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02.පරිච්ෙඡ්දය
              ෙබෞද්ධ සංකල්ප විමර්ශනය
                        Consideration of Buddhist Concepts

                ෙබෞද්ධ සංකල්ප යනුෙවන් අදහස් වනුෙය් කුමක් දැයි ෙම◌දී විමසීම වැදගත්ය.
                                                                 ි
සංකල්ප ෙලස හැඳින්ෙවනුෙය් කිසියම් මානව සංඥාවක් සඳහා ලබාෙදන ෙපොදු සම්මුතියකි. ෙම්
අනුව සංකල්පයක් සංස්කාරයක් ෙලසද හඳුනාගත හැක. මන්ද සංස්කරවලද සකස්කළ හා සම්මුති
යන ලක්ෂණ ෙදක විද මාන බැවිනි. ෙම් අනුව කිසියම් මානව අදහසක් සංකල්පයක් ෙව්.ෙම්අනුව
සංකල්පයක් යැයි පැවසූ විටම සිහිපත් වනුෙය් සකස් කරගන්නා ලද්දක් ෙලසයි. අනුන්ට සිදුකරන
උපකාරය පෙරෝපකාරය ෙලස හැඳින්ෙව්. පෙරෝපකාරය සංකල්පයකි. එෙසේම එය සාරධර්මයක්ද
ෙව්. මන්ද සංකල්පයක ලක්ෂණ ෙමන්ම සාරධර්මයක ලක්ෂණද එහි විද මාන බැවිනි. ෙම් අනුව
ඕනෑම සංකල්පයක් සාරධර්මයක්ද වියහැක. එෙසේම එෙසේ ෙනොවිය හැකි සංකල්පයද තිෙබ්. මානව
සිෙත් කිසියම් පුද්ගලෙයකු පිළිබඳව ඇති ෛවරය නිසා තරහ පිරිමසින ස්වභාවය පළිගැනීමයි.ෙම්
පළිගැනීම වනාහී මානව සංකල්යකි. එෙහත් එය සාරධර්මයක් ෙනොෙව්. එය සෘණාත්මක සංකල්ප
ගණෙය්ලා සැලෙක්. ෙමයට ෙහේතුව පළිගැනීම නිසා තමාට හා සමාජයට අනර්ථකාරී හැසිරීමක්
දක්වා අදාල පුද්ගලයා ෙයොමුවිය හැකි ෙහයිනි.සෘණාත්මක සංකල්ප ෙබෞද්ධ දෘෂ්ටිෙකෝණය අනුව
හැඳින්ෙවනුෙය් ෙකෙළස් යනුෙවනි.
               ෙකෙළස් ඇතිවන මූළ ෙහේතු පිළිබඳ බුදු දහම දක්වා ඇත.කිසියම් ගසක් හටගැනීම
සිදුවනුෙය් ඒ ගෙසේ මුල් මඟිනි. ගසක ෙකොළ,අතු,ඉති සිඳ දැමූවද, එහි මුල ආරක්ෂිතව තිෙබනතාක්
යළි යළිත් ඒ ගෙසේ පැළවීෙම් සම්භාවිතාව ෙහෝ ශක තාව අෙහෝසි ෙනොෙව්.එපරිදිම ෙකෙළස් ඇති
වන නැතෙහොත් හටගන්වන ෙහේතු ඉවත්කරන තුරු ෙකෙළස්වල යළි යළිත් හටගැනීම සිදුෙව්.එය
ෙකෙළස්වලට ෙහේතුවන මුල් නිරුපදිතව පැවතීම නිසාම සිදුෙව්. ෙකෙළස් යළි යළිත් හටගැනීමට
ෙහේතුවන ෙකෙළස් මුල් තුනක් පිළිබඳව බුදු දහෙම් සාකච්ඡා ෙව්. එනම් ෙලෝභ, ද්ෙව්ෂ හා ෙමෝහ
යන ෙකෙළස් මූල තුනයි. සියළුම ෙකෙළස් හටගැනීමට ෙමකී ෙකෙළස් මූල තුන ඉවහල්ෙව්.එය
සිතින් ගලවා ඉවත් කරන ෙතක් සසර භව ගමන පැවතීමට ෙහේතුවන ෙකෙළස් යළි යළිත් ඇතිෙව්.
