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Technology of Lightning Network in Tel Aviv, Israel

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the Cluster Disruptive Technologies Hub@Tel Aviv, Israel

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Technology of Lightning Network Takaya Imai Jun/27/2017 the Cluster Disruptive Technologies Hub@Tel Aviv, Israel United Bitcoiners Inc. Co-Founder and CTO Frontier Partners LLC. Founder and CEO
Self Introduction • United Bitcoiners Inc. Co-Founder & CTO • Frontier Partners LLC Founder & CEO • Chief Translator of Mastering Bitcoin for Japanese • Open Edition • https://www.bitcoinbook.info • Second Edition is released on 29 June
Self Introduction • Background • Ph. D. of Elementary Particle Physics • kakaku.com • Web service of price comparison in Japan • Search Engine Development, Search Engine Server Control, Big Data Processing & Analysis, Machine Learning, Image Recognition • Data Tower Inc. CEO
Scaling Problems of Bitcoin • Transactions in one block is full • 1MB per block • Increase of Bitcoin blockchain data size • High TX fee • ex. 360 satoshi / byte • ~ 7 TX per second • 10 min block time • 1 Mbytes / 256 bytes / 10 min / 60 second = 6.8 TX per second • This block time is necessary for stable Bitcoin blockchain and is enough for usual bitcoin payment. • But it is very slow comparing with credit card or NFC. • …
2000 TX / 10 min / 60 second = 3.3 TX per second
360sat*256bytes*2,500usd/100,000,000sat = 2.304usd per TX
Scaling Problems of Bitcoin • Lightning Network is one of solutions for scaling. • Scaling solutions have two types.
Scaling on-chain or off-chain • on-chain • Side chain • Changing block size • Segregated Witness • … • off-chain • Lightning Network • …
Lightning Network is being improved more and more now • Basic ideas are based on a white paper of Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. • First release: Fed/28/2015 • https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf • BOLT(Base of Lightning Technology) is a RFC of Lightning Network and this is being updated frequently. • https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lightning-rfc • I talk about basic ideas of Lightning Network today.
Lightning Network Projects Company/ Organization Lightning Labs MIT DCI Blockstream ACINQ bcoin-org Product Name lnd lit lightningd eclair plasma Commitors Thaddeus Dryja, Joseph Poon, Olaoluwa Osuntokun Thaddeus Dryja Rusty Russel, Christian Decker Pierre-Marie Padiou, Fabrice Drouin, dpad85 Christopher Jeffrey Language Go Go C Scala Node js first commit (JST) 2015/10/25 2016/11/6 2015/5/24 2015/8/16 2016/8/29 lastest commit (JST) 2017/6/27 2017/6/23 2017/6/27 2017/6/10 2016/11/23 github https://github.com/light ningnetwork/lnd https://github.com/mi t-dci/lit https://github.com/El ementsProject/lightn ing https://github.com/A CINQ/eclair https://github.com/bc oin-org/plasma
Basic ideas of Lighting Network • Micro Payment Channel(bi-directional) • Multi-hop for channels • HTLC(Hashed Time Lock Contract)
Micro Payment Channel (Uni-directional)
Micro Payment Channel “Open” Alice Bob Channel Open Request Blockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC Broadcast
Micro Payment Channel “First Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.9BTC output Bob 0.1BTC Send no signature
Broadcast Micro Payment Channel “First Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.9BTC output Bob 0.1BTC Add signature Send
Micro Payment Channel “Second Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC Send
Micro Payment Channel “Second Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC Send
Micro Payment Channel “Second Payment & Close” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC Broadcast Send
Micro Payment Channel “Uncooperative Close” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice 1BTC Bob disappears Broadcast Send
Micro Payment Channel (Bi-directional)
Bi-directional channel • It is okay to use uni-directional channel. • But bi-directional channel is better and more efficient.
