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Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Point Source Vs. Non Point Source
            Pollution



Marek Koloszyc & Stacey Findlater
Point Source Pollution

• Point-source pollution
  occurs when pollutants
  enter a waterway directly.
• Can be tracked back to a
  specific source , location
  and offender.
• Easier to regulate and
  manage compared to Non-
  Point Source pollution.
Major Sources of Point Source Pollution
Sewage Treatment Plant
 Effluent
• Excess nutrients – nitrogen and
  phosphorus compounds
• Detergents and personal care products
   • as an additive phosphorus softens
     water and loosens dirt particles from
     fabrics
Industrial Effluent
   • Manufacturing and mining end of pipe
     pollution
Aquaculture Fish Farms
 • large numbers of fish in a small area
 Possible Technological
  Enhancements:
•   Activated carbon filters-to
    remove phosphorus and
    nitrogen
•   Ion exchange filters –remove
    charged ions

•   Enhanced nutrient removal
    (ENR)  with can reduce total
    nitrogen down to 3 mg/L or
    less and total phosphorus to
    0.3 mg/L or less

•   Effluent filtration in
    combination with chemical
    precipitation can be used to
    remove phosphorous to very
    low levels (< 0.1 mg/L)
Aquaculture – Fish Farms

• A Special case of agricultural
  pollution
• Rapidly growing industry in both
  fresh and marine water
• Feed wastes (up to 20%) and fish
  wastes - contribute to nutrient
  loading and eutrophication
• For every ton of fish, aquaculture
  operations produce up to 66
  kilograms of nitrogen waste and
  between up to 10.5 kilograms of
  phosphorus waste
• Greatly impacts Benthic
  communities and native fish

                                       Georgian Bay rainbow trout Farm
Issues Caused by Excess Nutrients in
                water Bodies
•Increase in production and biomass of
algea
•Massive fish kills – due to deoxygenation
•Drinking water odour and taste problems
during algal blooms
•Piles of rotting algae along shore line
•Recreation ,navigation and irrigation are
affected
•Harmful algal blooms – production of toxins
, acutely toxic or cause skin rashes, poison
shellfish
•Dead zones
•Loss of desirable fish ( salmon and trout)
•Economic loss
Methods to Control Excess Nutrient Input
Use advanced ( tertiary)
waste treatment to remove
nitrates and phosphates
from effluent
limits on phosphates in
household detergents and
other cleaning agents
Soil conservation and land-
use control to reduce
nutrient runoff
 But Can more be done?
Trophic Classification of Aquatic Ecosystems

  • Oligotrophic – Low levels of
    organic matter – tend to be deep
    and clear , oxygen rich bottom
    supports cold water fish such as
    trout , Phosphorus is limiting
  • Mesotrophic – more organic
    matter, oxygen level in lake
    bottom is low
  • Eutrophic- High levels of organic
    matter – abundant plant growth ,
    poor clarity , stratified with
    oxygen poor bottoms
  • A dead zone is an area where
    oxygen levels fall below 2 ppm
The Nitrogen Cycle




• The most common forms of nitrogen in wastewater are: Ammonia (NH3)
  Ammonium ion (NH4+) Nitrite (NO2‐)Nitrate (NO3‐) and Organic
  nitrogen
• Microorganisms make all chemical forms of nitrogen interchangeable
• Organic forms of nitrogen are broken down and converted to ammonium
  in a process called ammonification
• Nitrate and Ammonium are used by primary producers
• Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria in aerobic zones
  and the nitrate is converted to free nitrogen in the anoxic zone by
  denitrifying bacteria – removing it from the environment
The Phosphorus Cycle

