1. CELL BIOLOGY
HCB 11103
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY
1

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• To understand basic science CELL BIOLOGY
• Comprehend the way in which molecules of a
cell cooperate to create a system that
feeds, moves, grows, divides and respond to
stimuli
• Be acquainted with the core concepts of cell
biology in considerable depth

3. WHAT IS EXPECTED ON ME
UPON COMPLETING THIS
SUBJECT

4. You are EXPECTED to…
• Acquire essential information of cell biology
concepts that will help you to understand
other biology subjects
• Identify the cellular structure, function and
dysfunction ultimately result from specific
macromolecules interactions
• Apply the concepts of cell biology using
human example

5. CELL BIOLOGY
Student Learning Time (SLT)
LECTURE: 22 HOURS
TUTORIALS & LAB PRACTICAL: 21 HOURS
OTHERS: 10 ½ HOURS
-exam, test, assignment,etc
NF2F: 68 HOURS (independent learning)

6. Assessment Methods & Types
• Continuous assessments : 30%
• Mid term: 30%
• Final exam: 40%
• Passing marks: ↑ 40%
• Fail: 0-39% * refer to university rules &
regulation handbook
• Teamwork & participation

7. STUDY TIPS
Study smart vs study hard
Active learning
Student centered learning

8. Excels in Cell Biology
• Understand and memorize
• Enjoy the fascinating of GOD creation, the cell
with W types of questions.
• Be prepared before coming to lectures, do your
own research.
• You are suppose to be responsible for your
studies not the lecturers, they only guide you.
• Power points note is for your reference not for
you to depend on, and you are not suppose to
give power point answer scheme during
examination.
• Time investment.

9. NO SPOON FEEDING
• INDEPENDENT LEARNING
• ACTIVE LEARNING
• STUDENT ORIENTED
• APPLIED KNOWLEDGE
• CHALLENGE YOURSELF TO BE ANALYTICAL

10. CHAPTERS

11. • INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY
• CHEMICAL BASIC OF LIFE
• STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CELLS & THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
• ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
• CYTOSKELETON

12. REFERENCES
Compulsory
Gerald Karp (2008). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley
& Sons; 5th edition.
Additional:
1.Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Dennis Bray, Karen
Hopkin, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter (2003). Essential Cell Biology. Garland
Science/Taylor & Francis Group; 2nd edition.2.Albert, Bruce (2008). Molecular Biology of
the Cell. Garland Science; 5th edition.

13. Cell + Biology = Cell Biology
Bio + logy = Biology

14. BIOLOGY?
Biology (from Greek βιολογία - βίος, bios, "life"; -λογία, -logia, study of) is
the science that studies living organisms
principles Botany biochemistry
Cell theory Molecular
structure Evolution biology
function Zoology
Genes
Living things origin Homeostasis Cellular
biology
Energy
evolution
Microbiology Cell physiology
distribution
classification
Ecology 14

15. CELL BIOLOGY?
• Cell biology (formerly cytology, from the
Greek kytos, "container").
Cell properties/ physiology
Structure
Organelles
Interaction with the
environments
15

16. Why are these scientist keen to study the
cell @ “container”, “krytos”?

17. Cell is structural and functional
unit of all living organism

18. The cell is the structural unit of life.
All organism is make up of cells. 18

19. 1.1 The Discovery of Cells (1)
• The discovery of cells
followed form the
invention of the
microscope by Robert
Hooke, and its
refinement by Anton
Leewenhoek.

20. The Discovery of Cells (2)
• Cell theory was articulated in the mid-1800s
by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow.
– All organisms are composed or one or more cell.
– The cell is the structural unit of life.
– Cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.

21. 1.2 Basic Properties of Cells (1)
• Life is the most basic
property of cells.
• Cells can grow and
reproduce in culture for
extended periods.
– HeLa cells are cultured
tumor cells isolated form
a cancer patient
(Henrietta Lacks) by
George Gey in 1951.
– Cultured cells are an
essential tool for cell
biologists.

22. Basic Properties of Cells (2)
• Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized
– Cellular processes are highly regulated.
– Cells from different species share similar
structure, composition and metabolic features that have
been conserved throughout evolution.

23. Basic Properties of Cells (2)

24. Basic Properties of Cells (3)
• Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means
to Use It
– Genes encode information to build each cell, ad
the organism.
– Genes encode information for cellular
reproduction, activity, and structure.

25. Levels of cellular and molecular organization

26. Basic Properties of Cells (4)
• Cells Are Capable of
Producing More of
Themselves
– Cells reproduce, and
each daughter cells
receives a complete set
of genetic instructions.

27. Basic Properties of Cells (5)
• Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy
– Photosynthesis provides fuel for all living
organisms.
– Animal cells derive energy from the products of
photosynthesis, mainly in the form of glucose.
– Cell can convert glucose into ATP—a substance
with readily available energy.

