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THE MOTOR SYSTEM, part II
THE MOTOR SYSTEM

The brain influences activity of the spinal cord in order to generate voluntary
movements

Hierarchy of controls

    Highest level: Strategy, the goal of the movement and best way to achieve it.
    Associated to neocortex and basal ganglia

    Middle level: Tactics, the sequence of muscle contraction to achieve the goal.
    Associate to motor cortex and cerebellum

    Lowest level: Execution, activation of motor neurons that generate the
    movement. Associated to brain stem and spinal cord
DESCENDING SPINAL TRACTS
Axons from brain descend along two major pathways
   Lateral Pathways: involved in voluntary of distal musculature movement
   under cortical control
   Ventromedial Pathways: involved in control of posture and locomotion,
   under brain stem control
THE LATERAL PATHWAYS




                      Base of                  midbrai
                      cerebral                 n
                      peducle
                                                         Right red
                                                         nucleus



          Medullary
          pyramid
                                 pyramidal
                                 decussation


Corticospinal                    Rubrospinal
tract                            tract
THE VENTROMEDIAL PATHWAYS
Vestibulospinal tract:
information from vestibular
system. Control neck and
back muscles. Guide head
movements




                              Vestibular nucleus




      Vestibulospinal                              Tectospinal
      tract                                        tract



                                       Spinal
                                       cord
                                                                 Tectospinal tract: information
                                                                 from retina and visual
                                                                 system. Guide control eye
                                                                 movements.
THE VENTROMEDIAL PATHWAYS
Pontine reticulospinal tract:
enhance antigravity reflexs,
helps maintaining a standing
posture                               Cerebellum




                                                   pons            Pontine
                                                                   reticular
                                                                   formation




                                                              Medullary
                                                              reticular formation




                                                          Reticulospinal
                                                          tract

                                                                           Medullary reticulospinal tract:
                                                                           opposite function
                                Spinal cord
THE MOTOR CORTEX
Area 4 = “Primary motor cortex” or “M1”
Area 6 = “Higher motor area”
Lateral region   Premotor area (PMA), controls distal motor units
Medial region    Supplementary motor area (SMA), controls proximal motor units
THE MOTOR CORTEX
The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex
Represent highest levels of motor control. Help in deciding about actions and their outcome, by integrating
many source of information
                                                                                                   APs of PMA
Area 5: Inputs from areas 3, 1, and 2                                                              neuron
Area 7: Inputs from higher-order visual cortical areas.
They both project to Area 6




                                                                                                  Instruction




                                                                                                   Trigger
THE BASAL GANGLIA
Basal ganglia
    Project to the ventral lateral (VLo)
    nucleus
    Provides major input to area 6
Cortex
    Projects back to basal ganglia
    Forms a “loop” in order to select and
    initiatiate willed movements
THE BASAL GANGLIA
Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra: Connected to basal ganglia
THE BASAL GANGLIA
The Motor Loop: Selection and initiation of willed movements
Excitatory connection from the cortex to cells in putamen
Cortical activation excites putamen neurons. Inhibits globus pallidus neurons.
Release cells in VLo from inhibition. Activity in VLo influences activity in SMA
THE BASAL GANGLIA
Basal Ganglia Disorders: Hypokinesia and hyperkinesia

Parkinson’s disease
Symptoms: Bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity and tremors of hand and jaw
Organic basis: Degeneration of substantia nigra inputs to striatum
Dopa treatment: Facilitates production of dopamine to increase SMA activity

Huntington’s disease
Symptoms: Hyperkinesia, dyskinesia, dementia, impaired cognitive disability,
personality disorder

Hemiballismus
Violent, flinging movement on one side of the body


Some examples….

