2. Introduction
Care at birth
When a newborn baby should be examined ?
Danger signs
Examining the newborn at birth
High risk neonates
Prevention of hypothermia
Prevention of infection
Immunisation
Normal phenomena after birth
Resuscitation of newborn not breathing soon after birth
Care of LBW babies
Care of sick newborn babies
Special situation
Training
Health Programmes
Key messages
References.
3. INTRODUCTION
WORLD:
NMR: 4 millions/yr
50% in 1st 24 hrs
2/3rd in South-East Asia , Africa
INDIA:
61.3% of infant deaths -in neonatal period.
50% of these deaths-in 1st wk of life.
NFHS-3(05-06): 2/3rd of IMR & ½ of U5MR
Major causes:
birth asphyxia
hypothermia
infections
Essential Newborn Care(ENC).
4. CARE AT BIRTH
Delivery room-
5 Cleans
PROVISION OF WARMTH:
*dry, pre-warmed & clean cloth
*200W bulb
*dry immediately
*do not remove vernix
*close contact with mother
6. INITIATING BREASTFEEDING:
*within 1 hr of birth(within 4hr-C.S.)
*advantage for mother
baby
*no pre-lacteal feeds.
7. WHEN A NEWBORN BABY SHOULD
BE EXAMINED ?
AFTER BIRTH:
+ at around 1 hr
+before discharge from hospital
+if there is a maternal concern about the
baby’s condition
+if a danger sign is observed during
monitoring
AFTER LEAVING THE HOSPITAL:
+during the 1st wk of life at a routine visit
+ follow-up
+ sick newborn visit
8. DANGER SIGNS
Not suckling (after 6 hours of age)
Fast breathing (> 60 breaths/min)
Grunting
Eyes swollen and draining pus
Yellow skin on face and < 24 hours old
> 10 skin pustules
9. EXAMINING THE NEWBORN AT
BIRTH
IDENTIFICATION OF MALFORMATIONS:
hydrocephalus
meningomyelocele
large omphalocele
absent anal openings
BREATHING PATTERN:
N: 30-40/min
irregular
periodic
at least 1 min
quiet,not feeding
10. Respiration is not normal if-
RR >60/min
intercostal/subcostal retractions
assoociated apnoea(+ cyanosis/HR <100 bpm)
HR:
N: 100-160 bpm
ASSESSING PERFUSION:
capillary refill time: N- 3s
COLOUR:
N: pink
pale
yellow
blue
12. TEST 0 Points 1 Points 2 Points
Appearance(skin Blue-grey,pale all Pink body & blue Normal over entire
color) over extremities body,completely
pink
Pulse(HR) Absent <100 bpm >100 bpm
Grimace(Reflex No response Facial grimace Sneeze,cough,pull
irritability) s away
Activity(m.tone) Absent Arms & legs Active movement
extended with flexed arms &
legs
Respiration(Breathi Absent Slow,irregular Good,crying
ng)
N: 7-10, 4-6: mod. Depressed, 0-3: severely depressed.
‘ONLY INDICATES IMMEDIATE HEALTH CONDITION OF BABY’
13. Posture
1.Term newborn baby:
loosely clenched fists
flexed arms, hips, and knees
2.Small babies ( 2.5 kg at birth or born before 37 weeks
gestation)
limbs may be extended
3.Babies born in the breech position may have fully
flexed hips and knees, feet and mouth, and legs may
even reach near the mouth.
14. HIGH RISK NEONATES
birth wt. < 1800 g and/or <35 wk GA
SFD(<3rd centile) & LFD(>97th centile)
Peri-natal asphyxia-APGAR score 3 at 5 min and/ or HIE
Mechanical ventilation for >24 hrs
Metabolic problems-symptomatic hypoglycemia & hypo-
calcemia
Seizures
Infections- meningitis and/or culture + sepsis
Shock requiring inotropic / vasopressor agents
Infants born to HIV + mothers
Sr. B >20 mg% or requirement of exchange transfusion
Major malformations
15. PREVENTION OF HYPOTHERMIA
< 36 C
1st signs: less active, doesnot BF well, has a weak cry, has
resp. distress
STEPS OF WARM CHAIN:
1. Warm delivery room
2. Warm resuscitation
3. Immediate drying
4. Skin to skin contact
5. BF
6. Bathing postponed
7. Appropriate clothing
8. Mother & baby together
9. Professional alertness
10. Warm transportation
16. TEMPERATURE RECORDING:
axilla/ per rectally
at least 3 min
N: 36.5- 37.5 C
MANAGING HYPOTHERMIA:
immediate Tt
200W bulb/45cm or KMC or radiant warmer
refer if:
17. PREVENTION OF INFECTION
Minimize Neonatal tetanus
5 ‘C’s
Cord: dry , clean
Exclusive BF
Persons with infective disease must not handle
the baby till infection is under control.
