Multiscale Building Physics - EMPA

Prof. Dr. Jan Carmeliet
Chair of Building Physics, ETH Zürich

Head Lab. of Building Science and Technology, EMPA
Paul Klee

Multiscale building physics
from nano to urban scale

nano
New sustainable Porous materials
materials

micron
Building components

mm
Sustainable Buildings
Buildings

m
Built environment
Sustainable cities km

densification of the Zürich area

1847 1912 1990

10 km

ORL-Institut ETH, www.rzu.ch, 2008

Correlation with global population evolution

Is the measure of 50% reduction sufficient when
considering the global population growth

www.worldclimatereport.com

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

dream or reality

Dongtan Ecocity near Shanghai

End energy use in Switzerland 2006

Industry, Services, agriculture: 24%

Mobility: 28% Buildings: 48%

69% fossil energy
Source: BfE

Heating demand until 2100

7000

6000
Davos
5000
Heizgradtage (Kd)

Zürich Genf
4000

3000

2000 Lugano

1000
θg = 10°C
Projected global
0 temperature
1900 1950 2000 2050 increase until
Jahr 2100 (IPPC)
Christenson, Manz, Gyalistras, 2006 1.8 to 4 K

Cooling demand until 2100

1200
θ = 18.3°C
bal
1000
Kühlgradtage (Kd)

800 Lugano
Genf Davos
600 Zürich

400

200

0 Projected global
1900 1950 2000 2050 temperature
Jahr increase until
2100 (IPPC)
Christenson, Manz, Gyalistras, 2006 1.8 to 4 K

Increasing energy demand for cooling
higher comfort expectations
higher solar gains (highly glazed buildings)
higher internal gains (electrical appliances, lighting)
climate warming
heat island effect

[Adnot, 2003]

Air-conditioned floor area in the EU

-9
10

-6
10

-3
10

-1
10
l
ria

1
1
ate

10
m

2
10
g

3
din

10
il
bu

4
10
s
s ic

5
y
ph

10
i n g
ild

6
u

10
b
n al
io
d it
tra
ter
me

Swiss Building Energy Codes
and primary energy consumption
Primary Energy Consumption MJ/m2y HFA

1400

1200

1000

800

600
2000W
400 Target

200

0
Swiss Average SIA380/1 Minergie Minergie-P
Heating Hot Water Electricity Construction Renewal

CCEM Innovative Building Technologies
for a 2000 Watt society
Scope: Integrated solution approach
Use of advanced building materials and components
Use of soft heating / cooling technologies (minimized use of fossil energies)
Use of smart control systems and user interfaces

Forum Chriesbach „Zero Energy
Building“
Concept 2002

02.03.07 / AB

Forum Chriesbach
vacuum heat pipe solar
Photovoltaic energy collectors
60 MWh/a, 77 kWp, 460 m2 24 MWh/a, 50 m2

Forum Chriesbach Night cooling

Climatic potential for night-time ventilation
Degree-hours method to quantify the climatic cooling
potential (CCP)
Building temperature CCP (Kh)

External air 24.5 ± 2.5 °C
temperature

Climatic cooling potential

Definition of the climatic cooling Mean climatic cooling potential in
potential July (data source: Meteonorm).

Thermally activated ceiling panel with
phase change material (PCM)

tabsRetrofit

D
tabs in new building panels in retrofit/
light weight buildings

10 times higher storage capacity than concrete
1.6 times lower density than concrete

30 cm concrete corresponds to 3 cm PCM with 6% of the
concrete mass

Innovative Building Technologies for
the 2000-Watt Society (House 2000)


SELF is not just a house. It is also …

a power station
a seasonal energy storage
a fueling station
a water supply system


Basel, Swissbau, January, 2010


Energy collected and consumed (Zurich)
kWh/d

30
PV generation

heating, ventilation
20
hot water

energy gap
H2-cooking
10 50 kWh

appliances

0
Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun

Innovative Building Technologies
for the 2000-Watt Society (House 2000)

Applied technologies
High performance insulation: vacuum insulation, aerogels

Smart windows (switchable)

Passive cooling / heating (phase change materials)

Integrated unit for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water

Solar electricity (PV)

Seasonal energy storage with lithium-Ion batteries (50 kWh)

Intelligent electricity management

Hydrogen system for peak loads and cooking

Water treatment plants for water purification and recycling

Vacuum glazing: new seal technology

Sn-based soft solder anodic bonding

Cu-electrode (0V)
Glass pane
Metal seal (+1000V)
Glass pane
Cu-electrode (0V)

p ~ 10-4 Torr, T = 250 - 350˚C

Solid Molten
solder glass solder

∆T

Ultrasonic image

CCEM CCEM
historical retrofit
buildings
Carmeliet et al. 2009 Zimmermann et al. 2007

