1. Developing Software for Open
Source Hardware
© Prof. Dr. Michael Stal, 2014

2. Engineers never fail
I have not failed. I've
just found 10,000
ways that won't
work.
[Thomas A. Edison]

3. The Rise of Physical Computing
Definition: Building interactive
physical systems by the use of
software and hardware that can
sense and respond to the analog
world […] In practical use, the
term most often describes
handmade art, design or DIY
hobby projects that use sensors
and microcontrollers to translate
analog input to a software system, Arduino-based Laser Harp: visit
and/or control electro-mechanical http://makezine.com/projects/laserharp/ for detailed instructions
devices such as motors, servos,
lighting or other hardware.

4. Maker Movement
Modern version of DIY (DoIt-Yourself)
extends the idea of open
source software
build things with free
hardware and donate the
design to the community
FabLabs* for tinkerers who
share tools as opposed to
owning them
Increasing number of
s
* FabLab = Fabrication Laboratory

5. Portals with Public Domain Projects
Examples
Thingiverse
http://www.thingiverse.com
Instructables
http://www.instructables.com

6. Instructions and Design Documents
Includes
Design CAD files
Part list
Instructions how to
assemble the parts

7. Useful Things – well, not always that useful
Design provided as STL
(Standard Triangulation
Format) documents in
verbose ASCII or in compact
binary format
Example:
solid name
facet normal n1 n2 n3
outer loop
vertex p1x p1y p1z
vertex p2x p2y p2z
vertex p3x p3y p3z
endloop
endfacet
endsolid name

8. Production of 3D Objects
How?
Either yourself using a 3D
printer (from under 1000
€ to 10.000s of €)
Or by cheap commercial
fabrication companies
(on-demand production)
Main benefit: feasible
even for small amounts of
items
Liability: may make piracy
easier

9. So, What?
Increasing number of open
source microcontroller
boards
Excellent and cheap tools for
prototyping
Useful to learn basics of
software development for
embedded systems
Scope are systems w/o
stringent realtime/dependability
requirements

10. Intel goes Arduino
Even large companies support Arduino:
headline on October, 3rd, 2013:
Intel launches Galileo, an Arduino-compatible development
board with x86 CPU

11. Open Source Hardware Boards
The most important ones:
Arduino
(microcontroller board)
Raspberry Pi (controller
plus a Linux PC)
NetDuino (layout
compatible with Arduino
but .NET based)
BeagleBone
(microcontroller board,
Embedded Linux)
Typical price range from 20€ to around 50€
Main focus
of this talk

12. Prerequisites
Which prerequisites are necessary for building
such systems?
Small Systems, Medium Systems with
Low Complexity:
For implementing existing designs, only basic
knowledge of electronics/mechatronics
Some rather inexpensive tools
Sets like the Arduino Starter Kit
Hint: many open source projects available in the
Internet and in books
Larger and/or complex systems:
Knowledge about electrical
engineering/mechatronics
Soldering skills and Soldering station (except if
only prototyping on breadboards)
Electronic test instruments (oscilloscope,
frequence analyzer, power generator,
voltmeters...)
A collection of components and ICs
Tools, Cables, Breadboard, Hansaplast, ...
David L. Jones publishes excellent
videos on electronics in his blog:
EEVBlog (Electronics Engineering
Video Blog)

13. Arduino & Friends
HAL (powered by Arduino)

14. Back to the Future
2005: Started as project at the
Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea, Italy
2006: Won a price at Prix Ars
Electronica in 2006
Name taken from Arduino
d'Ivrea (King of Italy around
1002 AC) *
Goal: up-to-date board for
students as an alternative to
BASIC Stamp & Wiring
framework
„Processing for Hardware“
Creative Common License
Watch documentary on
http://vimeo.com/18539129
* well, that‘s the romantic version. Actually,
it was named after a local pub
Arduino Web Site
http://arduino.cc
Creators of Arduino with Massimo Banzi
(to the right):
First prototype board, made in 2005

