See the atom, touch the atom

See the atom, touch the atom. eva.urvalkova@gmail.com Leiden, TEMI konference, 15. 4. – 17. 4. 2016
See the atom,
touch the atom.
Workshop on nanotechnology and microscopy
Eva Stratilová Urválková
Zdeňka Hájková
Petr Šmejkal
Faculty of Science
Charles University in Prague
Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2

1. How big is nanoworld
2. Nanomaterials – properties; how to prepare
3. Seeing the nanoworld - microscopy
How small is nano? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQzFpP4FSN4
www.sciencenter.org, New York 2009

Order the cards with sizes 1–100 nm to make an axis.
Match pictures to objects, order it from the least to the biggest.
Activity 1: How big is nanoworld?
molecule of water dog flea protein hemoglobin human hair
red blood cell virus influenza bacteria E.coli chloroplast
nanofibres nanoparticles of silver DNA (width) ribosome

Fill in the table. Order the objects in each column from the least to
the biggest.
Objects under the
range of nanoworld
Objects of nanoworld
(1–100 nm)
Objects above the range
of nanoworld
Molecule of water
(0,3 nm)
DNA (width cca 2 nm)
protein hemoglobin
(7 nm)
ribosom (20–30 nm)
Nanoparticles of silver
(10–100 nm;
Fig. 40 nm)
virus influenza(cca 60 nm)
nanofibres (diameter 50–
500 nm; Fig. 200 nm)
nanofibres (50–500 nm;
Fig. 200 nm)
chloroplast (length cca
4 μm)
bacterie E. coli (length 2–
6 μm)
Red blood cell (diameter
7 μm; one of the least
eukaryotes)
Human hair (width 40–
90 μm)
Dog flea (1–3 mm)

If 1 nm was 1 cm (nanoworld = 1-100 cm), find appropriate objects
in macroworld to objects that were in previous activity.
Molecule of water
DNA
protein hemoglobin
ribosom
Nanoparticles of silver
virus influenza
nanofibres
chloroplast
bacterie E. coli
Red blood cell
Human hair
Dog flea
0,3 cm line of a marker
2 cm width of big toe
7 cm tangerine
20-30 cm A4 paper
40 cm chair
60 cm step
cca 2 m men hight
40 m Statue of Liberty (46 m)
20-60 m length of building
70 m Red blood cell
800 m 2x athletic oval
10 000 m ½ Amsterdam-Leiden

Put the right names from the frame to left grey spaces under.
10 µm1 nm 10 nm 1 µm
0,1 µm
(100 nm)
0,1 nm
(100 pm)
0,1 mm
(100 µm)
ATOMS
ATOMS, ORGANELLES, MOLECULES, EUKARYOTE, VIRUSES, BACTERIA
MOLECULES
VIRUSES EUKARYOTES
BACTERIA
ORGANELLES

Nanoparticles, nanostructures  nanomaterials
Created by nature or artificially
Nanosize  unique properties
Nanoscience – studies material properties and phenomena
Nanotechnology – application, produce systems with unique properties
Changes in properties of nanomaterials:
mechanical: strength, hardness, tensibility
magnetic, electric, optic
melting point decreases with lesser size of metals
Nanostructures too small – influenced by atomic forces, character of
chemical bond and quantum effects. (wave behaviour)
2. Nanoworld, nanomaterials: PROPERTIES

Activity 2: Nanomaterials - properties

1. Tyndall effect:
Solution of salt and white egg: what happens to laser beam?
solution colloid
scattering of light

1. Tyndall effect: scattering of light
Find out wheather the material is solution or colloid:
common salt, raw egg white, sugar, vinegar, milk, tea, starch,
laundry detergent, juice
Solutions Colloids
Common salt (solution)
Solution of sugar
vinegar
Raw egg white
Starch in water
laundry detergent
milk in water
tea

2. Nanocheese
Reduce the size of a cube of cheese
two times and fill in the table.
Activity 2: How to prepare nano?
Division
Number
of cubes
A length
of edge
(one cube)
cm
Surface of
one cube
cm2
Surface of
all cubes
cm2
Volume of
one cube
cm3
Volume of
all cubes
cm3
0. 1 2
1.
2.

