1. Networks
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2. • What is a network?
• Examples of networks and networks’ properties
• Elements of the network theory
• Networks and GIS
• Geometric and logical networks
• Network algorithms
• Dijkstra shortest path algorithm
• Applications of the network theory
• Accessibility with the public transport and private car
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3. What is a network?
Road network
Computer network
Drainage network
Water supply network
Power supply network
Social network
Economic network
…
From visualthesaurus.com
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4. Network is based on connectivity….
Suggest intuitive examples of the networks
Suggest other than connectivity properties that seem important for the network
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5. Transportation networks
Physically, we usually start with the example
of the road network
Conceptually, we think about flows of
goods, people, information
Cartography
City Hall
Central Park
East Ave.
West Ave.
Campus
Oakway
Land Use
74
Maple Blvd.
Highway
One-way
Main Street Traffic light
Street
Road segments can be one-way and two
ways, can have several lanes, turn
restrictions…
Flows
Transportation Network
Layers
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6. Hydrological network
Global properties: Preservation of water volume
Change of the network: flooding…
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7. Elements of the network theory
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8. Networks were studied long ago GIS era…
In mathematical terms, networks are “graphs”
Graph is a collection of nodes and edges connecting some of them.
The nodes of a graph may also be called “junctions” or “vertices".
The edges of a graph may also be called “links” or "arcs.“
GRAPH  ORIENTED GRAPH  DIRECTED GRAPH  NETWORK
Network is directed graph, in which every edge has an impedance
(
).
In the network theory this definition is extended. It is supposed that every graph elements
(notes, turns, etc) can have several impedances
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9. A road network –
what can be considered as an impedance?
2
4 km
3
2 km
2 km
6 km
1
3 km
5 km
6
2 km
4
7 km
5
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10. Networks in GIS
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11. The (GIS-based) geometric network - the set of linear features.
The logical network is a graph consisting of edges and junction.
Geometric network includes
features from different layers
In a logical network the attributes of
features become the source of impedance
The GIS network algorithms deal with the logical network that is
automatically constructed on the base of geometric network.
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12. GIS Representation of a Road Network
Real Geometric Network
Logical Network
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13. Geometric network
Logical network
GIS aims at managing geometric and
logical networks simultaneously
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14. Usually, the IMPEDANCE is stored as additional fields of the
standard table of links of the Georelational Model (GRM)
Link Impedance (
) (also Resistance, Friction)
IMPEDANCE
Node impedance
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15. Network algorithms
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16. Typical problems of the network analysis
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17. The Traveling Salesperson Problem
Given a number of cities and the costs of traveling from any city to any other city,
what is the least-cost round-trip route that visits each city exactly once and then
returns to the starting city?
62 km > 48 km!
1
1
10 km
2
5 km
2
5 km
15 km
3
15 km
10 km
4
9 km
8 km
8 km
5
3
15 km
Total = 62 km
8 km
10 km
4
9 km
8 km
6
10 km
8 km
6
8 km
5
15 km
Total = 48 km
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18. Traveling salesman constructs efficient tours
that visits any number of points on a network
Sir William Rowan
Hamilton, 1805 - 1865
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19. Network-based buffers
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20. Dispatching
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21. Dijkstra's Algorithm
Solves the shortest path problem in
graphs.
Edge is characterized by the
impedance.
Dijkstra's algorithm starts from a
source node, and in each iteration
adds another vertex to the shortestpath spanning tree.
This vertex is one of the closest to
the tree root but still outside the
tree.
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22. Dijkstra's Algorithm – minimal cost spanning tree
Suppose that we already know the part of the spanning tree that begins at v, and ends at x1, x2, x3,
…, xd
We expand the tree by testing each node z among directly connected to x1, x2, ..., xd, and choosing
the link to a node z that provides
Mini {d(v, xi) + w(xi, z) | 1 <= i <= d}
where d(v, xi) is the length of the path from v to xi and w(xi, z) is impedance of the link between xi
and z. Such a node z is added to the spanning tree
z
11?
10!
X1(6)
4
2
3
X2(9)
v
6
3
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23. Let us build the spanning tree
starting from the vertex A
23

24. We begin by recording A's distance from itself as 0 and recording the
distances to each of A's neighbors.
At this point, the tree consists of just A.
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25. Of all the vertices not in the tree, C is the closest to A so we (1) add it and (2) update
accumulated distances between the spanning tree vertices and their neighbors.
Note that the distance to B is adjusted because w(A,C) + w(C,B) < w(A,B).
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26. B is now the closest to the tree, so we add it.
We connect B to C because the shortest path from A to B is through C.
D, F, E and H are connected now to a tree.
We should update accumulated distances to D, F, E and H, but for our values of
impedance they did not change:
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27. D is now the closest to the tree so we add it.
We connect D through C and should update distances to E, F, H and the new
neighbor - I
27

