3.  Fossil fuel was formed over hundreds
of millions of years ago by decomposing
plants. After a long period
of time, layers and layers of rock,
mud, and sand covered the dead plants
thousands of feet under the earth,
which fossilized them.

4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOSSIL FUE
L
 COAL
NATURAL GAS PETROLUM
 NUCLEAR POWER

5. World fossil fuel consumption

6. Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Petroleum Below 40 1-4 Fuel for
Gas cooking

7. Fractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Petrol 40 - 75 5 -10 Fuel for car
(Gasoline) engines

8. Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Naphtha 75 - 150 7 - 14 Chemical
feedstock

9. Fractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Kerosene 160 - 250 11 - 16 Fuel for jet
engines,
cooking
and heating

10. Fractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Diesel 250 - 300 16 - 20 Fuel for
diesel
engines

11. Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Lubricants 300 - 350 20 - 35 Making
waxes and
lubricating
oils

12. Fraction Boiling No of carbon Uses
Range /C atoms per
molecule
Bitumen Above 350 More than Paving
70 roads

13. How are COAL formed
 Coal is formed by dead remains of trees, ferns and other
plants that lived 300 to 400 millions of years ago.
 Coal is found in swamps covered by seawater. Since the sea
has a lot of sulfur it stayed behind in the coal, when the water
receded.
 Unless it is removed when it is being burned, the sulfur goes
into our air when the coal is burned.
 In some parts of the world there were freshwater swamps,
coal from here has less sulfur and is much cleaner then the
other swamps.

14. Formation of coal

15.  Oil and natural gas were formed the same way, but coal was
formed a slightly different way.
 The first two were formed by organisms - plankton and
plants mostly - that lived in fresh water and they were buried
under rivers and oceans.
 The pressure and bacteria is combined to make oil and
natural gas.
 When the petroleum companies drill down through the
caprock, if they are lucky they find oil and natural gas under
them, and that’s how it is captured today.

16. FUCTURE TECH
 In many ways oil, natural gas, and coal are formed the
same way.
 In the future may be scientists will take the sulfur
from coal so we would not have air pollution.
 But since they were all produced over millions of
years, in the future we will run out of all the types of
fossil fuel.
 We are using them up much faster than they can be
produced and fossil fuel plants are where most of our
electricity comes from now.

17. IN WHICH CONDITIONS FOSSIL
FUEL ARE FORMED
 CONDITION NEED TO FORM AN FOSSIL FUEL ARE
AS FOLLOWS-
 Extreme heat
 Extreme pressure and
 Millions of years
 Organic matter which was rapidly buried in an anoxic
environment. Then left undisturbed for a very long time

18. IMAGES OF FOSSIL FUEL

19.  THESE FOSSIL FUEL ARE FOUND IN OCEANS
SEAS ETC.
 BEFORE THEY ARE EXTRACTED , FOSSIL FUEL
ARE TOGETHER WHICH IS KNOWN AS CRUDE
OIL.
 TO SEPARATE THEM THERE IS A METHORD
CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION.

20. Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
 Petroleum can be separated into different fractions by
fractional distillation.
 This separation can take place because petroleum is a
mixture of substances with different boiling points.

21. (Petroleum Gas)
Petrol
Naphtha Temperature
Kerosene increases
down the
column
Diesel
Lubricants
Bitumen

22. CONDITIONS FOR OIL REFINING
 Petroleum is heated to 360C in the
absence of air in a furnace to vaporize
it before fractional distillation.

23. Why must petroleum be vaporized in
the absence of air at 360C?
If petroleum is vaporized in the presence
of air at high temperature, it may ignite
and cause an explosion!

24. Fuel Appearance Constituents
Natural Mainly methane
Colourless
Gas (CH4)
From yellow to dark- A mixture of
Petroleum
brown liquid hydrocarbons
(Crude oil)
(depending on grade) (mainly alkanes)
Coal Black solid Mainly carbon

25. Physical Ease of storage and Effect of
State transportation pollution
Not easily stored and
transported (because Large amounts
of its solid state) of soot and
Solid
sulphur dioxide
Requires a lot of produced
space to store.

26. Physical Ease of storage and Effect of
State transportation pollution
Can flow through Moderate
pipes easily. amounts of soot
Liquid Can be stored and and sulphur
transported easily by dioxide
tankers produced

27. Physical Ease of storage and Effect of
State transportation pollution
Can flow through
pipes easily. Very low
amounts of
Gas Can be liquefied soot and
under pressure sulphur dioxide
(LNG) and stored in produced
tanks

28.  They contain a high percentage of carbon and
hydrocarbons
 . Primary sources of energy used around the world
include petroleum, coal, and natural gas, all fossil fuels.
 With energy needs increasing, the production and use of
these fossil fuels create serious environmental concerns.
 Until a global movement for renewable energy is
successful, the negative effects of fossil fuel will
continue.

29. AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY
FOSSIL FUELS
 Fossil fuels cause environmentally unsafe compounds to form in
the atmosphere, depleting ozone levels and thus creating a spike
in skin cancer rates.
 Burning coal releases sulfur oxide while the combustion of car
engines and power plants gives off nitrogen oxides, which cause
smog.
 Water and oxygen bonding with those sulfur and nitrogen oxides
also causes acid rain, which damages plant life and food chains.
Areas of high air pollution indexes have populations with higher
rates of asthma than cleaner environments do.

30. GLOBAL WARMING CAUSED
BY FOSSIL FUEL
 Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide accumulates in
the atmosphere.
 Carbon monoxide is produced by the combustion of fossil
fuels and converted into carbon dioxide. As a result, the
surface temperature of the earth is increasing drastically.
 The increase is enough to distress the ecological systems.
Implications include severe weather, droughts, floods,
drastic temperature changes, heat waves, and more severe
wildfires. Food and water supplies are threatened
 Tropical regions will expand, allowing disease-carrying
insects to expand their ranges.

31. FOSSIL FUEL I AM DANGERIOUS
 HELP ME I AM ON FIRE
 DUE TO THEST FOSSIL
 FUEL.

32. ACID RAIN DUE TO FOSSIL
FUELS
 Acid rain" is a broad term used to describe several ways
that acids fall out of the atmosphere. A more precise
term is acid deposition, which has two parts: wet and
dry.

34. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN .
 Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to
damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red spruce trees above
2,000 feet) and many sensitive forest soils.
 In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials and
paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that
are part of our nation's cultural heritage.
 Prior to falling to the earth, SO2 and NOx gases and their particulate
matter derivatives, sulfates and nitrates, contribute to visibility
degradation and harm public health.
 DUE TO ACID RAIN TAJ MAHAL IS LOOSING ITS COLOUR

35. TAJ MAHAL DUE TO
ACID RAIN
 BEFORE AFTER

36.  Oil was formed from the remains of animals
and plants that lived millions of years ago in a
marine (water) environment before the
dinosaurs.
 Over the years, the remains were covered by
layers of mud.
 Heat and pressure from these layers helped
the remains turn into what we today call crude
oil .

39. The world's top five crude oil-producing
countries are:
 Saudi Arabia
 Russia
 United States
 Iran
 China CRUDE OIL

40.  Paraffins
 Hydrocarbons
 Naphthenes Hydrocarbons

42.  Crude oil is recovered from the reservoir mixed
with a variety of substances: gases water and
dirt (minerals). Desalting is a water – washing
operation performed at the production field
and at the refinery site for additional crude oil
cleanup. If the petroleum from the seperators
contains water and dirt, water washing can
remove much of the water – soluble minerals
and entrained solids. If these crude oil
contaminants are not removed, they can cause
operating problems during refinery processing,
such as equipment plugging and corrosion as
well as catalyst deactivation.

45. • Aviation Gasoline
• Gas Diesel Oil/(Distillate Fuel Oil)
• Heavy Fuel Oil Residual
• Kerosene
• Jet Fuel
• LPG
• Motor Gasoline
• Naphtha
• Petroleum Coke
• Refinery Gas

46. PRODUCTS MADE FROM OIL
 Ink Toys Dolls Tires Tents ShoesGlue Skis Dyes Cameras Combs
Dice Mops Purses Dresses Pajamas Pillows Candles Boats Crayo
ns Caulking Balloons Curtains Milk jugs Putty Tool
racks Slacks Yarn Roofing Luggage Fan
belts Carpeting Lipstick Aspirin Dishwashing liquids Unbreakable
dishes Car sound insulation Motorcycle helmets Refrigerator
linings Electrician's tape Roller-skate wheels Permanent press
clothes Soft contact lenses Food preservatives Transparent
tape Disposable diapers Sports car bodies Electric blankets Car
battery cases Synthetic rubber Vitamin capsules Rubbing
alcohol Ice cube trays Insect repellent Roofing shingles Shower
curtains Plywood adhesive Beach umbrellas Faucet
washers Antihistamines Drinking cups Petroleum jelly Tennis
rackets Wire insulation Ballpoint pens Artificial turf Artificial
limbs Shaving cream

47.  Paint brushes Telephones Insecticides Antiseptics Fishing
lures Deodorant Linoleum Sweaters Paint rollers Floor
wax Plastic wood Model cars Trash bags Soap dishes Hand
lotion Clothesline Shampoo Panty hose Fishing rods Oil
filters Anesthetics Upholstery TV cabinets Cassettes Salad
bowls House paint Awnings Ammonia Safety glass Hair
curlers VCR tapes Eyeglasses Movie film Ice
chests Loudspeakers Ice buckets Credit
cards Fertilizers Water pipes Toilet seats Fishing boots Life
jackets Garden hose Golf balls Umbrellas Detergents Rubber
cement Sun glasses Cold cream Bandages Hair coloring Nail
polish Guitar strings False teethToothpaste Golf
bags Toothbrushes Perfume Folding doors Shoe
polish Shower doors Cortisone Heart valves LP
records Hearing aids Vaporizers Wading pools Parachutes