This document provides an overview of a Spanish grammar book titled "Libro de Gramática" by Taloradora. It includes a table of contents listing 16 chapters that cover topics such as the present tense, ser and estar, verbs like gustar, nouns and articles, the preterite vs imperfect tenses, subjunctive moods, commands, and object pronouns. The document then provides examples and explanations of the present tense conjugations, uses of ser and estar, and the differences between the preterite and imperfect tenses.

1. LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA
Por Taloradora

2. 1. Pagina Titulada 9. Subjunctive in Adj Clause
2. Indice de Materiales 10. Commands
3. Presente (-AR; -ER; -IR) 11. Object Pronouns
4. Ser y Estar 12. Possessive Adj & Pronouns
5. Verbos Como Gustar 13. Demonstrative Adj & Pronouns
6. Nouns/ Articles/ Adjs 14. Reflexives
7. Preterite vs Imperfect 15. Por y Para
8. Subj. in Noun Clause 16. To Become

3. EL PRESENTE
Present Tense is used to express habitual actions that will take
place in the near future.
-AR -ER/IR
-o -amos -o -emos/
imos
Examples:
-as Bailar
-es
Tú bailes bien.
-a -an -e -en (You dance well.)
Comer
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Yo como muchos tacos.
Yo (I) Nosotros/as (I eat many tacos.)
(We) Salir
Tú Nosotros salimos de la
(You- informal) escuela.
El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/ (We leave the school.)
(He/She/You- Ustedes
formal) (They, You
all)

4. EL PRESENTE: LOS VERBOS
CON CAMBIOS DE RAÍZ
(o-ue) (e-i)
Puedo Podemos Pido Pedimos
Puedes Pides
Poder
Pedir
Puede Pueden Pide Piden
(e-ie) Jugar has a u-ue stem
Pienso Pensamos change in all but the
nosotros form; incluir and
Piensas
Pensar
destruir have an i-y stem
Piensa Piensan change in all but the
4
nosotros form.

5. EL PRESENTE : “YO”
IRREGULAR
Verbs with –go in the yo form
Tener Oir Hacer
Tengo Tenemos Oigo Oimos Hago Hacemos
Tienes Oyes Haces
Tiene Tienen Oye Oyen Hace Hacen
Other verbs with an irregular yo form
Proteger (e-ie) Conocer (c-zc)
Protejo Protegemos Conozco Conocemos
Proteges Conoces
Proteje Protegen Conoce Conocen
Ir Ser Estar Dar
Voy Vamos Soy Somos Estoy Estamos Doy Damos
Vas Eres Estas Das
Va Van Es Son Está Están Da Dan

6. Time: Hour, day, and date. Geographic or Physical Location
¿Qué hora es? ¿Dónde estás?
Possesion State or Condition
Es de Pepe ¿Cómo estás tú?
Origin Many Idiomatic Expressions
Soy de America. estar de acuerdo.
Occupation Progressive Tenses
Soy maestra. Estoy comiendo galletas.
Nationality
Soy americana. Although both verbs
Political/ Religious Affiliation
Somos católicos.
Mean “to be”,
Where an event is taking place ESTAR is temporary.
Es en la plaza.
SER is permanent.
Essential Qualities
For conjugation, look at slide #5.
Eres muy bonita, Sra. Linares.
6

7. SER Y ESTAR: CON
ADJECTIVOS
Ser and estar both mean “to be”, but the context they
are used in can mean two very different things.
POR EJEMPLO
As you can see, the sentence
SER
Taloradora es muy using SER implies that
simpatica Taloradora generally always
(Taloradora is very has a nice personality. The
nice.) sentence using ESTAR
ESTAR implies that Taloradora is
Taloradora esta muy only being nice today, which
simpatica hoy. is temporary and not a
general personality trait.
(Taloradora is very

8. L O S V E R B O S C O M O G U S TA R
“Gustar” is unique because it’s only conjugated two ways:
“Gusta” and “Gustan”. Which form of gustar used depends on
whether the direct object is singular or plural.
Gustar To like
Molestar To be a bother Examples:
Gustar
Fascinar To be fascinating to Me gustan los flores.
Aburrir To bore (I like the flowers.)
Importar To be important to Encantar
Te encanta comprar.
Interesar To be interesting to (You love to shop.)
Disgustar To hate something Doler
Doler (e-ue) To be painful Nos duelen los pies.
(We hurt our feet.)
Encantar To “love” something Me duele la mano.
Quedar To remain (I hurt my hand.)
Verbs similar to gustar are conjugated the same way.

