What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Case Studies in IPM Pest/disease Management

1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Vegetablesby Weston Miller Weston Miller

2. Preview of Presentation IPM Process Weed Management IPM Case Studies

3. Integrated Pest Management A strategy to prevent and suppress pests with minimum impact on human health, the environment and non-target organisms. Decision-making process that uses regular monitoring to decide if and when treatments are needed to control a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to keep pest numbers low.

4. OSU’s IPM Mission Encourage sustainable gardening Identify and monitor before acting. Consider management options Cultural (healthy plants; sanitation) Physical(hand picking) Biological (Bt) Chemical controls (organic or synthetic). Consider least toxic first!

5. Some Considerations Value of plant ($ and personal) Time constraints Cost of treatment Toxicity of available controls Personal gardening philosophy

6. Management Principles of IPM Prevention Monitor the plants Identify the pest organism learn life cycle Establish an acceptable injury level Manage the situation Cultural Physical Biological Chemical Record and Evaluate

7. Cultural Control Methods Grow healthy plants!

8. Prevention Take care of soil Drainage Right plant, right place Choose adapted crops and varieties Resistant varieties

9. Prevention Avoid over watering or under watering veggies. Plan a watering schedule Irrigate in the morning Irrigate soil, not plants Provide air flow.

10. Attract Natural Enemies http://ippcweb.science.oregonstate.edu/Pocket_Guide_of_Natural_Enemies.pdf

11. Plant Many Companions

12. Plant to Attract Beneficials Mint family Marigolds Alyssum Broccoli family Carrot family Sunflower family Buckwheat Phacelia

13. Physical Control Methods Are you willing to squash aphids?

14. Handpicking Squash ‘em or put in soapy water

15. Row cover (Cornell University)

16. Water Jet Aphids Aphids Spider mites Spider mites

17. Biological and Chemical Control Methods For treatments that you buy: Look for targeted treatments instead of wide spectrum treatments Make sure crop and pest is listed on label

18. Biological Control Methods Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt

19. B.t. kurstaki and caterpillars

20. B.t. israelensis and fungus gnats

21. B.t. san diego and elm leaf beetle

22. B.t. israelensis and mosquitos Dunk

23. Beauvaria bassiana

24. Spinosad

26. Rotenone

27. PyrethrinsDerived from botanical sources Biodegrade rapidly Widely varying levels of toxicity

28. Botanical insecticide: Neem From seeds of the neem tree Broad spectrum against many pests Must be ingested to be toxic Low mammalian toxicity May require repeat applications

30. Read the product label

31. Understand the instructions

32. Follow safety precautions

33. Use common sense

35. No Weed Solution

36. Weed Control Many weeds are edible Dandelion, pigweed, purslane, chickweed, cress, mustard, lambs-quarters Sun choke

37. Weed Control Habitat for beneficials and pollinators Parsley, aster, broccoli families Let several plants flower and not seed

38. Fodder for Compost

39. Don’t let invasives go to seed! Many weeds produce 1000 - 25,000 seeds/plant Some produce 100,000 or more (pigweed) Half-life of many common weeds is 2-8 years http://njaes.rutgers.edu/images/photos/weeds/large/commonpigweed-full.jpg

40. Don’t bring in new weeds Avoid bringing new weeds to the garden in horse manure, compost, or straw Horse Manure must be hot composted. Request records.

41. Mechanical Weeding Use comfortable tools Be diligent Kill weeds when young (2-3 true leaves) More effective when warm, dry, and windy Control weeds early in crop growth – when they can compete most with crops

42. Mulching and Close spacing

43. Transplants Get a Head Start

44. Stale Seedbed Method Plough or spade Prepare seedbed Irrigation or rain then wait 1-2 weeks Light cultivation (or otherwise kill weeds) Repeat if possible Plant or sow seed Good for July seed planting

45. Mulch Considerations Plastic mulch Purchase disposal irrigation Straw mulch weed seeds irrigation nitrogen

46. Coping with Perennial Weeds Morning glory, quack grass, creeping buttercup, bent grass with rhizomes

47. Cover Crops

48. Are Your Veggies Sick? Photo: Lindsay DuToit

49. Most Plant Problems Caused by non-living factors Poor growing conditions Temperature extremes Poor water management Soil compaction Mechanical injury Abiotic factors also make plants susceptible to pests / diseases.