ෙම් ෙකෙළස් නැමැති හුය ගලවා ඉවත්කිරීම සඳහා වූ අතිශය කමානූකූල හා සංවිධිත පිළිෙවලක් ද
තිෙබ්. එය විදර්ශනා භාවනාවයි. එය තරමක් අසීරු නමුදු හුරු පුරුදු වූ විට මිහිරි හා පහසු භාවනා
කමයක් ද ෙව්. එක් එක් පුද්ගලයාෙග් චරිත ස්වභාවය අනුව විදර්ශනා භාවනාව සිදුකල යුතු විවිධ
කම තිෙබ්. තමාෙග් චරිතයට හා ගතිලක්ෂණවලට මනාව සැසෙඳන ෙයෝග ම කමය ෙතෝරාෙගන
නිවැරදිව ගුරු ඇසුරක් මඟින් එහි නිරතවීම මඟින් කමානූකූලව ෙකෙළස් මූල් ගලවාහැර පවිත වූ
සිතක් හිමිකර ගතහැක. බුදු දහමින් උපෙදස් ලබාෙදනුෙය්ද ඒ සඳහාය.
                fuhg by; m<uq mrspzfPAofhaoS meyeos,s we;s mrsos fn#oaO idr OrAu hkak
ixl,amuh jQjls' boska ta ;;ajh ;`,oS thgo mokuz jQ huz ixl,am fjz kuz tjd w;sYhskau
iQCIu foaj,aa jsh hq;`h'සාරධර්ම hkqo ixl,amuh jQjla nejska tlS ixl,amfhau l`vd wkqfldgia
jYfhka my; iZoyka jk ixl,ammoaO;sh ie,lsh yelsh'wfkla w;g සාරධර්ම ixl,am iudc
cSjs;fhaoS m@dfhda.slj l@shd jg kefZ.kafka flfiao$ hkak fuz uZ.ska ukdj ;yjqre jkq
we;.fuys සාරධර්ම ixl,amhkaf.a wkq fldgia jYfhka olajd we;af;a fufia m@dfhda.sl cSjs;hg
kZ.k ,o සාරධර්ම iudcuh jHjydrhkah. fjk;a f,ilska lsjfyd;a tla tla සාරධර්ම
ixl,amhla yojf;a iy fud<fha l@shdldrSFjhg m;ajk wjia:dj fuz uZ.ska ksEms;hs.සාරධර්ම
ms,snZoj fu;ruz ishquz jsYaf,aIKhla lsrSug fm<Uqfka fndfyda fokdjsiska fkdis;k me;a;la
fj; wjOdkh fhduqlrjSu iZoydh'ld,du iQ;@h ms<snZoj rpkhjS ;sfnk Ydia;ShlD;Skays  @
wjOdkh fhduqjS mej;`fka ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjSmej;`kd jQ ckm@sh isoaOdka;h jQ
ksoyiapska;kh flfrysh'ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSu iZoyd miqnsuzjQ lreKq wkqj tfia
Wml,amkhlsrSu idjoH fkdfj;;a"ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjk tlu foh pska;kksoyi muKla
fkdfjz'fn#oaO සාරධර්ම ms<snZoj b;dmqZM,a js.@yhla o ld,du iQ;@fhys wka;rA.;fjz'
ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjkakdjQ tlufoh pska;k ksoyi hehs .;fyd;a tujs.@yh
taldfoaYsl js.@yhla muKlajkq we;s'th tfia jkafka ld,du iQ;@fhka js.@y flfrkakdjQ
ixl,am nqoaOsuh yd prAhduh hk fldgia folla hgf;a bosrsm;ajk ksid;a"pska;k ksoyi hk
සාරධර්ම ixl,amh wh;a jkafka bka nqoaOsuh(wdl,am)fldgi hg;g jk ksid;a
wdfjzok(l`Y,;d)yd prAhduh(ufkda pd<l) fldgig wh;a සාරධර්ම ixl,am ms<snZoj tuZ.ska
jsjrKh fkdjk ksid;ah'fuu miqnsu ie,ls,a,g f.k fuu mrAfhaIK ldrAhfhysoS W;aidy
oefrkqfha ld,du iQ;@fhka jsjrKh flfrkakdjQ iuzmQrAK සාරධර්ම ixl,am moaO;sh
jsYaf,aIK ldrAhh iZoyd fhdod.ekSugh'
                සාරධර්ම ixialD;sh yd olajk inZo;djfhys iajrEmh ms<snZoj oek.ekSu
idrOrAuj, l@shd ldrSFjh wjfndOlsrSu iZoyd uy;afiaWmldrSfjz'1ta ta ixialD;shg සාරධර්ම
jHdma; jkafka flfiao$ ixialD;Ska w;r සාරධර්ම yqjudrejkafka flfiao$ hk fuz lreKq
flfrAwjfndaOhlska hq;`j lghq;` lsrSu සාරධර්ම wOHhfhysoS uy;afia jeo.;afjz'tla w;lska
ld,du iQ;@h fn#oaO ixialD;sh;a" bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh;a hdflfrk yqhla f,i l@shd;auljQ
Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ udkj jgskdluz ksrEmkh flfrkakdjQ wdlD;shla f,i ie,lsh