Bi-directional channel • Channel needs two tx fees. • opening tx fee • closing tx fee • It is no need to open a channel in case of one time payment. • It is better to use one channel longer and have many updates on the channel.
Bi-directional channel • Bi-directional channel is okay to use the same way as uni-directional one? • Bi-directional channel needs status updates. • How do revoked statuses create? -> HTCL(Hashed Time Lock Contract)
Bi-directional channel • Recent implementations does not use strict HTLC but pubkey. • I use HTLC for simplicity today.
Bi-directional Channel (Open a channel)
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding input Alice 0.5BTC output Alice & Bob 1BTCinput Bob 0.5BTC signed not signed Send
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding input Alice 0.5BTC output Alice & Bob 1BTCinput Bob 0.5BTC signed signed Send back
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Hash1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Hash1
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Hash1 Alice Revoke Hash1
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Hash1 Alice Revoke Hash1
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC Send input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob commitment1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC signed Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Hash1 not signed
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Bob commitment1 (Bob c1) output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Hash1
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Bob c1 input output TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input output TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC Send signed Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 not signed
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC TX Bob c1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC Broadcast TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1
Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC finished opening channel Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC
Bi-directional Channel (Update a channel)
Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice 0.5BTC
Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Bob c1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Alice c2 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Bob c2 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice 0.5BTC
Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC TX Alice c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
Bi-directional Channel (Close a channel)
Close a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC TX Close input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice 0.4BTC signed Send not signed
Close a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC TX Close input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice 0.4BTC signed Broadcast signed
Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC Broadcast
Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Alice c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC TX input Alice Revoke Secret1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC
Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Broadcast TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC TX input Alice Revoke Secret1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC
Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC TX input Alice Revoke Secret1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC
Alice is uncooperative Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
Alice is uncooperative Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC Broadcast
Multi-hop
Multi-hop payee recipient
Multi-hop • No central server is in Lightning Network. • Many paths are available for payment from payee to recipient. • It can build so many micro payment system without an huge investment to central server. For example, more than 10 million tx per second over the world. • Each node in the middle can get a fee for transporting tx to maintain nodes.
Multi-hop payee recipient Node in the middle can steal money? Alice Bob Carol
Lightning Payment Image payee recipient Alice Bob Carol Carol Secret, R Carol Hash, H
Lightning Payment Image payee recipient Alice Bob Carol Carol Secret, R Carol Hash, H Send tx with H need R to use tx with H need R to use Send tx with H need R to use Send Send R Send R
Multi-hop (Update a channel with Carol)
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Send Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Send Alice Revoke Hash2 Send Carol Hash Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Bob c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Send Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Update a channel with Carol Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Carol Hash Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash TX Alice c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Carol Hash & Bob or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob or Alice after t2 0.1BTC TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Secret1 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
Flare: Lightning Network Routing Algorithm • I could not touch routing algorithm today. • Flare is very interesting approach. • http://bitfury.com/content/5-white-papers- research/whitepaper_flare_an_approach_to_routing_in_ligh tning_network_7_7_2016.pdf • However, I think it has a possibility for a node in the middle to encumber a R transfer(Carol Secret) in case of more than two nodes in the middle.
Thanks!

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Technology of Lightning Network in Tel Aviv, Israel

  • 1. Technology of Lightning Network Takaya Imai Jun/27/2017 the Cluster Disruptive Technologies Hub@Tel Aviv, Israel United Bitcoiners Inc. Co-Founder and CTO Frontier Partners LLC. Founder and CEO
  • 2. Self Introduction • United Bitcoiners Inc. Co-Founder & CTO • Frontier Partners LLC Founder & CEO • Chief Translator of Mastering Bitcoin for Japanese • Open Edition • https://www.bitcoinbook.info • Second Edition is released on 29 June
  • 3. Self Introduction • Background • Ph. D. of Elementary Particle Physics • kakaku.com • Web service of price comparison in Japan • Search Engine Development, Search Engine Server Control, Big Data Processing & Analysis, Machine Learning, Image Recognition • Data Tower Inc. CEO
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  • 5. Scaling Problems of Bitcoin • Transactions in one block is full • 1MB per block • Increase of Bitcoin blockchain data size • High TX fee • ex. 360 satoshi / byte • ~ 7 TX per second • 10 min block time • 1 Mbytes / 256 bytes / 10 min / 60 second = 6.8 TX per second • This block time is necessary for stable Bitcoin blockchain and is enough for usual bitcoin payment. • But it is very slow comparing with credit card or NFC. • …
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  • 11. 2000 TX / 10 min / 60 second = 3.3 TX per second
  • 13. Scaling Problems of Bitcoin • Lightning Network is one of solutions for scaling. • Scaling solutions have two types.