9. SUSTANTIVOS Y ARTICULOS
In Spanish, nouns normally come in either a “masculine” form or a “feminine”
form. Words ending in –o, -or-, -l, -s, and –ma are usually masculine. Words
ending in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, and –z are usually feminine.
Masculine nouns are preceded by the
Por Ejemplo: definite article “el” or the indefinite article
Masculine: El amigo, el escritor, el papel, el
paraguas, el tema “un”. Feminine nouns are preceded by the
Feminine: La amiga, la escritora, la ilusión, definite article “la” or the indefinite article
la amistad, la paz “una”.
Plural nouns are typically formed by adding –s to nouns ending in a vowel and –es
to nouns ending in a consonant. Nouns that end in –z change to –c before adding
–es. If a singular noun ends in a stressed vowel, the plural form ends in –es. If the
last syllable of a singular noum ending in –s is unstressed, the plural form does not
change.
Por Ejemplo: -s, -es, and –ces Por Ejemplo: stressed & unstressed
El hombre – Los hombres El tabú – Los tabúes
La novia – Las novias El israelí – Los israelíes
La mujer – Las mujeres El lunes – Los lunes
El lápiz – Los lápices La crisis – Las crisis

10. ADJECTIVOS
Spanish adjectives, or adjetivos, agree in gender and number with the nouns they
modify. Most adjectives ending in –e or a consonant have the same masculine and
feminine forms.
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Rojo Rojos Inteligente Inteligentes Difícil Dificíles
Feminine Roja Rojas Inteligente Inteligentes Difícil Dificíles
Descriptive adjectives typically follow their nouns. If one adjective modifies more
than one noun, the plural form is used. If one of the nouns is masculine, then the
adjective is masculine. Some adjectives have shortened forms when they come
before a masculine singular noun.
Por Ejemplo:
Un libro apasionante Las parejas contentas
A great book The happy couples
Un suegro y una suegra maravillosos La literatura y la culturas ecuatorianas
A wonderful mother- and father- in law Ecuadorian literature and culture
Some adjectives change their meaning depending on their position. When the
adjective comes before, the meaning is more figurative whereas when the adjective
comes after the noun the meaning is more literal.

11. Preterite is used for actions that were Imperfect is used for actions that were
completed in the past. The endings for repeated habitually or to “set the stage”
preterite are conjugated by being affixed for another action. Also, it is used for
to the end of the infinitives. telling time and stating one‟s age.
-ar -er/ir -ar -er/ir
-é -amos -í -imos -aba -abamos -ía -íamos
-aste -iste -abas -ías
-ó -aron -ío -ieron -aba -aban -ía -ían
Examples: Ir Ser Ver
Bailar Trigger Words: Iba Ibamos Era Eramos Veía Veíamos
Tú bailaste bien. Ayer Ibas Eras Veías
(You danced well.) Anoche Iba iban Era Eran Veía Veían
Comer Anteayer Trigger Words:
Yo comé muchos tacos. La semana Siempre
(I ate many tacos.) pasado A Veces
Salir A Menudo
Nosotros salimos de la escuela. Cadadia
(We left the school.) Todos los dias 11

12. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Subjunctive is different from normal Spanish conjugations because it
is a mood instead of a tense. Rather than telling when an action took place,
mood reveals how the speaker feels about the action. Subjunctive shows
attitudes; it‟s uncertain and hypothetical.
-ER/IR IRREGULARS
Dar Dé ishing/wanting
-a -amos
motions
-as Estar Esté oubt
-a -an
Ir Vaya isbelief
-AR
Saber Sepa mpersonal Expressions
-e -emos
-es Haber Hava egation
-e -en Ser Sea od/grief

13. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
EXPRESSIONS OF
VERBS OF WILL & EXPRESSIONS OF D O U B T, D I S B E L I E F, A N D
INFLUENCE EMOTION DENIAL
Sugerir (e-ie) To suggest Alegrarse (de) To be happy Dudar To doubt
Aconsejar To advise Esperar To hope, to Negar To deny
wish
Importar To be Sentir (e-ie) To be sorry, to Es imposible It‟s impossible
important, to regret
matter
Insistir (en) To insisit (on) Sorprender To surprise Es improbable It‟s
improbable
Mandar To order Temer To be afraid, No es cierto It‟s not true,
to fear it‟s not certain
Prohibir To prohibit Es triste It‟s sad No es seguro It‟s not certain
Recomendar To Ojála que I hope that/ I No es verdad It‟s not true
recommend wish that
Rogar (o-ue) To beg, to ----- ----- ----- -----
plead

14. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: NOUN CLAUSE
The subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause sentences which express
will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. The present subjunctive is formed
by dropping the –o from the yo form of the present indicative and adding the
subjunctive endings.
Verbs with irregular yo from show the same irregularity throughout the forms
of the present subjunctive.
Verb Conjugation Verb Conjugation
Conocer Conozca Tener Tenga
Decir Diga Ver Vea
Hacer Haga Traer Traiga
Por Ejemplo
Martina quiere que grabemos este anuncio para el viernes.
Martina wants us to record this ad by Friday.
Es necesario que lluegen al estreno antes de la una.
It’s necessary that they arrive at the premiere before one o’clock.
Prefiero que vayas en marzo.
I prefer that you go in March.
El agobiado recomienda que lea el contrato antes de firmar.
The lawyer recommends that I read the contract before signing.

15. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE:
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
When the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something (the
antecedent) that is known to exist, the indicative is used. When the antecedent
is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is used.
Main Clause Connector Subordinate clause
Busco un trabajo Que Pague bien
Antecedent certain: Indicative Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive
Necesito el libro que tiene una foto Necesito un libro que tenga una
de un chico Mexicano. foto de un chico Mexicano.
When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (como nadie
o ninguno/a), the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
Antecedent certain: Indicative Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive
Elena tiene tres parientes que Elena no tiene ningún pariente
viven en Los Estados Unidos. que viva el Limón.

16. COMMANDS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
TÚ TÚ
Drop the s. Put in yo form and change to opp vowel,
Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, add S.
Irregulars: TVDISHES
ven
USTED/ USTEDES USTED/ USTEDES
Put in yo form and change to opposite Same as affirmative.
vowel. Irregulars: TVDISHES
Irregulars: TVDISHES
DOP + IOP + „se‟ can attach to DOP + IOP + „se‟ must go before
infinitive negative command.
MONO VERBS
Sentémosnos.  Sentémonos!
Vayamos  Vamonos

17. O B J E C T P RO N O U N S : I N D I R E C T & D I R E C T
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Direct object pronouns directly receive
the action of the verb, while indirect object pronouns indirectly receive the action of the
verb. They tell either to whom or for whom.
Direct Indirect
Me Nos Me Nos
Te Te
Lo/la Los/las Le Les
Indirect and direct object pronouns precede the conjugated verb.
Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine.
Carla always gives me movie tickets.
Ella los consigue gratis.
She gets them for free.
When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may either be attached to
the infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb.
Indirect: Debes pedirle el dinero de la
apuesta/ le debes pedir el dinero
de la apuesta
Direct: Voy a hacerlo enseguida/ Lo voy a
hacer enseguida

18. O B J E C T P RO N O U N S : C O N T I N U E D
Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that has no gender.
Lo pensé (I thought about it)
When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present
participle or placed before the conjugated verb.
Comelo or lo come (eat it)
Double object pronouns
The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together
in a sentence.
Me los mandaron por correo. (Quack.)
Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las
Se lo da. (Give it to them.)
When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent
is often required to maintain proper word stress.

19. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &
PRONOUNS
Adjectives in the possessive form are used to express ownership. Spanish has two
types of possessive adjectives: the stressed (short) forms and the unstresssed (long)
forms. Both forms agree in gender and number with the object.
Stressed Form Unstressed Form
Mi (s) My Mío (s) My/ (of) Mine
Tu (s) Your Tuyo/a (s) Your/ (of) Yours
Su (s) His, Hers, Its Suyo/a (s) Your (of yours)/ His/
(Of) His.. etc
Nuestro/a (s) Our Nuestro/a (s) Our/ (of) ours
Su (s) Your/ Their Suyo/a (s) Your/ (of) yours
Short possessive adjectives precede the nouns they modify.
En mi opimiom. Esa telenovela es pesima.
In my opinion, that soap opera is awful.
Nuestras revistas favoritas son Money y Music.
Our favorite magazines are Money and Music.

