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Nor ezan bin omar
[be seen or you are a nobody]
APA Citation Style 6th Edition
 ď‚ž American Psychological Association (APA) style is
   commonly used for citing references in science and social
   science courses, such as Psychology, Nursing, and Social
   Work.
 ď‚ž The purpose of documentation is to:
      Identify (cite) other people’s ideas and information used within
       your essay.
     ď‚— Indicate the authors or sources of these in aReferences list at
       the end of your paper.
 ď‚ž   The best way to avoid plagiarism is to cite your sources.
      “Plagiarism: The submission by a student of the writings, ideas
       or data of another individual as the student’s own in any essay
       or assignment. Avoid the consequences of plagiarism by giving
       proper references to your sources.”
                   --RDC Academic Terminology Glossary
Book with one Author or Editor

General Format
    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) -entry that appears in the body of your paper when you
        express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words.
    In-Text Citation (Quotation) -entry that appears in the body of your paper after a
        direct quote.
    References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.

 In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year)

In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page number)

References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title:
   Subtitle. Place of
        Publication: Publisher.
Example

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Franks, 2005)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Franks, 2005, p. 148)

    References:
    Franks, A. (2005). Margaret Sanger's eugenic
  legacy: The control of female fertility.
  Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
Book with Two Authors or Editors

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
      (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
   (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author
         Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book
  title:       Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Burley & Harris, 2002)

  In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
  (Burley & Harris, 2002, p. 153)

  References:
  Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2002). A
 companion       to genethics. Malden, MA:
 Blackwell.
Book with Three to Five Authors
or Editors
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year)

   NOTE: Although the first in-text citation for a work with three to five
    authors/editors
   includes all of the names of the authors/editors, subsequent citations include
   only the first author's/editor's surname, followed by et al. and the year.

   In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
   (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year, page number)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial.
        Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book
    title:
        Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Johnson, Roberts, & Worell, 1999)

  NOTE: A subsequent citation would appear as (Johnson et al.,
  1999)

  In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
  (Johnson, Roberts, & Worell, 1999, p. 72)

  References:
  Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J.
  (Eds.). (1999). Beyond        appearance: A new look at
  adolescent girls. Washington, DC:    American Psychological
  Association.
Article or Chapter in an Edited
Book
 General Format

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year, page number)

    References (Quotation):
    Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], First Initial. Second
        Initial. (Year). Article or chapter title. In Editor First Initial.
        Second Initial. Surname (Eds.), Book title:Subtitle (pp.
    page         range of article or chapter). Place of Publication:
    Publisher.
Example

 In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
 (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003)

 In-Text Citation (Quotation):
 (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003, p. 526)

 References:
 Lawrence, J. A., & Dodds, A. E. (2003). Goal-directed
 activities and life-span development. In J. Valsiner & K.
 Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of
 developmentalpsychology (pp. 517-533).
      London, England: Sage Publications.
Article in a Reference Book

 General Format

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname [of Article], Year)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname [of Article], Year, page number)

    References (Quotation):
    Author Surname [of Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year).
        Article title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname
        (Eds.), Reference book title: Subtitle(# ed. edition, Vol.
        Volume, pp. page range of article). Place
        of Publication: Publisher.
Example
   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Lindgren, 1994)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Lindgren, 1994, p.468)

   References:
   Lindgren, H. C. (1994). Stereotyping.
  In Encyclopedia       of psychology (Vol. 3,
  pp. 468-469). New York, NY:       Wiley.
Book with no Author

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Book title [usually shortened], Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Book title [usually shortened], Year, page number)

   References:
   Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication:
     Publisher.
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Merriam-Webster's, 2005)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Merriam-Webster's, 2005, p. 3)

  References:
  Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th
 ed.).    (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
 Webster.
E-Book
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year, page number)

  References:
  Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book
             title: Subtitle [Version]. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx OR
  Retrieved
      from URL of the home page of the e-book provider.
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Ochs, 2004)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Ochs, 2004, p. 55)

  References:
  Ochs, S. (2004). A history of nerve functions: From
    animal spirits to molecular mechanisms [ebrary
    Reader version]. Retrieved from
     http://www.ebrary.com/corp/
Edition of a Book other than the
First

 General Format

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname, Year)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname, Year, page number)

    References:
    Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book
       title: Subtitle (edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Harris, 2001)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Harris, 2001, p. 50)

