Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes. Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.

1. Energy Efficiency in
Buildings and Industry
Webinar 19 April 2012
Prof. Dr. Kornelis Blok
Director of Science, Ecofys Group
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries –
Session 10
www.leonardo-energy.org/course-regulation-and-sustainable-energy-
developing-countries
1

2. Energy Efficiency in
Buildings and Industry
Leonardo-Energy Webinar, 19 April 2012
Prof. dr Kornelis Blok
Director of Science, Ecofys Group
Professor of Sustainable Energy, Utrecht University

3. Energy efficiency is the number one option to limit
GHG emissions and enhance security of energy supply
Confirmed by many many studies:
• IPCC
• International Energy Agency
• Ecofys
• McKinsey
• Greenpeace
3 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

4. The Energy Report - Transition to a fully sustainable global energy system by 2050
Energy efficiency improvement makes it possible to
limit global energy use to current levels
Baseline:
500 Fossil & Nuclear ~520 EJ/a
Renewable Heat & Fuels
Aggressive end-
Renewable Power
use energy
400 savings and
electrification
Final Energy (EJ/a)
300
Remaining
fossil fuels
200
Substitution of
100 traditional by
renewable
sources
Source: Ecofys
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
4 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

5. Table of contents
• What is energy efficiency?
• Benchmarking of energy efficiency in the world
• Overview of energy use in industry and buildings
• Energy audits
• Energy management
5 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

6. How to measure energy efficiency?
Specific Energy Consumption:
also indicated as (physical) energy intensity
energy use
SEC =
activity
Examples: MJ/ton steel
MJ/m2 heated office area
MJ/vehicle-km
6 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

7. Energy Efficiency Index (EEI)
Example: Refrigerator and freezers
• Simple indicator for a refrigerator:
Specific Energy Consumption in kWh/litre,year
• Indicator for fridge/freezer combinations: energy
efficiency index
E kWh/litre,year
EEI =
Vr + 2.1× V f
volume volume
refrigerator freezer
compartment compartment
7 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

8. What is energy efficiency improvement?
Energy efficiency improvement:
= reducing the use of energy per unit activity
without affecting the level of these activities
8 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

9. Energy intensity of iron-making
Source: De Beer, Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, 1998
350
Energy efficiency improvements:
Introduction coke fired blast
1760-1800: -1.9% a year
furnaces
300 1800-1820: -0.2% a year
1820-1910: -1.1% a year
Coke demand (MJ/kg hot metal)
1910-1920: +0.2% a year
250
Steam engines 1920-1940: -1.4% a year
1950-1990: -3.4% a year
200 1760-1990: -1.4% a year
Hot blast
150
Radical changes in shape and design
100 Closed top furnace
Use of richer ores
Larger hearth furnaces
50
Higher blast
Ore
0
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
year
9 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

10. Development of energy use by sector (EJ)
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
10 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

11. Sectoral breakdown of total final industrial energy
use, 2007
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
11 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

12. Breakdown of industrial energy use
(USA, 2010?)
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
12 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

13. Energy use in the service sector
Electricity balance average office building
lighting emergency
1% warm tapwater
• Fuel is mainly used
for space heating
Cooling 1%
lighting outside
1% 9% humidification
0%
other (if any)
3%
horeca • Electricity is
7%
lighting inside
36% typically
responsible for
50% of the primary
ict-central energy use of the
21%
service sector.
ventilation
5%
transport ict-decentral
2% 12% Data for the Netherlands
pumps Source: Meijer Energie & Milieumanagement B.V., 2008
2%
13 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

14. “Standby consumption” of buildings is substantial
20-55% of electricity
consumption in office
buildings takes place
outside office hours.
Ecofys research
14
14 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

15. Benchmarking of primary energy use of 16
cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
15 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

16. Benchmark curve for copper production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
16 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

17. Benchmark curve for aluminium production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
17 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

18. Benchmark curve for steel production (EEI)
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
18 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

19. Benchmark curves for ethylene production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
19 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

20. Benchmark curve for ammonia production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
20 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

21. Benchmark curve for clinker production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
21 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

22. Benchmark curve for paper production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
22 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

