21. Diagrammatic
representation
of the
translocation
patterns of
coarse
(inhalable),
inhalable
fine
(thoracic )
and
ultrafine/n
anosized
(respirable)
respirable
particles in the
human
respiratory
system.
25. Electron micrograph of a fine mode
particle collected by an impactor
from air outside an engineering
laboratory at the UCLA. A halo
surrounds residues of what are
Dangerous dirt. probably inorganic salts and polar
organic compounds dissolved in the
original aqueous droplet. Sootlike
particles are also present.
26.
27. Aggregates of ultrafine particles
collected on the last stage of
an eight-stage impactor. These
are soot particles emitted from
diesel engine sources such as
buses. More volatile particles
may have evaporated
Dangerous dirt. in the electron microscope.
28. (A)Particle deposition within the regions of the lung (tracheobronchi and alveolar) with respect to particle
size. (B) Schematic of course particle (green) preferential deposition within the upper regions of the
green
pulmonary system. (C) Schematic of fine and ultrafine ⁄ nanoparticle (red) deposition.
These smaller particles are found throughout the lung, but preferentially deposit within the alveolar
region.
29. Annual National PM2.5 air quality trends, 2001-2008 (annual average
concentration and 98th percentile of 24‑ hour concentration in μg/m3).
13 11
Annual National PM2.5 17%
30. From 1970 to 2008 particulate matter has decreased by over 50 % in ambient
air.
Canada
1984-2008
PM 2.5 54 %
2008PM2.5
8.13
10
33. 24‑ hour National PM2.5 air quality trends, 2001-2008 (annual average
concentration and 98th percentile of 24‑ hour concentration in μg/m3).
34
27
24-hour PM2.5 19%
41. Results:
• A total of 37,801, 75,960, and 11,580
children were studied in 1987, 1994 and
2002, respectively.
2002
• The prevalence of allergic diseases had
increased in the past two decades.
Results indicate that the prevalence of
bronchial asthma had risen, from
2.19 % in 1987 , and 3.54% in
1994, to 6.99 % in 2002 .
42.
43. • The overall cumulative and 12-month
preva-lence of wheezing, rhinitis, and
eczema in the younger children
group were 7.4 % , 43.0%, and 7.2%,
respectively.
• The results indicated that the prevalence
of “asthma ever” and “wheezing
ever” was 14.6% and 15.2%.
45. 997,729 enrolees from the NHI register from 2000 to
2007 .
8-year prevalences of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and
asthma were 6.7%, 26.3% and 11.9 %,
respectively.
Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis, Allergic Rhinitis and
Asthma in Taiwan: A National Study 2000 to
2007
Chian-Yaw Hwang1,2, Yi-Ju Chen2,3, Ming-Wei Lin4,5, Tzeng-Ji
Chen6,7, Szu-Ying Chu1,2, Chih-Chiang Chen1,2, Ding-Dar
Lee1,2, Yun-Ting Chang1,2,8, Wen-Jen Wang 1,2 and Han-Nan
Liu1,2,9
Departments of 1Dermatology, 4Medical Research and Education and
6Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 2Department
of Dermatology,
5Institute of Public Health, 7Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming
University, Departments of Dermatology, 9National Defense Medical
Center, Taipei,
3Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, and 8National Yang
Ming University Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan
Acta Derm Venereol 2010; 90: 589–594
69. Median Age in 9 Countries:2008, 2020 , and 2040 (In
years)
2020 2040
Taiwan
1974
21 26 30 37
1987 1996 2009
43 歲 53
Taiwan
2060
60
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, accessed on January 17, 2008.
84. We estimate that these additional local controls would yield benefits
well in excess of costs , by a ratio of at least 30 to 1.
• Based on the air quality analysis in this RIA, the EPA projects that
nearly all counties with PM2.5 monitors in the U.S. would meet an
annual standard of 12 μg/m3 by 2020 without additional federal,
state, or local PM control programs.
• This demonstrates the substantial progress that the U.S. has made
in reducing air pollution emissions over the last several decades.
• Regulations such as the EPA’s recent Mercury and Air Toxics
Standards (MATS), the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR),
and other federal programs such as diesel standards will provide
substantial improvements in regional concentrations of PM2.5.
• Our analysis shows a few areas would still need additional
emissions reductions to address local sources of air pollution,
including ports and uncontrolled industrial emissions.
• For this reason, we have designed the RIA analysis to focus on
local controls in these few areas. We estimate that these
additional local controls would yield benefits well in excess of
costs, by a ratio of at least 30 to 1.