  • 14. Scaling on-chain or off-chain • on-chain • Side chain • Changing block size • Segregated Witness • … • off-chain • Lightning Network • …
  • 15. Lightning Network is being improved more and more now • Basic ideas are based on a white paper of Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. • First release: Fed/28/2015 • https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf • BOLT(Base of Lightning Technology) is a RFC of Lightning Network and this is being updated frequently. • https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lightning-rfc • I talk about basic ideas of Lightning Network today.
  • 16. Lightning Network Projects Company/ Organization Lightning Labs MIT DCI Blockstream ACINQ bcoin-org Product Name lnd lit lightningd eclair plasma Commitors Thaddeus Dryja, Joseph Poon, Olaoluwa Osuntokun Thaddeus Dryja Rusty Russel, Christian Decker Pierre-Marie Padiou, Fabrice Drouin, dpad85 Christopher Jeffrey Language Go Go C Scala Node js first commit (JST) 2015/10/25 2016/11/6 2015/5/24 2015/8/16 2016/8/29 lastest commit (JST) 2017/6/27 2017/6/23 2017/6/27 2017/6/10 2016/11/23 github https://github.com/light ningnetwork/lnd https://github.com/mi t-dci/lit https://github.com/El ementsProject/lightn ing https://github.com/A CINQ/eclair https://github.com/bc oin-org/plasma
  • 17. Basic ideas of Lighting Network • Micro Payment Channel(bi-directional) • Multi-hop for channels • HTLC(Hashed Time Lock Contract)
  • 19. Micro Payment Channel “Open” Alice Bob Channel Open Request Blockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC Broadcast
  • 20. Micro Payment Channel “First Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.9BTC output Bob 0.1BTC Send no signature
  • 21. Broadcast Micro Payment Channel “First Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.9BTC output Bob 0.1BTC Add signature Send
  • 22. Micro Payment Channel “Second Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC Send
  • 23. Micro Payment Channel “Second Payment” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC Send
  • 24. Micro Payment Channel “Second Payment & Close” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 1BTC TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC Broadcast Send
  • 25. Micro Payment Channel “Uncooperative Close” Alice BobBlockchain TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice & Bob but Alice after t1 TX input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.8BTC output Bob 0.2BTC TX input Alice 1BTC output Alice 1BTC Bob disappears Broadcast Send
  • 27. Bi-directional channel • It is okay to use uni-directional channel. • But bi-directional channel is better and more efficient.
  • 28. Bi-directional channel • Channel needs two tx fees. • opening tx fee • closing tx fee • It is no need to open a channel in case of one time payment. • It is better to use one channel longer and have many updates on the channel.
  • 29. Bi-directional channel • Bi-directional channel is okay to use the same way as uni-directional one? • Bi-directional channel needs status updates. • How do revoked statuses create? -> HTCL(Hashed Time Lock Contract)
  • 30. Bi-directional channel • Recent implementations does not use strict HTLC but pubkey. • I use HTLC for simplicity today.