   References:
   Harris, L. A. (2001). Canadian copyright
 law (3rd ed.). Toronto, ON: McGraw Hill
 Ryerson.
A Translation

 General Format

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation,
        page number)

    References (Quotation):
    Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title:
        Subtitle (Translator First Initial. Second Initial. Surname,
        Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Original work
        published Year).
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Laplace, 1814/1951)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 148)

  References:
  Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on
    probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L.
 Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original
 work published 1814).
JOURNAL/MAGAZINE ARTICLES

If a journal article has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) listed, you will always
      include this identifier in your reference. You will not have to include the
      URL of the journal's home page or of the database from which you
      retrieved the article if a DOI is available.
Journal Article with One Author

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname, Year)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname, Year, page number)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title:
        Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range.
        doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of journal
      home page [if available].
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Pettigrew, 2009)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Pettigrew, 2009, p. 61)

   References:
   Pettigrew, T. F. (2009). Secondary transfer effect of
  contact: Do intergroup contact effects spread to
  noncontacted        outgroups? Social Psychology,
  40(2), 55-65.
        doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.55
Journal Article with Two Authors

 In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)

    References:
    Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author
          Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article
   title:        Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page
   range.
        doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of journal
          home page [if available].
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Paterson & Thorne, 2003)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Paterson & Thorne, 2003, p. 30)

  References:
  Paterson, B. L., & Thorne, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of
  nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing
  Research, 35(3), 26-    38.

  References:
  Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-
  esteem            mediate between perceived early parental love and adult
  happiness. E- Journal of AppliedPsychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved
  from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Journal Article with Three to Five
Authors
 General Format

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year)

 NOTE: Although the first in-text citation for a work with three to five
 authors/editors includes all of the names of the authors/editors,
 subsequent citations include only the first author's/editor's surname,
 followed by et al. and the year.

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year, page number)

    References:
    Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial.
       Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title:
       Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR
       Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available].
Example

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Brinkworth, Noakes, Buckley, Keogh, & Clifton, 2009)

NOTE: A subsequent citation would appear as (Brinkworth et al., 2009)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Brinkworth, Noakes, Buckley, Keogh, & Clifton, 2009, p. 27)

   References:
   Brinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P.
   M. (2009).
       Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet
   compared with an
       isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. American Journal of Clinical
   Nutrition, 90
        (1), 23-32. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27326
Journal Article with Six or More
Authors
General Format

    In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
    (Author Surname et al., Year)

    In-Text Citation (Quotation):
    (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second
       Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial.
       Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname,
       First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal
   Title, Volume(issue),
       page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx [if available] OR Retrieved from URL of journal
       home page [if available].

NOTE: If an article has more than seven authors, list the names of
the first six authors followed by ... and then the last author's name in the
reference entry (p. 198).
Example

  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Dietz et al., 2007)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Dietz et al., 2007, p. 1517)

  References:
  Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W.
  M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M.
  C. (2007). Clinically         identified maternal depression
  before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live
  births. American Journal of
       Psychiatry, 164(10), 1515-1520. Retrieved from
       http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/
Magazine Article

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year, page number)

  References:
  Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month
  Day).       Article title: Subtitle. Magazine
  Title, Volume(issue), page range. Retrieved from URL
  of magazine home page [if viewed online].
Example
 In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
 (Henry & Mehta, 1990)

 In-Text Citation (Quotation):
 (Henry & Mehta, 1990, p. 30)

 References:
 Henry, W. A., & Mehta, N. S. (1990, April 9). Beyond the
 melting    pot. Time, 135, 28-31.

 References:
 Kuttner, R. (2003, September 8). The great American
 pension- fund robbery. Business Week, 24-26.
 Retrieved from      http://www.businessweek.com/
Newspaper Article

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year, page number)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month
  Day).       Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper Title, page
  range. Retrieved from URL [if viewed online]
Example
Example 1

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Wallace, 2007)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Wallace, 2007, p. A8)

  References:
  Wallace, K. (2007, December 4). Passport applicant finds
  massive privacy      breach. The Globe and Mail, pp. A1, A8.

  References:
  Severson, K., & Martin, A. (2009, March 3). It's organic, but
  does that   mean it's safer? The New York Times. Retrieved
  from        http://www.nytimes.com
WEBSITES
   When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to
   include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change
   over time (p. 192). If you reference an article from Wikipedia, for
   example, you would want to include a retrieval date because
   information in a wiki can be subject to a lot of change.