50. Non-Living (Abiotic) Causes Weather: heat, cold, wind, water Mechanical damage Nutrient deficiencies or toxicities Toxins: pesticides, soil or air pollutants From http://www.pioneer.co.nz/

51. Hail on my Kale

52. Extreme Deformities (B) Back to Basics: http://www.back-to-basics.net/nds/index.htm#

53. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/M1190.html

54. Living (Biotic) Causes Vertebrate pests Insects & mites Nematodes Fungi Bacteria Viruses

55. Your Thinking Process Understand problem (research!) Form tentative diagnosis (confirm) Identify management options Implement management practice Monitor effects Record observations

56. PATTERNS OF DAMAGE In the field and on the leaf Damage that spreads is from a living cause, however, nutrient deficiency symptoms can worsen over time Uniform => Nonliving Nonuniform => Living

57. Diagnosing Plant Problems Symptom Change in the plant, ie. yellowing, holes in leaves, wilting, dead tissue, etc. Sign The organism that’s causing the damage, ie. insect, mold, frass, etc.

59. Ensure adequate moisture especially on small fruit

60. Check soil Ca level amend with lime in fallSunscald

62. Use sterile potting supplies

63. Buy disease resistant seeds

65. Slugs n’ Snails What do they need to live? Encourage predators Birds, snakes, ground beetles Eliminate habitat Beer and board traps Chemical (baits) Iron phosphate metaldahyde

66. Scissors

67. Vertebrates Song Birds Violet-green swallow

68. Common Garter Snake © David Rosen Toad Pacific Chorus Frog © David Rosen

69. Domestic Ducks

70. Trapping Slugs and Snails

71. Slugs- Chemical Control (O) Iron phosphate (slower acting) Metaldehyde (danger) Toxic to pets

72. Copper Strips?

73. Diatomaceous Earth For Slugs ‘n snails Repeat applications Effective?

74. Aphids Signs and Symptoms?

75. Case Study- Aphids Cabbage aphids Monitor plants Identify pest and life cycle Multiple generations/ year, Parthenogenic Honeydew and sooty mold

76. Acceptable Injury Level For gardeners, tolerence will differ between individuals.

77. Aphids Beans, cabbage, artichoke Cultural Avoid excess N Physical Washing w/ water Biological Attract beneficials (plan!) Release beneficials? Chemical Neem, insecticidal soap (O) Endosulfan, malathion

78. Flea Beetle

79. Crop Damage: Severe in hot, dry weather Young plants susceptible after 6-8 leaves plants compensate for damage Larvae may damage root brassicas Broccoli, cabbage, etc.

80. Flea beetles - Biology and life history Most flea beetle species have similar life cycles. Adults overwinter in trash around field margins. They become active in late March through May. Flea beetles lay their very small eggs in May in the soil around the plant, on the leaves, or in cavities hollowed out in stems. The larvae feed on the foliage, mine the leaves, or attack the roots, depending on the species, usually from June to mid-July, when pupation in the soil occurs. Next generation of Adults emerge from July through early September and feed a short time before overwintering in trash around field margins. Depending on the species, there are one or two generations each year. Courtesy of Dave Muehleisen WSU

81. Flea Beetle Control Cultural Physical Waxy leaved varieties more tolerant Delayed seeding Use transplants and rowcovers Trap crops Biological nematodes (larvae only) soil must be warmer than 53°F Chemical- all broad spectrum pyrethrins (O) malathion carbaryl esfenvalerate

82. Leaf Miners

83. Beet Leaf Miner Cultural Control weeds- Lamb’s quarters Destroy infected material Crop rotation- Pupa over winter in soil Row covers during April and May Biological- attract natural enemies Chemical- (O) rotenone (mix with pyrethrins) (O) spinosid Neither if grown for greens

84. Row cover (Cornell University)

85. Principles of IPM Prevention Monitor the plants Identify the pest organism learn life cycle Establish an acceptable injury level Manage the situation Cultural Physical Biological Chemical (organic and synthesized) Evaluation

86. Review of Presentation IPM Process IPM Case Studies Physical Means Conservation Biological Approach Some Products