15. The Arduino Family
Arduino comes in a lot of
flavors, e.g.,
LilyPad Arduino (Arduino for
your clothes)
Arduino Uno Rev. 3 (the
„reference model“)
Arduino Yun and Arduino
Tre (microcontroller + separate
Linux system on one board)
Commercial companies sell
their own implementations: e.g.,
SainSmart, Seed, AdaFruit
BYO: You can even build your
own Arduino board

16. Arduino Board Design
Analog
Reference
USB Used to load
programs
(=sketches) to the
board, to power the
board, and for serial
communication
Digital Ground
CPU with
16MHz
Digital I/O Pins
2-13 (9, 10,
11with PWM =
Pulse Width
Modulation)
Pins 1 & 2: Digital
I/O. When used for
communication
then Serial In/Out,
TX/RX
Jumpers:
Toggling between
USB power and
external power
(jumpers)
Boards (i.e., their
pins) have a
maximum current
they can handle.
Most Arduino
boards define a
maximum of 40
mA. Higher values
will cause damage.
In-Circuit Serial
Programmer: if
you need to upload
another bootloader
Reset Button: on
reset the
bootloader restarts
External Power
Supply
Power Connectors
connected with your board.
Not all boards use 5V!
Analog In: 0-5

17. I2C* – The Low-Speed Bus
LowMulti-master serial single-ended
computer bus invented by
Philips Semiconductors
Used in most open source
hardware boards for attaching
low-speed peripherals (speed
10 Kb/s-100Kb/s; newer
versions even up to 3.6 Mb/s)
Two bidirectional open-drain
lines: Serial Data Line (SDA)
und Serial Clock (SCL)
Pull-up resistors to prevent
data floating
Wire library available (for
accessing I2C)
Master generates the clock and
initiates communication
Slave receives clock and responds
when addressed by master
Master sends only if it detects no
start or stop bit sent by another
master
Single Message or Multi Message
License free; only slave addresses
must be bought
* I2C = Inter-Integrated Circuit, invented by Philips Semiconductor Division, now NXP

18. Processors
Newer boards (Due): ARM
with Cortex-M3 (32 Bit
Architecture)
Previous Boards (Uno, Mega.
Leonardo, Duemillenova, ...):
based on Atmel‘s chip family
ATMega xxx, 8 Bit Architecture
A bridge
connects
both worlds
Arduino Yun and Tre: additional
but separate on-board unit
(Atheros resp. ARM Cortex
A8) running Linux (OpenWRT)
Arduino Yun Architecture

19. Solderless Breadboards
Connecting the Arduino to a
breadboard is very useful for
designing circuits without
soldering
When finished you may use a
PCB (Printed Circuit Board)
instead
Breadboards consist of pin
holes to place components
(terminal strip) as well as bus
strips:
Terminal strip: all pin holes
Bus strips for power supply (red =
voltage, blue = ground)
Notch in the middle (where mostly
ICs such as DIPs are placed)

20. Standard Components
You‘ll need a basic set of
components:
WRONG
Resistors, Potis, Capacitors
Transistors, Diodes, LEDs
Buttons, Switches
Relays,Transformators
Motors
Standard ICs such as OpAmps,
L298 bridges
App for looking up resistor color
codes
Wires, wires, wires
A 9V block battery with a
connector
BETTER

21. Sensor & Actuator Components
Pressure Sensor
Ultrasonic
Gyro
Hall Sensor
Temperature Sensor
Developers needs to add specific
code for reading or writing
actuator/sensor values
Usually attached through an analog
port
Specification of chip/component
explains how to map between
sensor values and physical units
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
often used in digital outputs to
vary intensity of speed, volume,
brightness, ...