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])

   References:
   Personal or Corporate Author. (Last update or copyright date; if not
   known, put    n.d.). Title of specific document. Retrieved from URL of
   specific document
Example

 In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
 (Browning, 1993)

 In-Text Citation (Quotation):
 (Browning, 1993, para. 12)

 References:
 Browning, T. (1993). A brief historical survey of women
    writers of science fiction. Retrieved from
    http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/tonya/Tonya/sf/history.html
Web page from a University site

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if
       available])

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Last update or
       copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of specific
       document. Retrieved from Name of Universitywebsite: URL
   of specific document
Example


   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Johnson & Becker, n.d.)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Johnson & Becker, n.d.)

   References:
   Johnson, K. A., & Becker, J. A. (n.d.). The whole
  brain      atlas. Retrieved from Harvard University
  Medical School website:
  http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/
Document from a Web site with
no Author
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Title of specific document, Year)

NOTE: If the title of a document is long, use a shortened version for the
in-text citations.

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Title of specific document, Year, page or paragraph number [if
   available])

   References:
   Title of specific document. (Last update or copyright date; if not known,
          put n.d.). InTitle of website. Retrieved from URL of specific
          document
Example

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Neurology, n.d.)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Neurology, n.d.)

  References:
  Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved
 August 8,        2007, from
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
Blog Post
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name
        {as it  appears on the blog}. (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title
   of
        specific post [Web log post].Retrieved from URL of specific post

   NOTE: If it is the original blog post use [Web log post]. If it is a reply or
   comment made to the original post, use       [Web log comment].
Example

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (MiddleKid, 2007)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (MiddleKid, 2007)

  References:
  MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate
     prerequisites and consequences of partitioning
 your         mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from
      http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the
 _unfor       tunate_prerequisites.php
Entry in an Online Reference
Work

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year, page number [if available])

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year; if not
  known,       put    n.d.). Title of entry. In Editor First
  Initial. Second     Initial. Surname (Ed.), Title of
  reference work (edition,      Vol. #). Retrieved from URL
Example

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Graham, 2005)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Graham, 2005)

  References:
  Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta
 (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall
 2007 ed.). Retrieved from
 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries
      /behaviorism/
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
Motion Picture/Video Recording

General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Producer Surname & Director Surname, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Producer Surname & Director Surname, Year)

   References:
   Producer Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer), &
   Director       Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Director).
   (Year). Title of      movie [Format e.g. Motion picture or
   DVD]. Country where movie was produced: Name of Studio.
Example

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Davidson & Davidson, 1999)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Davidson & Davidson, 1999)

  References:
  Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director).
    (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion
    picture]. United States: Davidson Films.
Youtube Video
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)

  References:
  Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author
      screen name. (Year, Month Day {of video post}). Title
  of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific
  video
Example

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Norton, 2006)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Norton, 2006)

  References:
  Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to
    operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs
OTHER SOURCES
An Interview

Personal interviews are not included in the reference list because they do not provide
    recoverable data. Cite them in text only.
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Interviewee First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day,
   Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Interviewee First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day,
   Year)

   References:
   Not included.
Example


  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
  (Y. Martel, personal communication, April 15, 2005)

  In-Text Citation (Quotation):
  (Y. Martel, personal communication, April 15, 2005)

  References:
  Not included.
Secondary Sources
Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable
     to track down the original research report.
In this case, because you did not read the original report, you will include only the source you
     did consult in your References.
The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original
     research.
General Format

   In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
   (Author Surname, Year qtd. as cited in Author Surname [of the source you read], Year)

   In-Text Citation (Quotation):
   (Author Surname, Year qtd. as cited in Author Surname [of the source you read],
   Year, page number)

   References:
   Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial [of the source you read]. (Year). Book title:
      Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example


  In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
 Fong’s 1987 study (as cited in Bertram,
 1996) found that older students’ memory
 can be as good as that of young people,
 but this depends on how memory is tested.

