ppt

1. Introduction
Network
Source Destination

2. Computer Network?
o “interconnected collection of autonomous
computers”
o What is the Internet?
– “network of networks”
– “collection of networks interconnected by routers”
– “a communication medium used by millions”
– Email, chat, Web “surfing”, streaming media
o Internet ¹
Web
oDistributed system

3. The Big Picture of Networks

4. Why network?
Before networks:
– One large computer (mainframe) used for all
processing in businesses, universities, etc.
Smaller, cheaper computers…
– Personal computers or workstations on desktops
– Interconnecting many smaller computers is
advantageous! Why?

5. Why network?
Resource sharing!
– Hardware: printers, disks, terminals, etc.
– Software: text processors, compilers, etc.
– Data.
Robustness
– Fault tolerance through redundancy
Load balancing
– Processing and data can be distributed over the network
Location independence
– Users can access their files, etc. from anywhere in the
network

6. Problems?
Security!
 It’s much easier to protect centralized resources than
when they are distributed.
 Network itself as the target..

7. Applications
o WWW
o Instant Messaging (Internet chat, text messaging
on cellular phones)
o Peer-to-Peer
o Internet Phone
o Video-on-demand
o Distributed Games
o Remote Login (SSH client, Telnet)
o File Transfer

8. Applications
• Business Applications
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues

9. Business Applications of Networks
A network with two clients and one server.

10. Business Applications of Networks (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies.

11. Home Network Applications
• Access to remote information
• Person-to-person communication
• Interactive entertainment
• Electronic commerce

12. Home Network Applications (2)
In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

13. Home Network Applications (3)
Some forms of e-commerce.

14. Mobile Network Users
Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.

15. Major Trends in Computing

16. The Wider Agenda
year
log (people per computer)
Number Crunching
Data Storage
Productivity
Interactive
Streaming
Information
to/from Physical
World
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Workstation
PC
Laptop
PDA

17. Various Rates of Improvement

18. Networking Scenario: Present
Networks today
Routers
Web servers
Clients

19. Networking Scenario: Future
Routers
Clients
Web servers
Audio Video
Sensors
Wireless Devices
Mobile users

20. Computers of the Future
Computers are integrated
– small, cheap, portable, embedded
Technology is in the background
– computer are aware of their environment and adapt (“location awareness”)
– computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call
forwarding, fax forwarding, “context awareness”)
Advances in technology
– more computing power in smaller devices
– flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
– new user interfaces due to small dimensions
– more bandwidth
– multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless
telecommunication networks etc. (“overlay networks”)

21. Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology
• Broadcast links
• Point-to-point links

22. Broadcast Networks (2)
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

23. Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks
(a) Bus
(b) Ring

24. Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

25. Wide Area Networks
Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

26. Wide Area Networks (2)
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

27. Wireless Networks
Categories of wireless networks:
• System interconnection
• Wireless LANs
• Wireless WANs

28. Wireless Networks (2)
(a) Bluetooth configuration
(b) Wireless LAN

29. Wireless Networks (3)
(a) Individual mobile computers
(b) A flying LAN

30. Home Network Categories
• Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
• Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
• Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
• Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
• Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).

31. Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet.

32. Ethernet
Architecture of the original Ethernet.

33. Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station.
(b) Ad hoc networking.

34. Wireless LANs (2)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.

35. Wireless LANs (3)
A multicell 802.11 network.

36. IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are
marked with *. The ones marked with  are
hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.