22. Shields, Shields, Shields
Arduino shields (incl. program
libraries) add advanced logic
Built to fit on top of an
Arduino board
Typically, provide the same
pins like the Arduino (stacking
of boards)
Examples:
Motor Shield (Arduino)
LCD Shield (Sparkfun)
Proto Shield (Seeed Studio)
GPS Shield (Adafruit)
WiFi Shield (AsyncLabs)
See http://shieldlist.org/

23. Circuit Design with Fritzing
Fritzing, an open
source editor for
circuit design
developed by
University of
Applied Sciences,
Potsdam
Fritzing.org: nonprofit
organization
Supports, Mac OS
X, Windows,
Linux
You can directly
order a PCB
board from
within the editor

24. Programming an Arduino
When coding a sketch (=
program) for microcontroller
boards like Arduino, two steps
are necessary:
Initialization
Controlling & Monitoring
1.
2.
Initialization phase executed
once at start-up time:
definitions and initialization of
ports, connections, ...
Controlling & Monitoring
happens in an „endless“ loop.
Sketch can monitor and
control the board
Application may terminate itself
on specific events
start
Initialization
Controlling
&
Monitoring
exit

25. The Arduino IDE*
Available for MacOS X,
Windows, Linux at no cost
Based on Processing, built with
Java
Subset of C/C++,
(implementation of Wiring)
Uses gcc & avr-gcc libraries in
the build process
C/C++ Libraries import
You may use gcc directly or
within Eclipse for C++
Other languages such as Java
can remotely connect to
Arduino using a wrapper on
top of a RxTx native library
* Free guide available at
http://www.me.umn.edu/courses/me2011/arduino/arduinoGuide.pdf

26. „Hello World“
I respect the old
tradition and
present the
embedded cousine
of „Hello, World“...
... which results in a
blinking LED
Language based on
C/C++
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most boards
int led = 13;
// the setup routine - runs after each reset:
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin as an output pin
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); // start serial port
}
// infinite loop; HIGH & LOW are voltage levels!
void loop() {
Serial.println(“Hello, World”); // send string
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // shine a light
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // switch off LED
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
}
Serial stream received by host and displayed on
the IDE‘s Serial Monitor if available

27. Programming Models
generate
In general, there are three
programming models for
embedded devices:
Arduino IDE based on command-driven
mode.
Command-Driven (proactive,
polling)
+ü´ßw
saeqq Event-Driven* (reactive, Pub/Sub)
Model-Driven (e.g., Matlab +
Simulink, Labview)
Command Driven
All of these models have
strengths and limitations
Select the right one for your
environment
Model-Driven generates code
for one of the other models
* It is also called Behaviour-driven or Reactive Model

28. Reactor Pattern
If the event-driven model is not supported, you may use the
Reactor pattern to avoid the command-driven model.
dispatches
*
Reactor
owns
maintains
select
notifies
*
Event_
Handler
*
Consider whether
you have timing
constraints before
use!
Handle
Handler 1
Reactor (central
component) waits for
incoming events and
demultiplexes & dispatches
each event (i.e., calls your
Handler which is supposed
to deal with this event)
Handlers must implement a
predefined interface
Handle is a
unique value of a
particular type
(e.g., interrupts,
Unix handles)
that determines
to which handler
an event will be
dispatched
Handler 2
Handlers are interested in
certain types of events and
register for this type with
the Reactor or are hardwired
•
•
•
Events can be prioritized
Handlers may run
concurrently
Dispatching tasks to a
thread in a multicore system
is possible, but very complex
(to do it right)

29. Recommended Design Approach
In most projects, finite state machines (FSM) (together with timing
diagrams) are the best choice for design activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Define the problem (space) and
check the requirements
Elaborate all program flows
that are necessary (but also
consider error scenarios!)
Determine the states the
system must support as well
as the transitions incl. the
actions to be called for a
particular transition
Check and optimize the FSM
Implement it with the table
approach or generate it

30. Host/Target Development
Host
Target
USB
Test Environment
IDE
Bootloader
starts on reset
Command
Line
ICSB port for programming other firmware
CrossCompiler
Development Environment
Developing
Cross-Compiling
Testing on Simulator or
Physical Target