   References:
   Do not include Fong (1987) in your
  References; do include Bertram (1996).
THANK YOU

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Apa citation style 6th edition

  • 1. Nor ezan bin omar [be seen or you are a nobody]
  • 2. APA Citation Style 6th Edition ď‚ž American Psychological Association (APA) style is commonly used for citing references in science and social science courses, such as Psychology, Nursing, and Social Work. ď‚ž The purpose of documentation is to: ď‚— Identify (cite) other people’s ideas and information used within your essay. ď‚— Indicate the authors or sources of these in aReferences list at the end of your paper. ď‚ž The best way to avoid plagiarism is to cite your sources. ď‚— “Plagiarism: The submission by a student of the writings, ideas or data of another individual as the student’s own in any essay or assignment. Avoid the consequences of plagiarism by giving proper references to your sources.” --RDC Academic Terminology Glossary
  • 3. Book with one Author or Editor General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) -entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words. In-Text Citation (Quotation) -entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote. References - entry that appears at the end of your paper. In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 4. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Franks, 2005) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Franks, 2005, p. 148) References: Franks, A. (2005). Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy: The control of female fertility. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
  • 5. Book with Two Authors or Editors General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Direct Quote): (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 6. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Burley & Harris, 2002) In-Text Citation (Direct Quote): (Burley & Harris, 2002, p. 153) References: Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2002). A companion to genethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • 7. Book with Three to Five Authors or Editors General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year) NOTE: Although the first in-text citation for a work with three to five authors/editors includes all of the names of the authors/editors, subsequent citations include only the first author's/editor's surname, followed by et al. and the year. In-Text Citation (Direct Quote): (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 8. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Johnson, Roberts, & Worell, 1999) NOTE: A subsequent citation would appear as (Johnson et al., 1999) In-Text Citation (Direct Quote): (Johnson, Roberts, & Worell, 1999, p. 72) References: Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (Eds.). (1999). Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • 9. Article or Chapter in an Edited Book General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year, page number) References (Quotation): Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article or chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Eds.), Book title:Subtitle (pp. page range of article or chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 10. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003, p. 526) References: Lawrence, J. A., & Dodds, A. E. (2003). Goal-directed activities and life-span development. In J. Valsiner & K. Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmentalpsychology (pp. 517-533). London, England: Sage Publications.
  • 11. Article in a Reference Book General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname [of Article], Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname [of Article], Year, page number) References (Quotation): Author Surname [of Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Eds.), Reference book title: Subtitle(# ed. edition, Vol. Volume, pp. page range of article). Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 12. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Lindgren, 1994) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Lindgren, 1994, p.468) References: Lindgren, H. C. (1994). Stereotyping. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 468-469). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • 13. Book with no Author General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Book title [usually shortened], Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Book title [usually shortened], Year, page number) References: Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 14. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Merriam-Webster's, 2005) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Merriam-Webster's, 2005, p. 3) References: Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.
  • 15. E-Book General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle [Version]. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of the home page of the e-book provider.
  • 16. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Ochs, 2004) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Ochs, 2004, p. 55) References: Ochs, S. (2004). A history of nerve functions: From animal spirits to molecular mechanisms [ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com/corp/
  • 17. Edition of a Book other than the First General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 18. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Harris, 2001) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Harris, 2001, p. 50) References: Harris, L. A. (2001). Canadian copyright law (3rd ed.). Toronto, ON: McGraw Hill Ryerson.
  • 19. A Translation General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, page number) References (Quotation): Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Original work published Year).
  • 20. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Laplace, 1814/1951) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 148) References: Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
  • 21. JOURNAL/MAGAZINE ARTICLES If a journal article has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) listed, you will always include this identifier in your reference. You will not have to include the URL of the journal's home page or of the database from which you retrieved the article if a DOI is available. Journal Article with One Author In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available].
  • 22. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Pettigrew, 2009) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Pettigrew, 2009, p. 61) References: Pettigrew, T. F. (2009). Secondary transfer effect of contact: Do intergroup contact effects spread to noncontacted outgroups? Social Psychology, 40(2), 55-65. doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.55
  • 23. Journal Article with Two Authors In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available].
  • 24. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Paterson & Thorne, 2003) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Paterson & Thorne, 2003, p. 30) References: Paterson, B. L., & Thorne, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26- 38. References: Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self- esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E- Journal of AppliedPsychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
  • 25. Journal Article with Three to Five Authors General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year) NOTE: Although the first in-text citation for a work with three to five authors/editors includes all of the names of the authors/editors, subsequent citations include only the first author's/editor's surname, followed by et al. and the year. In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available].
  • 26. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Brinkworth, Noakes, Buckley, Keogh, & Clifton, 2009) NOTE: A subsequent citation would appear as (Brinkworth et al., 2009) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Brinkworth, Noakes, Buckley, Keogh, & Clifton, 2009, p. 27) References: Brinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2009). Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90 (1), 23-32. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27326