28. Next step: F is added to the tree (it can be reached through either of B and C
and we arbitrarily chosen C) and distances to E, H, I and G are updated.
Note, that the accumulated distance to I decreased from 22 to 20
28

29. Next step: E is added to the tree and J is added to the set of the spanning
tree neighbors, the latter consisting now of H, I, G and J
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30. Next step: H is added to the tree and K to the set of neighbors
Note the change of accumulated distance to J
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31. Next step: J is added to the tree
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32. Next step: I is added to the tree
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33. Next step: K is added to the tree
33

34. Last step: G is added to the tree (we have chosen to add it via F,
while it could be done via J too)
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35. Finished! Now the tree includes all the vertices of a graph.
While constructing the spanning tree, Dijkstra algorithm records the sequence of
adding links.
To find a shortest path from any vertex to A, we go back according to the spanning
tree branches.
Good sites with the Java applets illustrating Dijkstra algorithm
http://www.unf.edu/~wkloster/foundations/DijkstraApplet/DijkstraApplet.htm
http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~papagel/english/java_docs/minDijk.htm
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36. Just to see that the code of the Dijkstra algorithm is very short (From Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra's_algorithm#Pseudocode
Spanning tree
Optimal path
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37. Application of the network theory:
Accessibility with the public
transport and private car
37

38. What is accessibility?
The extent to which land-use transport system enables individuals
to reach destinations by means of transport modes1
• Given a destination:
The number of origins from which a destination can be reached,
given the amount of effort
• Given an origin:
The number of destinations that can be reached from the origin,
given the amount of effort
1K.T.
Geurs, J.T. Ritsema van Eck, 2001, “Accessibility measures: review and applications”,
RIVM report 408505 006, Urban Research Center, Utrecht University

39. Typically, accessibility is calculated based on the trips with the
private car and in an aggregate fashion
How many activities can be reached
with the car from the given origin
during the given time?
Accessibility changes abruptly
at the boundary of an area

40. Accessibility components
Transportation:
Components of transportation system performance (modes, travel time, cost,
effort to travel between origin and destination)
Land-use:
Distribution of needs/activities (jobs, schools, shops) and population (workers,
pupils, customers) in space and time
Individual utility:
The demand for trips between certain origins and destination, benefits people
derive from the access to facilities

41. The goal: To estimate accessibility from the user’s viewpoint
The idea: To compare accessibility with the private car and with
the public transport (and, probably, other modes, as bike)

42. Accessibility depends on a transportation mode
Public Transport Travel Time (PTT):
PTT = Walk time from origin to a stop 1 of the PT + Waiting time of PT at stop 1 +
Travel time of PT1 + [Transfer walk time to stop 2 of PT + Waiting time of PT 2 +
Travel time of PT 2] + … + Walk time from the final stop to destination
Private Car Travel Time (CTT):
CTT = Walk time from origin to the parking place + Car trip time + Parking
search time + Walk time from the final parking place to destination.
Service area:
Given origin O, transportation mode M and travel time t define
Mode Service Area - MSAO(t) - as maximal area containing all destinations D
that can be reached from O with M during MTT ≤ t.
Access area:
Given destination D, transportation mode M and travel time t define
Mode Access Area – MSAD(t) - as maximal area containing all origins O from
which given destination D can be reached during MTT ≤ t.
We distinguish between
Public Transport Service Area PSAO(t), Public Transport Access Area PAAO(t),
Private Car Service Area CSAO(t), Private Car Access Area CAAO(t)

43. We focus on measuring relative accessibility
Service areas ratio: SAO(t) = PSAO(t)/CSAO(t)
Access area ratio: AAD(t) = PAAD(t)/CAAD(t)

44. IN A NEW ERA OF BIG DATA
WE ARE ABLE TO ESTIMATE
ACCESSIBILITY EXPLICITLY!
Tel Aviv Metro
600 km2
2.5*106 pop
300 bus lines
Utrecht Metro
500 km2
0.6*106 pop
150 bus lines

45. BIG URBAN
TRANSPORTATION
DATA

46. Street network
104 105 links
Attributes:
traffic directions,
speed
Necessary for measuring
accessibility by car

47. Bus lines –
102 103
Bus stops
102 103
Relation between
bus lines and stops.
Necessary for measuring bus
accessibility

48. Bus time-table 105 106
Necessary for measuring
bus accessibility

49. Buildings and jobs, 105 - 106
Necessary for measuring activity component of accessibility

50. Socio-economic level by traffic zones
Land-uses, 105
Car ownership
Necessary for measuring
activity component of
bus accessibility
Socio-economic level
106