31. Developer Ecosystems
Arduino native IDE
MariaMole: alternative IDE
CodeBlocks for AVR &
Arduino
Arduino for Microsoft
Visual Studio and Atmel
Studio (free). Plug-In with
features of the Arduino IDE,
optional USB/WiFi debugger
Arduino Eclipse Plug-In
Arduino-Devel: ant-scripts
for Eclipse instead of plug-in
Eclipse & AVR PlugIn
embedXcode: Apple’s Xcode
MiniBloq: Graphical UI
More details on the Arduino
Playground:
http://playground.arduino.cc/

32. Java VM on Arduino
HaikoVM runs on Arduino and
implements Java 6 bytecode
Runs on AVR ATmega8, AVR
ATmega328p (and Windows,
UNIX)
A lot of nice features:
Preemptive threads &
Synchronization
Exceptions
...
Workflow
1.
2.
3.
4.
Java to Class
Class to C
C to Binary
Upload and Run
Work still ongoing

33. Learning by Example
Examples are helpful to
introduce Arduino concepts
Thanks to Mike McRoberts for
providing a free manual with
various experiments (see
below)
In theory, theory and practice are
the same. In practice, they are not.
http://math.hws.edu/vaughn/cpsc/226/docs/askmanual.pdf

34. Arduino Projects
I will demo one of my own
experiments
The other projects are
actually taken from the
Arduino Playground:
http://playground.arduino.cc//
main/projects
... so that you can find detailed
instructions, part lists, etc. on
the Web.
Uncountable Arduino projects
availabe that may give you
inspiration for your own
experiments
But don‘t go too far!

35. Project Traffic Light
Building a Traffic Light with LEDs and a Piezo speaker that signals
red or green.

36. Example 1: Debouncing
Problem: when pressing a
switch or button the signal
can bounce for a while
Solution: Debouncing pattern

37. Example 1 – Code (Setup)
// constants won't change. They're used here to set pin numbers:
const int buttonPin = 2;
// the number of the pushbutton pin
const int ledPin = 13;
// the number of the LED pin
// Variables will change:
int ledState = HIGH;
int buttonState;
int lastButtonState = LOW;
// the current state of the output pin
// the current reading from the input pin
// the previous reading from the input pin
long lastDebounceTime = 0; // the last time the output pin was toggled
long debounceDelay = 50;
// the debounce time; increase if output flickers
void setup() {
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// set initial LED state
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}

38. Example 1 – Code (Loop)
void loop() {
// read the state of the switch into a local variable:
int reading = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// If the switch changed, due to noise or pressing:
if (reading != lastButtonState) {
// reset the debouncing timer
lastDebounceTime = millis();
}
if ((millis() - lastDebounceTime) > debounceDelay) {
// whatever the reading is at, it's been there for longer
// than the debounce delay, so take it as the actual current state:
// if the button state has changed:
if (reading != buttonState) {
buttonState = reading;
// only toggle the LED if the new button state is HIGH
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
ledState = !ledState;
}
}
}
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState); // set the LED
lastButtonState = reading; // this will be the lastButtonState in the next loop
}

39. Alternative Solution
Using the Debounce Library (DRY)
Available in the Arduino IDE
Implements the same functionality in an elegant way
// This code turns a led on/off through a debounced switch
#include <Debounce.h>
#define SWITCH 5
#define LED 13
// Instantiate a Debounce object with a 20 millisecond debounce time
Debounce debouncer = Debounce( 20 , SWITCH );
void setup() {
pinMode(SWITCH,INPUT);
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// Update the debouncer
debouncer.update ( );
// Get the update value
digitalWrite(LED, debouncer.read() );
}

40. Example 2: Pull-Up Resistors
PullProblem: circuits are
subject to electrical
fluctuations which may lead
to an undefined state.
Solution: use a pull-up
resistor so that when
unpressed, 5V will be on
pin 2, and when pressed
will be low to connection
with ground
Arduino internally provides
Pull-Up resistors for digital
pins