Activity 2: How to prepare nano?
Division
Number
of cubes
A length
of edge
(one cube)
cm
Surface of
one cube
cm2
Surface of
all cubes
cm2
Volume of
one cube
cm3
Volume of
all cubes
cm3
0. 1 2 24 24 8 8
1. 8 1 6 48 1 8
2. 64 0,5 1,5 96 0,125 8
2. Nanocheese
Reduce the size of a cube of cheese two times and fill in the table.
Changes?
Surface – reactivity
Physical procedure, decomposing
TOP-DOWN technique
≈ woodcarver, carpenter

Activity 2: How to prepare nano (2)?
chemical procedure, synthesis
BOTTOM-UP technique
imitating nature: starts with basic particles – atoms, molecules
assembling to more complex units: e.g. ribosome
SELFASSEMBLING
non-covalent interaction, weak bonds
Pelesko, J.A. Self Assembly: The Science of Things That
Put Themselves Together

3. Selfassembling
Cut the straws into pieces about 1.5 cm.
Pour water into glass and sink at least ten pieces of straw below the
surface, so that there is no air inside of them.
Activity 2: How to prepare nano (2)?
a) before shaking b) after shaking

1. Eye x optical microscopy x electron microscopy?
protein hemoglobin, hydrogen atom, dog flea, bacterium
Escherichia coli, amino acid glycine, flu virus, human hair (diameter),
lysosome
3. Seeing the nanoworld

1. Eye x optical microscopy x electron microscopy?
What is the resolution of optical/light microscopy (LM) and electron
microscopy (EM)?
EM LM eye
hemoglobin
hydrogen
dog fleabakterium
E. coli
AC glycine flu virus
lysosome
human hair
The resolution relates to half of wavelength of particle/object that mediates the interaction.

Electrone microscopy (EM)
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

Electrone microscopy
Object mediating the interaction with sample:
ELECTRONE
(EM)
Transmission
electrone microscopy
TEM
Scanning electrone
microscopy
SEM

TEM
transmission electrone microscopy
Fluorescent screen
Electrone source
(gun)
Sample
Objective lens
Projector lens
Condenser lens
X-ray detector
Condenser lens
Electrone source
(gun)
Objective lens
Deflection coil
Sample
Secondary
electrone
detector
SEM
scanning electrone microscopy

TEM
transmission electrone microscopy
SEM
scanning electrone microscopy
- Vacuum
- Electromagnetic lens
- Similar to LM
- Electrones transmisse
the sample
- Thin sample (up 100 nm)
KEY POINT
- resolution: 0.2 nm
- Vacuum
- Electromagnetic lens
- Focused electrone
beam scan the surface
of the sample
- Sample is covered
with thin layer of heavy
metal
- resolution: 1 nm
- 3D pictures

Seeing the nanoworld – activity 2
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
http://cellimagelibrary.org/images/10452
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
http://image.rakuten.co.jp/homemade/cabinet/img561
68851.jpg
chloroplast Flu virus
2a. Decide which type of electron microscopy was used for these figures
Butterfly in SEM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LE2v3sUzTH4

Work in pairs: one takes the coin and put it under
paper, but the second does not see which. The second
in pair draw the crayon over the surface (not with the
tip, but with site.)
Seeing the nanoworld – activity 2
2c. Demonstrate SEM

Seeing the nanoworld: Scanning Probe Microscopy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aydmT_EGsWk

Seeing the nanoworld: Scanning Probe Microscopy
Techniques used for studying and 3D
projection of surfaces, up to atomic resolution.

SPM: the probe

SPM techniques
SPM
Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy
STM
Atomic Force
Microscopy
AFM
Sequential measuring the interaction between surface of the
sample and the tip of the microscope probe.
! The probe usually does not touch the surface !

SPM techniques
STM - scanning tunelling m.
- Tunnelling current between tip
of the probe and the sample on
distance max 1 nm
- Current depends on the distance
- (semi)conductive sample
- resolution: 0.1 nm-0.001 nm
AFM – atomic force m.
- Studying fundamental
interactions between tip of the
probe and the sample
- Flexible cantilever reacts on van
der Waals and Pauli forces
- non-conductive sample
- resolution: 1-2 nm

SPM demonstration: STM (3a activity)
a) b)
d) e)
g) h)
c)
f)

SPM demonstration: AFM (3b activity)
What is the shape of magnetic fields?
Back of the magnetic film
?

SPM as a manipulator
1990 demonstrated the ability to manipulate 35 individual xenon
atoms using a STM

SPM as a manipulator: activity 3c
Create an object: a house, a star
Use staples without touching them.

SPM as a manipulator: The smallest movie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0

Thank you for attention 

See the atom, touch the atom

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