pine seedlings growing in a glass box. Miles of white fungal filaments radiate from the root system of these little trees
- Fungi, lichens
- Fungi, lichens
- Fungi, lichens
- Gray triggerfish Oscar Yellowfin tuna Swordfish Great barracuda
- Arizona Treefrog Northern Leopard Frog Arizona Tiger Salamander Arizona Toad
- Western fence lizard Short horned lizard Gila monster Arizona coral snake Desert box turtle
- Monera from all other kingdoms
- Presence of chloroplasts separates Plantae from Fungi (fungi are white)
- Animalia from Plantae and Fungi
- Cell wall in plants is cellulose-based, in fungi it is chitin-based. Both substances are inflexible, tough, and insoluble in water. Cellulose = polymer of D-glucose. Cellulose and chitin are very similar, differing only in chitin having a nitrogen-containing group in place of cellulose’s hydroxyl group (OH). Also forms part of the hard outer covering of insects
- Autotrophic = Plantae Heterotrophic = Fungi, Animalia Heterotrophic and Autotrophic = Monera, Protista
- Monera and Protista from Fungi, Plantae, Animalia