41. Example 2 – Code
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600); // start serial connection
pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP); // pin 2 is input and uses the pull-up resistor
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop(){
//read the pushbutton value into a variable
int sensorVal = digitalRead(2);
//print out the value of the pushbutton
Serial.println(sensorVal); // send current value via serial communication to host
//
//
//
//
if
Keep in mind the pull-up means the push-button's
logic is inverted. It goes HIGH when it's open,
and LOW when it's pressed. Turn on pin 13 when the
button's pressed, and off when it's not:
(sensorVal == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
}
else {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
}
}

42. Example 3: Using PWM
Problem: for dimming a
led, ..., we need to change
the actual current
continuously, but how?
Solution: Use PWM (PulseWidth-Modulation) to
simulate an analog output
with variable current
Done by swítching the
signal on and off for
specific time intervals
(duty cycles)

43. Example 3 – Code
int ledPin = 9;
// LED connected to digital pin 9
void setup() {
// nothing happens in setup
}
void loop() {
// fade in from min to max in increments of 5 points:
for(int fadeValue = 0 ; fadeValue <= 255; fadeValue +=5) {
// sets the value (range from 0 to 255):
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue); // analog write on digital pin!
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
}
// fade out from max to min in increments of 5 points:
for(int fadeValue = 255 ; fadeValue >= 0; fadeValue -=5) {
// sets the value (range from 0 to 255):
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue);
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
}
}

44. Example 4: Using Libraries
Problem: How can we
access the LiquidChrystal
display
Solution: we need to
import the LiquidChrystal
Library

45. Example 4 – Code
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> // the library for using LCDs
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void setup() {
// set up the LCD's to 16 numbers and 2 rows
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("hello, world!");
}
void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// print the number of seconds since reset:
lcd.print(millis()/1000);
}

46. Example 5: Control Speed of DC
Motor
Problem: Connecting a
low current Arduino with a
high current consumer
Solution:
Transistor (npn) to separate
both circuits
Potentiometer to let user avry
the speed
Diode to prevent any current
caused by induction damaging
the circuit
Source: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-control-the-speed-of-a-dc-motor-with-the-ar.html

47. Example 5 – Code
int
int
int
int
potPin = A0; // potentiometer on analog pin A0
motorPin = 9; // motor on digital pin 9
potValue = 0;
motorValue = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
potValue = analogRead(potPin);
// map maps from [0, 1023] to [0, 255]
motorValue = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);
analogWrite(motorPin, motorValue); // set speed
Serial.print("potentiometer = " );
Serial.print(potValue);
Serial.print("t motor = ");
Serial.println(motorValue);
delay(2);
}

48. Alternative Solution
Use a motor shield (several available)
Can support multiple motors (brushed dc motor, stepper, servo)
Motor shields leverage the H-bridge L298P

49. Alternative – Code (Setup)
const int
PWM_A
=
DIR_A
=
BRAKE_A =
SNS_A
=
3,
12,
9,
A0;
void setup() {
// Configure the A output
pinMode(BRAKE_A, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DIR_A, OUTPUT);
// Brake pin on channel A
// Direction pin on channel A
// Open Serial communication
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Motor shield DC motor Test:n");
}

50. Alternative – Code (Loop 1)
void loop() {
// Set the outputs to run the motor forward
digitalWrite(BRAKE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(DIR_A, HIGH);
// setting brake LOW disable motor brake
// setting direction to HIGH: motor will spin forward
analogWrite(PWM_A, 255);
// Set the speed of the motor, 255 is the max value
delay(5000);
// hold the motor at full speed for 5 seconds
Serial.print("current consumption at full speed: ");
Serial.println(analogRead(SNS_A));
// Brake the motor
Serial.println("Start brakingn");
// raising the brake pin the motor will stop faster than the stop by inertia
digitalWrite(BRAKE_A, HIGH); // raise the brake
delay(5000);
// to be continued