• One of the Slowest nutrient
  cycles
• Phosphorus is limiting in Marine
  systems – natural phosphorus
  comes from the weathering of
  rocks
• Anthropogenic sources are
  rapidly taken up by primary
  producers – resulting in rapid
  overproduction
• Phosphates in marine
  ecosystems precipitate out as
  iron phosphate and form a sink
  in the sediment
Marek this is a good place for you to
start maybe ? 
Some Types of Algal Blooms
 Green Algae
• Cladophora sericea - filamentous
  ,covers rocky areas and shorelines ,
  can carry pathogens
 Blue –Green Algae (cyanobacteria)
• Microcystis aeruginosa colonial , float
  on water surface – blooms is warm
  fresh nutrient enriched water –
  produces the toxin microcystin – kills
  dogs ,fish and shellfish, toxic or
  harmful to humans
• Aphanizomenon flos-aquae – can
  produce endotoxins that are released
  when the algae dies
• Ananaena sp. – filamentous , fix
  nitrogen , can produce neurotoxins
Lake Erie 1960 – 2011 Case study
• 1960’s – Scientists recognize that Lake Erie was suffering from
  eutrophication – and it was caused by human activities
   • Algal blooms covered large areas of the lake during summer
     months , decomposing algae on bathing beaches was
     removed by bulldozers
   • “Newspaper headlines announce Lake Erie is Dead”
• 1972 The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement led to a
  coordinated effort to reduce phosphorus – a 60% reduction in
  loading to lake Erie
   • Algal blooms of Aphanisomenon reported as decreasing in intensity
     and number
• 1980’s – Arrival of Zebra Muscles - several years of improved
  water clarity – species changes
• 1990’s – large summer blooms of Microcystis reappear
• 2003-2006- Algal blooms each summer of Microcystis
                                                         Lake Erie Oct 5 2011
   The Big Question - Why is eutrophication of Lake Erie Microcystis Areuginosa
     continuing to get worse since the 1972 Agreement?
Restoration of Eutrophic Lakes
• Chemical treatments – Copper
  sulfate , calcium hydroxide or
  calcium carbonate (lime) –
  reduces chlorophyll a levels in
  water but may be toxic to non
  target organisms
• Oxygenation – oxygen helps fish
  survive warm months and reduces
  algae
• Dredging – effective but expensive
Restored wetlands in watersheds
Riparian Buffer Strips along
  streams and estuaries
Restoration of Eutrophic Lakes ‐ Setbacks

• Eutrophic lakes tend to be
  shallow and suffer from nutrient
  loadings from point / non point
  source pollution
• Lake sediments are polluted
  with nutrient enriched soil
  particles from shore erosion
• Phosphorus enriched particles
  sink to the bottom and form a
  pool of nutrients for rooted
  plants – internal load
Riparian Buffer Strips
           A well defined Riparian Buffer along a lake
                          Erie tributary




• May be Natural or engineered for restoration
• Represent both wetland and forest habitats for wildlife
• Herbaceous , shrubby plants and trees with strong roots
• Prevent Nutrients and Sediment from entering watershed
• Useful in intensively used agricultural areas with channeled water
Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal in Wetlands
• Wetlands act as a sponge , plants take up some nutrients
• Phosphorus complexes to soil
• Nitrogen is most effectively removed by denitrification
• Restored wetlands provide habitat for wildlife and attract
  hundreds of birds
• Provide a space for naturalists and birdwatchers




                                      St. Clair River Restoration
Mineral Fertilizers – Possible Solutions

• Fertilizer Plans for land owners –
    soil testing and active planning
• Increased autumn/winter green
  cover – to reduce leaching of
  nutrients from bare soil
• Subsidize smart application
  methods
• Develop new environmentally
  sound fertilizers
• Tax mineral fertilizers , and lawn
  fertilizers containing phosphate
• Funding for Wetland restoration
  and Riparian strips
Success And On To The Next!