23. Energy demand in the service sector
(per capita)
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
23 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

24. Development of specific energy use for
space heating
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
24 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

25. Energy audits
Key elements of an energy audit:
1. understand how energy is used
2. identify opportunities for saving energy
3. cost-benefit analysis and recommendations
25 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

26. Energy audit
1. Understand how energy is used
• Determine total energy use (e.g. bills)
• Registration of equipment and operation time
• Determination of thermal building characteristics
• Additional measurements (!)
• Draw up a complete energy balance
• Determine load profiles
• (Benchmarking)
Nr. 1 deficiency: energy balance is not complete
26 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

27. Energy audits
2. Identify opportunities for saving energy
• Generic building related measures (insulation, control
ventilation, lighting, condensing boilers)
• Generic industrial measures (motor systems, heat
recovery, compressed air, steam systems, insulation)
• Process-specific measures
• Combined-generation-of-heat-and-power
Nr. 2 deficiency: no attention for production processes
27 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

28. Energy audit
3. Cost-benefit analysis
• Payback time
• Net present value
• Internal-rate-of-return
• Life-cycle costs
• Cost-supply curves
28 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

29. More efficient motor systems
29 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

30. Heat recovery and optimization of heat
exchange systems
Pinch technology:
• Inventory of flows to be
heated and flows to be
cooled
• Systematic optimisation of
heat exchanger network
• Large theoretical savings
achievable
30 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

31. New production processesreduction
Smelt
(steel making)
Strip casting
20
50
cn nos
o ti u u re e tin
ha g ht
o
b st
la BF
O
c sti g
a n fu a e
rn c strip
fu a e
rn c
mlil
20
00 0.2
mlti gp i t p rei n
e n on u ro
i nste l
ro / e 0.1
10
50 0.1
Temperature (K)
c a/ o e
o lc k
o / n r/
resi te 1.2
0.9
p le
el ts
0.5
sc p
ra 0.3
10
00 0.4 0.8
0.8
0.3
0.5 0.5 0.3
50
0
si te
n r ck
oe
pa t
ln oe
vn
0
A sou e th l y c a g p r g u i =0 G trs
b l te n ap h n e e rid nt .5 J/
31 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

32. Combined
generation
of heat and power
(CHP)
“cogeneration”
32 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

33. Energy saving opportunities in cement
plants (16 plants in Shandong, China)
• Electicity conservation
potential is 40% (of
which 16% cost-
effective)
• Fuel conservation
potential is 8% (all cost-
effective)
• Discount rate 30%
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities
for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China,
LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
33 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

34. Electricity conservation supply curve for 16
cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
34 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

35. Fuel conservation supply curve for 16
cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
35 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

36. Principles for energy management
• Make it a priority
• Commit to energy savings (at all levels)
• Assign responsibility
• Look beyond first costs
• Make energy management a continuous process
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
36 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

37. Make energy management a continuous
process
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
37 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

38. Elements of energy management
• Energy audits
• Energy teams
• Employee awareness
• Monitoring
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
38 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

39. Provide the right internal incentives. A targeted reward system can
ensure that sufficient attention is devoted to energy saving.
The combination of comprehensive energy-saving • Incorporate concrete
information and a clear reduction target for targets in the salary
technical managers at sorting centres resulted in system of those who
energy savings of 10% in De Post-La Poste have an influence on
(Belgium) sorting centres in 2009 compared to the energy
2008. First a detailed study was conducted in one
sorting centre into the potential to reduce energy consumption of
consumption and possible energy-saving buildings (and
measures. The results of this study were rolled out ensure that they are
to four other sorting centres. The savings potential sufficiently
from implementing short-term measures was then empowered).
translated into a target for the technical managers • This kind of reward
of all sorting centres. The final savings achieved
were reflected in the annual bonus of the
system must
managers. In 2009 this policy delivered a saving of obviously be part of
10%, which translated into an energy saving of a broader approach
more than 3 million kWh. to energy saving.
39
39 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

40. Further reading
40 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012

41. Contact details
Prof. dr. Kornelis Blok
Ecofys Group
Director of Science
Phone: +31-30-662 3399
E-mail: k.blok@ecofys.com
41 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012