51. Alternative – Code (Loop 2)
// … continued
// Set the outputs to run the motor backward
Serial.println("Backward");
digitalWrite(BRAKE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(DIR_A, LOW);
// setting againg the brake LOW to disable motor brake
// now change the direction to backw: LOW DIR_A pin
analogWrite(PWM_A, 255);
// Set the speed of the motor
delay(5000);
Serial.print("current consumption backward: ");
Serial.println(analogRead(SNS_A));
// now stop the motor by inertia, motor will stop slower than with brake function
analogWrite(PWM_A, 0);
// turn off power to the motor
Serial.print("current brake: ");
Serial.println(analogRead(A0));
Serial.println("End of the motor shield test with DC motors. Thank you!");
while(1);
}

52. Example 6: Interface to Processing
Problem: How can we
access Arduino from
Processing?
Solution: use the
Processing library
Based on Firmata:
generic protocol for
communicating with
microcontrollers like the
Arduino from software on
a host computer.
Guess, where the Arduino IDE came from. Processing was
developed as a subset of Java to support visual artists,
designers, young programmers, .... It provides stunning
Animation, Simulation, Graphics.

53. Example 6 – Code
import processing.serial.*;
import cc.arduino.*;
Arduino arduino;
int ledPin = 13;
void setup()
{
//println(Arduino.list()); // we assume it is the first device
arduino = new Arduino(this, Arduino.list()[0], 57600);
arduino.pinMode(ledPin, Arduino.OUTPUT);
}
void draw() // draw is the Processing cousin of loop
{
arduino.digitalWrite(ledPin, Arduino.HIGH);
delay(1000);
arduino.digitalWrite(ledPin, Arduino.LOW);
delay(1000);
}

54. Libraries
If you want to provide a library you need to program in C/C++
Interface defined in header file, implementation in c++ file
/* Header file specifies public contract */
/* The Implementation File */
#ifndef Loudspeaker_h
#define Loudspeaker_h
#include <Loudspeaker.h>
const byte SPEAKER_PIN = 0x8;
class Loudspeaker {
Loudspeaker();
~Loudspeaker();
public:
void playTone(int freq);
void shutUp();
}
#endif
Compile with gcc-avr
//constructor
Loudspeaker::Loudspeaker() {
pinMode(SPEAKER_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
Loudspeaker::~Loudspeaker() {
/* NOP */
}
void Loudspeaker::playTone(int freq) {
/* ... */
}
void Loudspeaker::shutUp() {
/* ... */
}

55. Arduino Simulators
Simulator for those with limited tinkering capabilities or without interest
Virtronics not perfect, but so far the best solution I found (14,95 AUD)
Running my
Traffic Lighht
example

56. Netduino
„Arduino.NET“
Shield-compatible with Arduino Uno
Rev. 3
Based on .NET Micro Framework
Supports C#, VB, ...
STMicro 32-bit microcontroller
Speed: 168MHz, Cortex-M4
Code Storage: 384 KB
RAM: 100+ KB
10 mbps Ethernet
Micro SD card support up to 2 GB
Input Voltage: 7.5 - 9.0 VDC or USB
powered
25 mA max. current per pin
Digital I/O 3.3 V but 5 V tolerant
12 bit ADC (Analog Digital
Converter)
USB
For both images: (c) Microsoft

57. Blinking LED in Netduino
In Visual Studio:
Change deployment
target from emulator
to the real board (in
the „project menu“
visit „Hello_LED
properties“. There
you‘ll find the „.NET
Micro Framework“
where you eventually
change the transport
type to „USB“)
using System;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.SPOT;
using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;
using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;
using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.Netduino;
namespace Hello_LED {
public class Program {
public static void Main() {
OutputPort LED = new OutputPort(Pins.ONBOARD_LED, false);
while (true) {
LED.Write(true);
Thread.Sleep(250);
LED.Write(false);
Thread.Sleep(250);
} /* while */
} /* Main() */
} //* Program */
} //* Hello_LED */