  • 27. Journal Article with Six or More Authors General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname et al., Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx [if available] OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available]. NOTE: If an article has more than seven authors, list the names of the first six authors followed by ... and then the last author's name in the reference entry (p. 198).
  • 28. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Dietz et al., 2007) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Dietz et al., 2007, p. 1517) References: Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1515-1520. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/
  • 29. Magazine Article General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Magazine Title, Volume(issue), page range. Retrieved from URL of magazine home page [if viewed online].
  • 30. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Henry & Mehta, 1990) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Henry & Mehta, 1990, p. 30) References: Henry, W. A., & Mehta, N. S. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31. References: Kuttner, R. (2003, September 8). The great American pension- fund robbery. Business Week, 24-26. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/
  • 31. Newspaper Article General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper Title, page range. Retrieved from URL [if viewed online]
  • 32. Example Example 1 In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Wallace, 2007) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Wallace, 2007, p. A8) References: Wallace, K. (2007, December 4). Passport applicant finds massive privacy breach. The Globe and Mail, pp. A1, A8. References: Severson, K., & Martin, A. (2009, March 3). It's organic, but does that mean it's safer? The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
  • 33. WEBSITES When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time (p. 192). If you reference an article from Wikipedia, for example, you would want to include a retrieval date because information in a wiki can be subject to a lot of change. General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available]) References: Personal or Corporate Author. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of specific document. Retrieved from URL of specific document
  • 34. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Browning, 1993) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Browning, 1993, para. 12) References: Browning, T. (1993). A brief historical survey of women writers of science fiction. Retrieved from http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/tonya/Tonya/sf/history.html
  • 35. Web page from a University site General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available]) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of specific document. Retrieved from Name of Universitywebsite: URL of specific document
  • 36. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Johnson & Becker, n.d.) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Johnson & Becker, n.d.) References: Johnson, K. A., & Becker, J. A. (n.d.). The whole brain atlas. Retrieved from Harvard University Medical School website: http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/
  • 37. Document from a Web site with no Author General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Title of specific document, Year) NOTE: If the title of a document is long, use a shortened version for the in-text citations. In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Title of specific document, Year, page or paragraph number [if available]) References: Title of specific document. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). InTitle of website. Retrieved from URL of specific document
  • 38. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Neurology, n.d.) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Neurology, n.d.) References: Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
  • 39. Blog Post General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name {as it appears on the blog}. (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title of specific post [Web log post].Retrieved from URL of specific post NOTE: If it is the original blog post use [Web log post]. If it is a reply or comment made to the original post, use [Web log comment].
  • 40. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (MiddleKid, 2007) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (MiddleKid, 2007) References: MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the _unfor tunate_prerequisites.php
  • 41. Entry in an Online Reference Work General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year, page number [if available]) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year; if not known, put n.d.). Title of entry. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, Vol. #). Retrieved from URL
  • 42. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Graham, 2005) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Graham, 2005) References: Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries /behaviorism/
  • 43. AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA Motion Picture/Video Recording General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Producer Surname & Director Surname, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Producer Surname & Director Surname, Year) References: Producer Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer), & Director Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Director). (Year). Title of movie [Format e.g. Motion picture or DVD]. Country where movie was produced: Name of Studio.
  • 44. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) References: Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. United States: Davidson Films.
  • 45. Youtube Video General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day {of video post}). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific video
  • 46. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Norton, 2006) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Norton, 2006) References: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs
  • 47. OTHER SOURCES An Interview Personal interviews are not included in the reference list because they do not provide recoverable data. Cite them in text only. General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Interviewee First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Interviewee First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year) References: Not included.
  • 48. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Y. Martel, personal communication, April 15, 2005) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Y. Martel, personal communication, April 15, 2005) References: Not included.
  • 49. Secondary Sources Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable to track down the original research report. In this case, because you did not read the original report, you will include only the source you did consult in your References. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original research. General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year qtd. as cited in Author Surname [of the source you read], Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year qtd. as cited in Author Surname [of the source you read], Year, page number) References: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial [of the source you read]. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
  • 50. Example In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): Fong’s 1987 study (as cited in Bertram, 1996) found that older students’ memory can be as good as that of young people, but this depends on how memory is tested. References: Do not include Fong (1987) in your References; do include Bertram (1996).