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050

kWh/m²a
200

150

100
new buildings

50

10 20 30 40 50 60 Mio m2 floor area

Heat Energy Demand and Heated Floor Area of Dwellings in Zurich

CCEM : centre of competence in energy and mobility

Protected
historical
monuments
Historical
buildings
(not protected)
ca. 1850-1920

Prefab retrofit CCEM-Retrofit General
residential
buildings
ca. 1920-1970

Existing buildings offer the largest available energy saving potential

Low energy technologies are available for new buildings but often
not appropriate and inefficient for existing buildings

Prefabrication of advanced modules for low energy renovation

CCEM Retrofit

Swiss demonstration buildings
Renovation of apartment building (1952) completed 2009,
Beat Kaempfen Architects

Installation and renewable energy
• Space heating (cooling) and warm water
supplied by ground-heat source heat pump and
vacuum solar collectors on roof and balcony
– 75% of hot water by solar
– 7% of space heating by solar
– Two storage containers of 1600 liters
• PV system on upper roof:
– 115 m2
– 15 KWp

High performance retrofit insulation systems

Prefabrication of advanced renovation
modules

Innovative system integration
solar, heat pumps, heat re-covery

control strategies for renovated buildings

Retrofit advisor
economic, environmental, social issues

Costs
• Cost renovation:
– 1.85 mil CHF, 1.3 mil. Euro
– 60 % of cost new building
– Subsidy: 110 kCHF, 77’000 Euro
• Increase of rentable space
• Increase of comfort
• Increase of value

Part of RAP-RETRO Protected
historical
monuments
Sustainable Historical
buildings
renovation of CCEM-SuRHiB (not protected)
historical ca. 1850-1920
buildings

General
residential
buildings
ca. 1920-1970

Need to scale up
-9
10

-6
10

-3
10

-1
10
l
ria

1
1
ate

10
m

2
10
g

3
din

10
il
bu

4
k

10
s ic
s oc
bl

5
y y
ph

10
g cit
ild
i n
b an
ur

6
u

10
b
n al
io
d it
tra
rth ter
ea
me

Height (m)

Urban scale (10 -100 km)

wind
300

200

100

suburban area urban area

Heat island circulation
Height (m)


300

200
lake breeze
100


Heat island effect

ºC

rural city

Town, City Heat island intensity
Biel, Fribourg 5K
Basel, Bern 6K
Zürich 7K
Wanner & Hertig, 1983


city block urban area
Height (m)


300

200
lake breeze
100



city block urban area

40 m 40 m 40 m

Niederdorf Bahnhofstrasse Neu-Oerlikon

What are the causes of the heat island effect ?

A. Hoyano
surface temperatures in two different designs of the same street

reduced albedo of urban surfaces
heat storage in urban structure

anthropogenic heat release
transportation
industry
people

reduced albedo of urban surfaces
heat storage in urban structure

[Ali-Toudert, 2005]

reduced
long-wave radiation loss
during night

sky view factor in cities

reduced convective heat losses due to wind-sheltering
reduced (cross) ventilation potential

K. Vaes, S. Van Praet, B. Blocken and J. Carmeliet, 2007

reduced evapotranspiration (latent heat)

Multiscale approach
building
model

room scale human scale
(3-30m) human (1 m)
sensation
model
micro-
climate
model
building scale (30-100 m)

city block scale (1 km)

meso-meteorological
urban scale (10 -100 km) model

Athmospheric boundary layer flow around a building

Detached eddy simulation
Defraeye, Blocken and Carmeliet, 2008

Heat surface coefficient
Defraeye, Blocken and Carmeliet, 2009

Air pollutant dispersion in street canyons

Kastner-Klein

Health: air pollutant aerodynamics

Pollutant dispersion by chimney Pollutant dispersion by exhaust

hosp
ital
Blocken et al. 2008
Blocken and Carmeliet, 2006

Comfort: wind, thermal

Present and future wind comfort in and around
the arena, Amsterdam
Wind stability of the roof
Thermal comfort inside when roof is closed
during concerts

J. Persoon, de Wit, Blocken and Carmeliet, 2008

Design of intelligent materials for
controlling leaching of biocides
from facades

Microclimate around buildings Run-off of rain droplets on glass
Carmeliet and Blocken, 2006
Particle tracking of rain particles
Blocken and Carmeliet, 2004 - 2008

Rain droplet impact on porous
material:
spreading, uptake and drying
Abuku, 2009

Multiscale Building Physics - EMPA

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