19. NORMAL PHENOMENA AFTER BIRTH
MECONIUM PASSAGE:
dark, greenish-black, sticky
N: within 24 hrs
URINE PASSAGE:
N: soon after birth/ by next 24 – 48 hrs
after 2nd day, 6 – 7 times/day
TRANSITIONAL STOOLS:
greenish yellow
ed frequency
loose (& sometimes watery)
N: highly variable; after first 2wk,upto 15-20 times/day or
once in 5-6days
20. VOMITTING:
mucous gastritis
swallow air during feeding
pathological if:
MONGOLIAN SPOT:
bluish-black patches of pigmentation
sacral & buttock; also trunk & extremities
disappear by 6 months of age
ERYTHEMA TOXICUM:
an erythematous rash
on 2nd/3rd day
begins from face & spreads to trunk &extremities
over next 24 hrs
disappears spontaneously in 2-3 days
21. VAGINAL DISCHARGE/BLEEDING:
thin white mucoid secretions
Tt: clean it with clean water &
keep the place dry
upto 25%: menstrual like withdrawl bleeding
after 3-5 days of life &for 2-4 days
MASTITIS:
breast engorgement on 3rd /4th day
may last for 2-4 days
avoid local massage, fomentation or manual
expression of discharging milk
22. PHYSIOLOGICAL JAUNDICE:
clinical jaundice after 24 hrs of birth
> 15 mg%
ng by 7-10 days of life
If not, Pathological:
immediate referral & Tt
>20 mg% - risk of brain damage
23. CAPUT SUCCAEDANEUM:
a boggy s/c swelling over scalp
soon after birth
benign
CEPHALHEMATOMA:
sub-periosteal hemorrhage
does not cross sutural lines
can be asso. With anaemia/jaundice
24. RESUSCITATION OF NEWBORN NOT
BREATHING SOON AFTER BIRTH
Equipment needed:
self-inflating bag & mask
02
mucus sucker
syringe/needle(no.24)
adrenaline(1:1,000)
SUCTION:
most cry soon after birth
but if not started to breathe by the time it is
dried start IMMEDIATE RESUSCITATION:
25. 200W bulb/radint warmer
extend the neck
mucus sucker- 1st mouth , then nose
do not use gauge/cloth
If still does not cry:
flick the soles with fingers 2 or 3 times
do not slap the baby/hang upside down
If does not start breathing or is gasping:
start ASSISTED VENTILATION with a bag &
mask
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. USE OF DRUGS:
Adrenaline-
when HR <60/min in spite of CC &
assisted ventilation
0.1 mg/kg (1:10,000)
intracardiac /IV
HOW LONG SHOULD RESUSCITATIVE EFFORTS BE
CONTINUED ?
discontinued if a baby did not establish
spontaneous breathing efforts after 30 min after
birth
In fresh still born babies(1 min APGAR-O) IF NO
SIGNS OF LIFE at 10 min
31. CARE OF LBW BABIES
India (2000-07): 28%
Preterm
SFD
PREVENTION OF HYPOTHERMIA:
rooming-in
KMC
adequate cloth & dry
room free from cold air
100-200W bulb/18 inch from baby
temp. recorded at least 3-4 hrly
32. EXCLUSIVE BF:
no pre-lacteal feeds
early BF
2hrly/more frequently
if suck poorly-manual expression/spoon
after 7 days of life, gain in BW:15-20 gms/day
PREVENTION OF INFECTION:
ed risk
people with diarrhoea , skin infections &
skin infections must stay away
if the mother has diarrhoea/respiratory inf.-
only breast milk
must be wrapped in clean , dry linen & clothing
& not placed on dusty/dirty surfaces
immunisation-same schedule
33. DISCHARGING A LBW BABY:
when it is- feeding well
gaining wt.
no sickness
REFERRING A LBW BABY:
>1800g –home mt.
1500-1800g : PHC
<1500g : referred to a health facility where
specialist care is available
34. CARE OF SICK NEWBORN(IMNCI)
MILD ILLNESS:
umbilical discharge
HOME management
conjunctivitis
pyoderma
SEVERE ILLNESS:
Inpatient care at
diarrhoea PRIMARY
fast breathing/chest compression HEALTH CARE
FACILITY
feeding poorly
ed activity
fever
35. PROVIDE WARMTH:
200W bulb/radiant warmer
O2:
Indications- central cyanosis
RR > 60/min
severe chest-indrawing
nasal canula ( no.8) inserted 2cm into nostril
O2 must be humidified & water-warm
in absence of O2 monitors, O2 level determined
by the level at which cyanosis disappears.
ANTIBIOTICS:
Inj Amp(50mg/kg BD)+ Inj Gentamicin(2.5mg/kg BD)
at least 5 days
If no response after 48 hrs: Refer
36. FLUIDS & FEEDING:
1st 2 days – 10D
day 3 onwards – 1/6 saline in 10D
DAILY FLUID REQUIREMRNTS DURING 1ST WK OF LIFE (50 ML/KG/DAY) :
BIRTH DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 DAY 6 DAY 7
WT. &
ONWA
RDS
< 1500g 80 95 110 120 130 140 150
>1500g 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
ORAL FEEDING:
started as soon as baby can suck
if difficulty in sucking- expressed milk using a NG tube
20ml/kg/feed, 6times /day
37. VERY SEVERE ILLNESS:
Iinability to feed
persistent hypothermia
abdominal distention REFER to health
facility which has
cyanosis specialist care available
apnoea
convulsions
bleeding
severe jaundice
grunting/ stridor
1st dose antibiotic
a referral slip
a vehicle
mother with newborn
KMC & adequate clothing
41. KEY MESSAGES
Hand should be washed each time before handling the
baby
Exclusive BF
No pre-lacteal feeds
Baby should be kept warm
check if body & feet are warm
If DANGER SIGNS are present, health care providers
should be immediately conacted:
not able to take feeds
ed drowsiness
difficulty breathing/ 60/min
42. yellow staining of palm & soles
convulsions
Mother is advised to bring the child at 6 wks for
immunisation
Mother is instructed to keep the immunisation card
carefully & encouraged to weigh the child at a near by
health centre
No pacifier .
43. REFERENCES
RCH module for MO(PHC).
GHAI essential paediatrics,7th edition
PARK’S textbook of preventive & social medicine. 21st
edition
www.who.int