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECkPVTZlfP8&feature=related PARKINSON
THE CEREBELLUM
Function: Sequence of muscle contractions
Lesion: Ataxia, characterized by uncoordinated and inaccurate movements.
Dysynergia, dysmetric
Anatomy: Folia and lobules, Deep cerebellar nuclei (relay cerebellar cortical output
to brain stem structures) Vermis (contributes to ventromedial pathways) Cerebellar
hemispheres (contributes to lateral pathways)
THE CEREBELLUM
THE CEREBELLUM
The Motor Loop Through the Lateral Cerebellum
Axons from layer V pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex form massive projections to pons
Corticopontocerebellar projection are 20 times larger than pyramidal tract
Function: Execution of planned, voluntary, multijoint movements

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Ch14

  • 2. THE MOTOR SYSTEM The brain influences activity of the spinal cord in order to generate voluntary movements Hierarchy of controls Highest level: Strategy, the goal of the movement and best way to achieve it. Associated to neocortex and basal ganglia Middle level: Tactics, the sequence of muscle contraction to achieve the goal. Associate to motor cortex and cerebellum Lowest level: Execution, activation of motor neurons that generate the movement. Associated to brain stem and spinal cord
  • 3. DESCENDING SPINAL TRACTS Axons from brain descend along two major pathways Lateral Pathways: involved in voluntary of distal musculature movement under cortical control Ventromedial Pathways: involved in control of posture and locomotion, under brain stem control
  • 4. THE LATERAL PATHWAYS Base of midbrai cerebral n peducle Right red nucleus Medullary pyramid pyramidal decussation Corticospinal Rubrospinal tract tract
  • 5. THE VENTROMEDIAL PATHWAYS Vestibulospinal tract: information from vestibular system. Control neck and back muscles. Guide head movements Vestibular nucleus Vestibulospinal Tectospinal tract tract Spinal cord Tectospinal tract: information from retina and visual system. Guide control eye movements.
  • 6. THE VENTROMEDIAL PATHWAYS Pontine reticulospinal tract: enhance antigravity reflexs, helps maintaining a standing posture Cerebellum pons Pontine reticular formation Medullary reticular formation Reticulospinal tract Medullary reticulospinal tract: opposite function Spinal cord
  • 7. THE MOTOR CORTEX Area 4 = “Primary motor cortex” or “M1” Area 6 = “Higher motor area” Lateral region Premotor area (PMA), controls distal motor units Medial region Supplementary motor area (SMA), controls proximal motor units
  • 8. THE MOTOR CORTEX The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Represent highest levels of motor control. Help in deciding about actions and their outcome, by integrating many source of information APs of PMA Area 5: Inputs from areas 3, 1, and 2 neuron Area 7: Inputs from higher-order visual cortical areas. They both project to Area 6 Instruction Trigger
  • 9. THE BASAL GANGLIA Basal ganglia Project to the ventral lateral (VLo) nucleus Provides major input to area 6 Cortex Projects back to basal ganglia Forms a “loop” in order to select and initiatiate willed movements
  • 10. THE BASAL GANGLIA Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra: Connected to basal ganglia
  • 11. THE BASAL GANGLIA The Motor Loop: Selection and initiation of willed movements Excitatory connection from the cortex to cells in putamen Cortical activation excites putamen neurons. Inhibits globus pallidus neurons. Release cells in VLo from inhibition. Activity in VLo influences activity in SMA
  • 12. THE BASAL GANGLIA Basal Ganglia Disorders: Hypokinesia and hyperkinesia Parkinson’s disease Symptoms: Bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity and tremors of hand and jaw Organic basis: Degeneration of substantia nigra inputs to striatum Dopa treatment: Facilitates production of dopamine to increase SMA activity Huntington’s disease Symptoms: Hyperkinesia, dyskinesia, dementia, impaired cognitive disability, personality disorder Hemiballismus Violent, flinging movement on one side of the body Some examples…. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECkPVTZlfP8&feature=related PARKINSON
  • 13. THE CEREBELLUM Function: Sequence of muscle contractions Lesion: Ataxia, characterized by uncoordinated and inaccurate movements. Dysynergia, dysmetric Anatomy: Folia and lobules, Deep cerebellar nuclei (relay cerebellar cortical output to brain stem structures) Vermis (contributes to ventromedial pathways) Cerebellar hemispheres (contributes to lateral pathways)
  • 15. THE CEREBELLUM The Motor Loop Through the Lateral Cerebellum Axons from layer V pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex form massive projections to pons Corticopontocerebellar projection are 20 times larger than pyramidal tract Function: Execution of planned, voluntary, multijoint movements