58. EventEvent-Driven Netduino
Event-driven system-level example using .NET eventhandlers
/* imports as in the Blinking LED example */
namespace EventDrivenLED
{
public class Program {
static OutputPort LED = new OutputPort(Pins.ONBOARD_LED, false);
public static void Main() {
InterruptPort button = new InterruptPort(Pins.ONBOARD_SW1, false, Port.ResistorMode.
Disabled, Port.InterruptMode.InterruptEdgeBoth);
button.OnInterrupt += new NativeEventHandler(button_OnInterrupt);
Thread.Sleep(Timeout.Infinite);
} //* Main() */
static void button_OnInterrupt(uint inf1, uint inf2, DateTime time) { // inf1: id of the button, inf2: button state
LED.Write(inf2 == 0); // true => button was pushed
} /* button_OnInterrupt */
} /* Program */
} /* EventDrivenLED

59. Raspberry Pi
more a cheap ARM6-based PC to go
with size of a credit card
With 1 GHz, 512 MB RAM, separate
Broadcom Graphics processor, HDMI.
Often used as media center (XBMC)
Created by the Raspberry Pi Foundation.
„PI“ originally came from „Python
Interpreter“. Not fully open source!
GNU/Linux (Raspbian), or other OS
loaded from a SD card
Voltage 5V (Micro-USB or batteries)
Ports: 17 Digital GPIO-Pins, SPI, I²C,
UART, EGL Caution: Ports can only
handle 3.3V
GPIO
= General Purpose I/O
SPI
= Serial Peripheral Interface
EGL
= Programming Interface: shields APIs
(OpenGL, ...) from the underlying windowing system

60. Using the GPIO Pins
Different choices:
Python, favourite
language of the RPi
creators
Unix Shell: writing 1 to
the port 17 with the
program gpio:
gpio -g write 17 1
C/C++
Javascript
Java
HTML5
Perl
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
/* use board pin numbers
*/
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
/* use it as an output port */
GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.OUT)
def helloRPi(pin):
GPIO.output(pin,GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(pin,GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(1)
return
Erlang
for i in range(0,1000):
helloRPi(11)
...
GPIO.cleanup()

61. Expanding the Raspberry Pi
Limited capabilities compared with
Arduino
Various shields available, e.g.:
Shield to connect Raspberry Pi & Arduino
Shield to expand the capabilities of RPi
The Gert Board is a well known
expansion board
Sold assembled and not assembled
12 x Buffered I/O
3 x Push Buttons
6 x Open collector drivers (50V, 0.5A)
18V, 2A motor controller
28-pin dual in line ATmega
microcontroller
2 -channel 8, 10, or12 bit Digital to Analog
converter
2- channel 10 bit Analog to Digital
converter

62. beagleboard.org
beagleboard.org - BeagleBone
BeagleBone Black, the sprinter:
Powered by Embedded Linux
CPU AM335x 1GHz ARM®
Cortex-A8
512MB DDR3 RAM
2GB 8-bit eMMC on-board flash
3D graphics accelerator
NEON floating-point accelerator
2x PRU 32-bit microcontrollers
Connectivity
USB client for power & communications
USB host
Ethernet
HDMI
2x 46 pin headers
• PRU
• PMIC
= Programmable Realtime Unit
= Power Management IC

63. BeagleBone External Interface Pins
Satisfaction guaranteed

64. BeagleBone Programming
Supports Python, Perl,
C/C++, JVM
Languages, JavaScript
+ BoneScript Library,
Shell commands, ...
Can interact with
Arduino serially using
Java RxTx
Eclipse,Visual Studio,
Cloud9 support
JavaScript + BoneScript
var b = require('bonescript');
var state = b.LOW;
b.pinMode("USR0", b.OUTPUT);
b.pinMode("USR1", b.OUTPUT);
b.pinMode("USR2", b.OUTPUT);
b.pinMode("USR3", b.OUTPUT);
setInterval(toggle, 1000);
function toggle() {
if(state == b.LOW) state = b.HIGH;
else state = b.LOW;
b.digitalWrite("USR3", state);
}