20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &
PRONOUNS CONTINUED
Stressed possessive adjectives follow the nouns they modify. They are used for
emphasis or to express the phrases “of mine”, “of yours”, etc. The nouns are
usually preceded by a definite or indefinite article.
Tus amigas  Las amigas tuyas.
Because sus and suyo/as have multiple meanings, the construction [article] +
[noun] + [de] + [subject pronoun] can be used to clarify.
Su casa/ la casa suya  La casa de el/ella/usted/ustedes
Possessive pronouns have the same forms as stressed possessive adjectives and are
preceded by a definite article. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number
with the nouns they replace.
No encuentro mi libro.
Si la amiga suya no llegada, la nuestra iría.

21. DEMONSTRATIVE
ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
Demonstrative adjectives specify to which noun a speaker is referring. They
precede the nouns they modify and agree in gender and number.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Este Esta Estos Estas
Ese Esa Esos Esas
Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas
Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, except that they
contain an accent mark on the stressed vowel. They also agree in gender and
number with the nouns they replace.
No quiero esté. Quiero esé.
No leí éstas, pero sí leí aquéllas.
There are three neutral demonstrative pronouns: esto, eso, and aquello. These
forms refer to unspecified things or ideas. They do not vary in gender or number
nor do they carry an accent.
Eso es interesante.

22. PREPOSITIONAL
PRONOUNS
Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Except for mi, ti,
and si, they are identical to their corresponding subject pronouns.
Lo compramos para él.
Mí Me, myself
Tú You, yourself
Usted You, yourself
El Him, it
Ella Her, it
Sí Himself, Herself, Itself
Nosotros/as Us, ourselves
Ustedes You, yourselves
Ellos/ Ellas Them
Sí Themselves
[ A + prepositional pronoun ] is often used for clarity or emphasis.

23. PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS #2
The pronoun sí (himself, herself, itself) is the prepositional
pronoun used to refer back to the same third-person
subject. When mi, ti, and si are used with con, they become
conmigo, contigo, and consigo
Quieres ir conmigo al museo?
These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mi
and ti: entre, incluso, excepto, menos, salvo, según.

24. REFLEXIVES
Reflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). In a reflexive
construction, the subject of the verb both performs and receives the action.
Elena se lava la cara.
Lavarse (to wash oneself)
Yo Me lavo
Tú Te lavas
Ud./él/ella Se lava
Nosotros/as Nos lavamos
Uds./ellos/ellas Se lavan
Many of the verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care are reflexive.
Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a reflexive pronoun.
Aburrir: To bore
Aburrirse: To be bored

25. Portal Parapose
Expressing movement along, through, Expressing purpose.
around, by, or about. Paramedic
Porever A time limit.
Duration of time Paraguay
Destination/movement towards a place.
Porpose
Reason/motive for an action. Para-cel
Addressee/recipient of action.
Import/Export Com-para-son
An exchange.
A comparison.
Portugal
Motion or general location.
I‟m por, pay for me!
Doing something in place of someone else.
25

26. TO BECOME
Spanish has several verbs and phrases that mean to become. Many of these
constructions make use of reflexive verbs.
The construction [ ponerse + adjective ] expresses a change in mental, emotional,
or physical state that is generally not long-lasting.
No te pongas cansada.
The construction [ volverse + adjective } expresses a radical mental or
psychological change. It often conveys a gradual or irreversible change in
character. In English this is often expressed as to have become + adjective.
Te has vuelto loca.
Hacerse can be followed by a noun or an adjective. It often implies a change that
results from the subject‟s own efforts, such as changes in possession.
Le yerno de Lidia se ha hecho agobiado.
Llegar a ser can also be followed by a noun or an adjective. It indicates a change
over time and does not imply the subject‟s voluntary effort.
La novela que escribio ha llegado a ser un superventas.