28. Basic Properties of Cells (6)
• Cells Acquire and Utilize
Energy
• Cells Carry Out a Variety
of Chemical Reactions
• Cells Engage in
Mechanical Activities
• Cells Are Able to
Respond to Stimuli

29. Basic Properties of Cells (7)
• Cells Are Capable of
Self-Regulation
• Cells Evolve

30. 1.3 Two Fundamentally Different
Classes of Cells (1)
• Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic are
distinguished by their
size and type of
organelles.
• Prokaryotes are all
bacteria, which arose
~3.7 billion years ago.
• Eukaryotes include
protists, animals, plan
ts and fungi.

31. A Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

32. A Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

33. Basic Properties of Cells (2)
• Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
– Complexity: Prokaryotes are relatively simple;
eukaryotes are more complex in structure and
function.
– Genetic material:
• Packaging: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region whereas
eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.
• Amount: Eukaryotes have much more genetic material than
prokaryotes.
• Form: Eukaryotes have many chromosomes made of both
DNA and protein whereas prokaryotes have a single, circular
DNA.

34. The structure of cells

35. The structure of cells

36. The structure of cells

37. Basic Properties of Cells (3)
• Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
– Cytoplasm: Eukaryotes have membrane-bound
organelles ad complex cytoskeletal proteins. Both
have ribosomes but they differ in size.
– Cellular reproduction: Eukaryotes divide by mitosis;
prokaryotes divide by simple fission.
– Locomotion: Eukaryotes use both cytoplasmic
movement, and cilia and flagella; prokaryotes have
flagella, but they differ in both form and mechanism.

38. The structure
of a eukaryotic
cell

39. The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a
crowded compartment

40. Cellular reproduction in eukaryotes
and prokaryotes

42. Basic Properties of Cells (5)
• Prokaryotic Diversity
– Prokaryotes are identified and classified on the basis of
specific DNA sequences.
– Recent evidence indicates that prokaryotes are more
diverse and numerous than previous thought.

43. Basic Properties of Cells (6)
• Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Specialization
– Unicellular eukaryotes are complex single-celled
organisms.
– Multicellular eukaryotes have different cell types
for different functions.
• Differentiation occurs during embryonic development
in other multicellular organisms.
• Numbers and arrangements of organelles relate to the
function of the cell.
• Despite differentiation, cells have many features in
common.

44. Basic Properties of Cells (7)
• Multicellular eukaryotes have different cell
types for different functions.
– Model Organisms:
• Cell research focuses on six model organisms.
• These are the bacterium Escherichia coli, the yeast
Saccharomyces, the mustard plant Arabidopsis, the
nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly
Drosophila, and the mouse Mus musculus.

45. Six model organisms

46. The Human Perspective: The Prospect of Cell
Replacement Therapy (1)
• Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable
of self-renewal and differentiation.
– Adult stem cells can be used to replace damaged
or diseased adult tissue.
• Hematopoietic stem cells can produce blood cells in
bone marrow.
• Neural stem cells may be sued to treat
neurodegenerative disorders.

47. An adult stem cell

48. The Human Perspective: The Prospect of Cell
Replacement Therapy (2)
• Embryonic stem (ES) cells have even greater
potential for differentiation (pluripotent) than
adult stem cells.
– ES cells must be differentiated in vitro.
– The use of ES cells involves ethical considerations.

49. A procedure for obtaining differentiated cells for
use in cell replacement therapy

50. The Human Perspective: The Prospect of Cell
Replacement Therapy (3)
• Induced pluripotent (iPS) cells has been
demonstrated in culture.
– Involves reprogramming a fully differentiated cell
into a pluripotent stem cell.
– These cells have been used to correct certain
disease conditions in experimental animals.
– Studies to reveal the mechanism of iPS could have
significant medical applications.

51. Steps taken to generate iPS for use in correcting
the inherited disease sickle cell anemia in mice

52. Basic Properties of Cells (8)
• The Sizes of Cells and Their Components
– Cells are commonly measured in units of
micrometers (1 μm = 10–6 meter) and nanometers
(1 nm = 10–9 meter).
– Cell size is limited:
• By the volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by
the genes in the nucleus.
• By the volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by
exchange of nutrients.
• By the distance over which substances can efficiently
travel through the cytoplasm via diffusion.

53. Relative sizes of
cells and cell
components

54. Basic Properties of Cells (9)
• Synthetic Biology is a field oriented to create
a living cell in the laboratory.
– A more modest goal is to develop novel life
forms, beginning with existing organisms.
– Possible applications to medicine, industry, or the
environment.
– Prospect is good after replacing the genome of
one bacterium with that of a closely related
species.

55. Experimental Pathways: The Origin of Eukaryotic
Cells (1)
• Prokaryotic cells arose first and gave rise to
eukaryotic cells.
• Endosymbiont Theory: organelles in
eukaryotic cells (mitochondria and
chloroplasts) evolved from smaller prokaryotic
cells.

56. Experimental Pathways: The Origin of Eukaryotic
Cells (2)
• Evidence to support endosymbiont theory
– Absence of eukaryote species with organelles in
an intermediate stage of evolution.
– Many symbiotic relations are known among
different organisms.
– Organelles of eukaryotic cells contain their own
DNA.
– Nucleotide sequences of rRNAs from eukaryotic
organelles resembled that of prokaryotes.
– Organelles duplicate independently of nucleus.

57. A model depicting
possible steps in
endosymbiosis