  • 32. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding input Alice 0.5BTC output Alice & Bob 1BTCinput Bob 0.5BTC signed not signed Send
  • 33. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding input Alice 0.5BTC output Alice & Bob 1BTCinput Bob 0.5BTC signed signed Send back
  • 34. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Hash1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Hash1
  • 35. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Hash1 Alice Revoke Hash1
  • 36. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Hash1 Alice Revoke Hash1
  • 37. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC Send input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob commitment1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC signed Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Hash1 not signed
  • 38. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Bob commitment1 (Bob c1) output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Hash1
  • 39. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Bob c1 input output TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input output TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC Send signed Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 not signed
  • 40. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC TX Bob c1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1
  • 41. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC Broadcast TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1
  • 42. Open a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC finished opening channel Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC
  • 44. Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice 0.5BTC
  • 45. Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Alice c1 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Bob c1 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Alice c2 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC TX Bob c2 output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice 0.5BTC
  • 46. Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC TX Alice c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC Alice Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
  • 47. Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
  • 48. Update a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
  • 50. Close a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC TX Close input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice 0.4BTC signed Send not signed
  • 51. Close a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC TX Close input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC output Alice 0.4BTC signed Broadcast signed
  • 52. Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC Broadcast
  • 53. Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain TX Alice c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC TX input Alice Revoke Secret1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC
  • 54. Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Broadcast TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC TX input Alice Revoke Secret1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC
  • 55. Alice cheats a channel Alice BobBlockchain Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 TX Alice c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC TX input Alice Revoke Secret1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob 0.5BTC
  • 56. Alice is uncooperative Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC
  • 57. Alice is uncooperative Alice BobBlockchain TX Funding output Alice & Bob 1BTC input input TX Bob c2 TX Alice c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Secret2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.6BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.6BTC Broadcast
  • 60. Multi-hop • No central server is in Lightning Network. • Many paths are available for payment from payee to recipient. • It can build so many micro payment system without an huge investment to central server. For example, more than 10 million tx per second over the world. • Each node in the middle can get a fee for transporting tx to maintain nodes.
  • 61. Multi-hop payee recipient Node in the middle can steal money? Alice Bob Carol
  • 62. Lightning Payment Image payee recipient Alice Bob Carol Carol Secret, R Carol Hash, H
  • 63. Lightning Payment Image payee recipient Alice Bob Carol Carol Secret, R Carol Hash, H Send tx with H need R to use tx with H need R to use Send tx with H need R to use Send Send R Send R
  • 65. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1
  • 66. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2
  • 67. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Send Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2
  • 68. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Send Alice Revoke Hash2 Send Carol Hash Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2
  • 69. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
  • 70. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Bob c2 TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash Send Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
  • 71. Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Update a channel with Carol Alice Revoke Secret1Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Carol Hash Alice Revoke Hash2 Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
  • 72. Update a channel with Carol Alice Bob TX Alice c1 TX Bob c1 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash1 & Bob 0.5BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash1 & Alice 0.5BTC Carol Carol Secret Carol Hash TX Alice c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Bob 0.5BTC output Alice after n blocks or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob 0.4BTC output Carol Hash & Bob or Alice Revoke Hash2 & Bob or Alice after t2 0.1BTC TX Bob c2 input Alice & Bob 1BTC output Alice 0.4BTC output Bob after n blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice 0.5BTC output Carol Hash & Bob after m blocks or Bob Revoke Hash2 & Alice or Alice after t2 0.1BTC Bob Revoke Secret1 Alice Revoke Secret2 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Secret1 Carol Hash Bob Revoke Secret2 Bob Revoke Hash2 Alice Revoke Hash2
  • 73. Flare: Lightning Network Routing Algorithm • I could not touch routing algorithm today. • Flare is very interesting approach. • http://bitfury.com/content/5-white-papers- research/whitepaper_flare_an_approach_to_routing_in_ligh tning_network_7_7_2016.pdf • However, I think it has a possibility for a node in the middle to encumber a R transfer(Carol Secret) in case of more than two nodes in the middle.