51. Urban.Access

52. We have already translated Road network into Graph
Node  Junction
Link  Road segment
Impedance  Travel time
Typical metropolitan road network graph has
104 - 105 nodes and links

53. What is a travel with the public transport?
Destination
Transfer
Stop 1
Transfer
Stop 2
Final
Stop
Initial
Stop
Origin

54. Public Transport network  Graph, the idea
Route 1
6:57
1
Bus starts every 10 minutes
7:01
2
7:03
3
4
5
6
6:56
12
7:02
13
[1, 6:57, 1, 6:57]
7:06
14
[1, 6:57, 2, 7:01]
0:04
2
0:02
7:10
15
[1, 6:57, 3, 7:03]
3
7:18
17
16
[2, 6:50, 15, 7:10]
0:04
16
0:04
[1, 6:50, 16, 7:14]
17
[1, 6:50, 17, 7:18]
18
Travel
Destination
Node:
(Bus route = 1,
Start Time = 6:57,
Stop = 4,
Arrival time = 7:05)
[1, 6:57, 4, 7:05]
0:02
4
0:05
15
7:15
8
Bus starts every 30 minutes
Route 2
1
7:12
7
Start
0:03
18
Two nodes are connected by
link when the travel can drive
from one node to the other.
Link impedance = bus driving
time between stops
[1, 6:50, 18, 7:21]
Why nodes are so complicated, why not just stops?

55. Public Transport  Graph, possible nodes and links
Nodes
(a) Building
(b) Quadruple: (Bus_Line, Bus_StartTime, Stop, Bus_ArrivalTime)
Two nodes are connected by link if a traveler
(a) Can get to a PT stop of the quadruple from the building;
(b) Can get to building from a PT stop of the quadruple;
(c) Can drive in a bus between two quadruples;
(d) Can make a transfer between two stops of different PT lines
Link impedance:
(a) – (b) Walk time between a stop and a building
(c) Bus riding time
(d) Walk time between two stops + waiting time (Transfer time)

56. Public Transport  Graph, the outcome
56

57. Urban.Access parameters
Day of the week
Max time of waiting
at initial stop
Max travel time
Calculate service area
Trip start/finish time
Walk speed when
changing lines
Max number of
line changes
Calculate access area

58. URBAN.ACCESS works with any partition of the urban space: Cells

59. URBAN.ACCESS works with any partition of the urban space: buildings

60. URBAN.ACCESS is built on the neo4j graph database
http://www.neo4j.org/

61. Service and access area in URBAN.ACCESS are currently
implemented as a part of the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm
We calculate service area with the
Dijkstra algorithm, based on the
representation of a PT network as a
graph, starting from every building

62. URBAN.ACCESS is a scalable application
CALCULATION FOR ALL BUILDINGS CAN BE DONE IN PARALLEL
Processor
Processor
Two-level parallelization
Threads

63. Car service areas versus bus service area
Entire metropolitan area
Urban Land-uses
Car service area is essentially larger than bus service areas

64. The center of Tel-Aviv metropolitan: Accessibility maps between 07:00 – 07:30
Job
Accessibility
07:30
07:25
07:20
07:15
07:10
07:05
07:00

65. TAZ-resolution calculations
High-resolution calculations
We must work at high-resolution!
Average accessibility: 0.336
Relatively higher in the center
Average accessibility: 0.356
Relatively higher at the periphery

66. Passengers waste more time with the short trips!
Trip start: 7:00, No of transfers: 1
60 minutes trip
High-resolution: 0.336
50 minutes trip
High-resolution: 0.257
40 minutes trip
High-resolution: 0.179
30 minutes trip
High-resolution: 0.157
Low-resolution: 0.356
Low-resolution: 0.308
Low-resolution: 0.266
Low-resolution: 0.263
We could not see that at the low resolution

67. Light rail, if combined with the existing bus network
does not improve much…
Trip start: 7:00, No of transfers: 1
60 minutes trip
Av improvement: 1.5%
50 minutes trip
Av improvement: 2.5%
40 minutes trip
Av improvement: 3.3%
30 minutes trip
Av improvement: 4.6%

68. Applications of the tool in transportation planning
• Assessment of public transport service improvements, e.g.
impacts of increase in frequencies for different population groups,
areas, land uses
• Identification of ‘pockets of inaccessibility’ in metropolitan area
• Accessibility planning for services
• Assessment of (public) transport investments, e.g., light rail

69. Major points of the lecture
• Geometric and logical networks
• Formal representation of the network is a graphs
• Graph: nodes, links, impedance
• Dijkstra shortest path algorithm on graphs
• Translation of public transport network into graph
• Accessibility – definition and approach to estimation
• The use of Dijkstra algorithm for calculation accessibility in
the city with the public transport and private car
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70. No exercises and reading today!
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