• In the 1970’s detergents contained 40%
  phosphorus by weight
• The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
  in 1972 banned phosphates in laundry
  detergents
• July 1, 2010 New federal regulations on
  dishwasher detergents and household
  cleaners ban phosphates (0.5%) by weight
• This is expected to reduce anthropogenic
  phosphorus loads by 10%
• This should be considered a success as we
  move on to the next set of Issues
Phosphate Free Detergents Receive Bad Press
• News- National Post –
  “Phosphate Bans Means
  Streaky Dishes” – Jan 6,2011
• Complaints about dishwasher
  detergents on online blogs –
  short sighted and selfish
• Public needs to be educated
  to think greener!
• Tip! – white vinegar or lemon
  juice can be used in
  dishwashers as a natural rinse
  agent

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Nitrogen & Phosphorus Point Source vs. Nonpoint Pollution

  • 1. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Point Source Vs. Non Point Source Pollution Marek Koloszyc & Stacey Findlater
  • 2. Point Source Pollution • Point-source pollution occurs when pollutants enter a waterway directly. • Can be tracked back to a specific source , location and offender. • Easier to regulate and manage compared to Non- Point Source pollution.
  • 3. Major Sources of Point Source Pollution Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent • Excess nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus compounds • Detergents and personal care products • as an additive phosphorus softens water and loosens dirt particles from fabrics Industrial Effluent • Manufacturing and mining end of pipe pollution Aquaculture Fish Farms • large numbers of fish in a small area
  • 4.  Possible Technological Enhancements: • Activated carbon filters-to remove phosphorus and nitrogen • Ion exchange filters –remove charged ions • Enhanced nutrient removal (ENR)  with can reduce total nitrogen down to 3 mg/L or less and total phosphorus to 0.3 mg/L or less • Effluent filtration in combination with chemical precipitation can be used to remove phosphorous to very low levels (< 0.1 mg/L)
  • 5. Aquaculture – Fish Farms • A Special case of agricultural pollution • Rapidly growing industry in both fresh and marine water • Feed wastes (up to 20%) and fish wastes - contribute to nutrient loading and eutrophication • For every ton of fish, aquaculture operations produce up to 66 kilograms of nitrogen waste and between up to 10.5 kilograms of phosphorus waste • Greatly impacts Benthic communities and native fish Georgian Bay rainbow trout Farm
  • 6. Issues Caused by Excess Nutrients in water Bodies •Increase in production and biomass of algea •Massive fish kills – due to deoxygenation •Drinking water odour and taste problems during algal blooms •Piles of rotting algae along shore line •Recreation ,navigation and irrigation are affected •Harmful algal blooms – production of toxins , acutely toxic or cause skin rashes, poison shellfish •Dead zones •Loss of desirable fish ( salmon and trout) •Economic loss
  • 7. Methods to Control Excess Nutrient Input Use advanced ( tertiary) waste treatment to remove nitrates and phosphates from effluent limits on phosphates in household detergents and other cleaning agents Soil conservation and land- use control to reduce nutrient runoff  But Can more be done?
  • 8. Trophic Classification of Aquatic Ecosystems • Oligotrophic – Low levels of organic matter – tend to be deep and clear , oxygen rich bottom supports cold water fish such as trout , Phosphorus is limiting • Mesotrophic – more organic matter, oxygen level in lake bottom is low • Eutrophic- High levels of organic matter – abundant plant growth , poor clarity , stratified with oxygen poor bottoms • A dead zone is an area where oxygen levels fall below 2 ppm
  • 9. The Nitrogen Cycle • The most common forms of nitrogen in wastewater are: Ammonia (NH3) Ammonium ion (NH4+) Nitrite (NO2‐)Nitrate (NO3‐) and Organic nitrogen • Microorganisms make all chemical forms of nitrogen interchangeable • Organic forms of nitrogen are broken down and converted to ammonium in a process called ammonification • Nitrate and Ammonium are used by primary producers • Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria in aerobic zones and the nitrate is converted to free nitrogen in the anoxic zone by denitrifying bacteria – removing it from the environment
  • 10. The Phosphorus Cycle • One of the Slowest nutrient cycles • Phosphorus is limiting in Marine systems – natural phosphorus comes from the weathering of rocks • Anthropogenic sources are rapidly taken up by primary producers – resulting in rapid overproduction • Phosphates in marine ecosystems precipitate out as iron phosphate and form a sink in the sediment
