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Chapter 8:  Main Memory
Chapter 8:  Memory Management ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object]
Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Base and Limit Registers ,[object Object]
Binding of Instructions and Data to Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multistep Processing of a User Program
Logical vs. Physical Address Space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Memory-Management Unit ( MMU ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic relocation using a relocation register
Dynamic Loading ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic Linking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Swapping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schematic View of Swapping
Contiguous Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HW address protection with base and limit registers
Contiguous Allocation (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],OS process 5 process 8 process 2 OS process 5 process 2 OS process 5 process 2 OS process 5 process 9 process 2 process 9 process 10
Dynamic Storage-Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How to satisfy a request of size  n  from a list of free holes First-fit and best-fit better than worst-fit in terms of speed and storage utilization
Fragmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Compaction ,[object Object],[object Object],Operating System  Operating System  3M Process 11M Process 7M Process 11M 32M 8M Process 24M 3M Process 21M 1M Process 20M 11M Process 9M 7M Process 1M 32M 2M 1M 8M
Paging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Address Translation Scheme ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],page number page offset p d m - n n
Paging Hardware
Paging Model of Logical and Physical Memory
Paging Example 32-byte memory and 4-byte pages
Free Frames Before allocation After allocation
Implementation of Page Table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Associative Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Page # Frame #
Paging Hardware With TLB
Effective Access Time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Memory Protection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Valid (v) or Invalid (i) Bit In A Page Table
Shared Pages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Shared Pages Example
Segmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
User’s View of a Program
Logical View of Segmentation 1 3 2 4 user space  physical memory space 1 4 2 3
Segmentation Architecture  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Segmentation Architecture (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Segmentation Architecture (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Segmentation Hardware
Example of Segmentation
Sharing of Segments
Problems that still Remain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Ch8