65. And the rest?
pcDuino: Arduino + Android
or Linux
Nanode: Actually, an extended
Arduino
Libelium Waspnode: Designed
for Wireless Sensor Networks,
uses the Arduino IDE, for
Arduino sketches - only some
adjustments necessary
... CubieBoard, PandaBoard, ...
Mona Lisa built with hardware
(c) http://karachi.olx.com.pk/

66. What we didn‘t hear
This was the tip of the iceberg
In practice, we face additional
challenges:
Multitasking and Synchronization
Board-to-Board Communication
Native tools
„ilities“ such as Safety
Real-time requirements
Developing Drivers
Evolution and Update
Product Families
Testing & Debugging
...
Nonetheless, the capabilities of
open source hardware as well
as its wide acceptance are more
than promising. Wiring is fun!

67. Robotics
For robotics applications you may
use Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
BeagleBone et al. but that is
tedious
Often, special robotics kits may be
the better choice, e.g., Lego
Mindstorms EV3
Not open source but often used
for prototyping or demos
Contains NI LabVIEW, a graphical
programming environment.You
may also use:
LeJOS implements Java and provides its
own firmware
RobotC
... many further options ...

68. State-of-theState-of-the-Art
Software is essential for
embedded devices
Only a few systems today aren‘t
based on software
Today‘s microcontrollers are several
orders of magnitudes more powerful
than an Intel 8051
Open Source Hardware helps
to learn the fundamentals of embedded
systems (development)
to build prototypes
to create commercial systems
to implement physical computing devices
that interact with users and the Web
to have fun
Most systems can be programmed
using comfortable IDEs
But don‘t let the IDEs fool you. Embedded
systems differ significantly from desktop
systems, e.g.,
Hard resource constraints (small memory,
short battery lifetime, less speed, ...)
Time as a first order concept
Integration with electronics, mechatronics,
mechanics, ...
Dependability and Safety
Testing & Simulators
Updates of (mobile) devices

69. Future Trends
The Future is Embedded
Modern cars contain a network
with several dozens
interconnected embedded
systems
In „hardware“-companies like
Siemens two thirds of revenues
depend on software. And this
number is increasing.
There are far more embedded
systems than other systems, but
they are usually hidden in a box
Connected embedded systems
become commodity products
(example: cars, home automation)
New types of HMI (Human
Machine Interaction)
Robotics on the rise
Arduino-based or not?
Resistance is futile Human-Machine Interaction

70. Conclusions
Open source hardware boards offer a cheap and
easy way to dive into embedded systems
Arduino & Raspberry Pi & Beaglebone are the VIPs
Arduino is superior for pure electronics projects, but
Arduino Yun and Arduino Tre provide a Linux system, a
microcontroller, and a bridge
Raspberry Pi comprises a small Linux system
BeagleBone: Arduino-like GPIO and Linux-based like Raspberry PI
Netduino:
interesting for .NET developers
compatible with the Arduino board layout (shield compatible)
BeagleBone and other boards
http://hacknmod.com/hack/make-a-uav-spyplane-using-the-arduino/
•
Dear NSA, the community
strikes back with an Arduinobased Drone!
•
Already available and much
cheaper than the Euro-Hawk!
are powerful but have less distribution
Board selection based on need and available support
Lego Mindstorms EV3 is excellent for learning
robotics albeit commercial
Solutions for connecting Arduino/Raspberry Pi,
Arduino/ Mindstorms, ... already available
Boards help to learn the pitfalls of developing
embedded software without needing a safety net

71. Some folks won‘t ever give
away their Arduino board
Others would shamelessly
steal it
It is like a precious ring
So, keep an eye on your ring
micro controller board

72. Last Words:The Pain of Engineering
The major difference
between a thing that
might go wrong and a
thing that cannot
possibly go wrong is that
when a thing that cannot
possibly go wrong goes
wrong, it usually turns
out to be impossible to
get at and repair.
[Douglas Adams]