  • 11.
  • 12. Marek this is a good place for you to start maybe ? 
  • 13. Some Types of Algal Blooms  Green Algae • Cladophora sericea - filamentous ,covers rocky areas and shorelines , can carry pathogens  Blue –Green Algae (cyanobacteria) • Microcystis aeruginosa colonial , float on water surface – blooms is warm fresh nutrient enriched water – produces the toxin microcystin – kills dogs ,fish and shellfish, toxic or harmful to humans • Aphanizomenon flos-aquae – can produce endotoxins that are released when the algae dies • Ananaena sp. – filamentous , fix nitrogen , can produce neurotoxins
  • 14. Lake Erie 1960 – 2011 Case study • 1960’s – Scientists recognize that Lake Erie was suffering from eutrophication – and it was caused by human activities • Algal blooms covered large areas of the lake during summer months , decomposing algae on bathing beaches was removed by bulldozers • “Newspaper headlines announce Lake Erie is Dead” • 1972 The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement led to a coordinated effort to reduce phosphorus – a 60% reduction in loading to lake Erie • Algal blooms of Aphanisomenon reported as decreasing in intensity and number • 1980’s – Arrival of Zebra Muscles - several years of improved water clarity – species changes • 1990’s – large summer blooms of Microcystis reappear • 2003-2006- Algal blooms each summer of Microcystis Lake Erie Oct 5 2011 The Big Question - Why is eutrophication of Lake Erie Microcystis Areuginosa continuing to get worse since the 1972 Agreement?
  • 15. Restoration of Eutrophic Lakes • Chemical treatments – Copper sulfate , calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate (lime) – reduces chlorophyll a levels in water but may be toxic to non target organisms • Oxygenation – oxygen helps fish survive warm months and reduces algae • Dredging – effective but expensive Restored wetlands in watersheds Riparian Buffer Strips along streams and estuaries
  • 16. Restoration of Eutrophic Lakes ‐ Setbacks • Eutrophic lakes tend to be shallow and suffer from nutrient loadings from point / non point source pollution • Lake sediments are polluted with nutrient enriched soil particles from shore erosion • Phosphorus enriched particles sink to the bottom and form a pool of nutrients for rooted plants – internal load
  • 17. Riparian Buffer Strips A well defined Riparian Buffer along a lake Erie tributary • May be Natural or engineered for restoration • Represent both wetland and forest habitats for wildlife • Herbaceous , shrubby plants and trees with strong roots • Prevent Nutrients and Sediment from entering watershed • Useful in intensively used agricultural areas with channeled water
  • 18. Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal in Wetlands • Wetlands act as a sponge , plants take up some nutrients • Phosphorus complexes to soil • Nitrogen is most effectively removed by denitrification • Restored wetlands provide habitat for wildlife and attract hundreds of birds • Provide a space for naturalists and birdwatchers St. Clair River Restoration
  • 19. Mineral Fertilizers – Possible Solutions • Fertilizer Plans for land owners – soil testing and active planning • Increased autumn/winter green cover – to reduce leaching of nutrients from bare soil • Subsidize smart application methods • Develop new environmentally sound fertilizers • Tax mineral fertilizers , and lawn fertilizers containing phosphate • Funding for Wetland restoration and Riparian strips
  • 20. Success And On To The Next! • In the 1970’s detergents contained 40% phosphorus by weight • The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972 banned phosphates in laundry detergents • July 1, 2010 New federal regulations on dishwasher detergents and household cleaners ban phosphates (0.5%) by weight • This is expected to reduce anthropogenic phosphorus loads by 10% • This should be considered a success as we move on to the next set of Issues
  • 21. Phosphate Free Detergents Receive Bad Press • News- National Post – “Phosphate Bans Means Streaky Dishes” – Jan 6,2011 • Complaints about dishwasher detergents on online blogs – short sighted and selfish • Public needs to be educated to think greener! • Tip! – white vinegar or lemon juice can be used in dishwashers as a natural rinse agent

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. The Clean Water Act of 1972 limited the amount of Phosphates allowed in detergents