yelsh'Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ ksoyia pska;kh;a" m@cd;ka;@jdoSNdjh;a"wjsysxid;aul
iajrEmh;a"i;rn@yau jsyrKhkays .enzjkakdjQ jsYajSh us;@;aj h ms<snZo oelau;a ld,du iQ;@h
uZ.ska fudkjg ksrEmKh flfrA'th pska;k wOsldrsh flaJ|@lr.;a n@dyauKiuzm@odhi;`
lDr;ajh;a"hd.h hZ{h n,sns,s mQcduZ.ska fmkakquz lrk iFj>d;k wdrAh ixialD;shg
jsreoaOjQ jHdmdrhlaf,i idrA:lj fm<.eiajQ whqre ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska fmkajdfohs'2
                ld,du iQ;@fhkaa js.@yflfrkakdjQ nqoaOsmrsmdl.; fn#oaO idrOrAuf,i
yeZoskafjkafka hglS ixl,am iuQyhlgh' fuu ixl,am iuQyh m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd prAhduh
hk mqZM,a lafIa;@ ;`kla lrd jsyso hhs' fuu m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd prAhduh hk lafIa;@ ;`k
mqrd jsysohkakdjQ fn#oaO idrOrAu my; oelafjk whqrska y|=kajd osh yelsh'3

          1.   mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y, ixl,am4 (Adipose & Clever Conceptions)
          2.   oi mqKH l@shd5 (Ten Adipose Actions)
          3.   wjsysxid6 (Non Violence)
          4.   wmamspzP;d7 Moderate / Ascctisism)
          5.   ika;`gzGs;d1 (Acceptance)


1
    wOHdmk orAYk m@fjzYh"fykars jSrisxy"ksmqK tkagm@hsiia"kqf.af.dv"1993"117-132msgq'
2   w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h"uyd j.a. ld,duiq;a; nq'c'uq"337-343 msg, fLd fid i ld,dud wrshidjfld
                                                                q
tjx wfjr ps;af;d"tjx wnHdmcACOps;af;d"tjx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d"tjx jsiqoaOps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj
Ouzfu j;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.;d fydks;s'
3   w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h, ld,du iq;a;, nq.c.uq.338 msgqj,
4    tu hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd
ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd:
5  tu ifpz fLd mk w;a:s mfrd f,dfld w;a:s iqlg |+lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld Gdkuyx ldhiai
fNaod mruzurKd iq.;sx i.a.x f,dlx WmamcAcsiaiduS;s whuiai mGfud wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyd;s ifpz
fLd mk k;a:s mfrd f,dfld k;a:s iqlg |=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld bodyx osgzfGj Ouzfu wfjzrx
wnHdmcACOx wkS>x iqLx w;adkx mrsyrduS;s whuiai |=;sfhd wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyda;s ifpz fLd mk
lfrdf;d k lrshah;s mdmdx bodyx WNfhafkaj jsiqoaOx w;a;dkx iukqmiaiduS;s whuiai p;`;af:d
wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyd;s I fLd fid Nkaf; wrshidjfld tajx wfpzrps;af;d tajx wnHdmcACOps;af;d
tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;d ;iai ossgzfGj Ouzfu p;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.;d fydka;S;s
                                                  o
6 tu i fpz fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx js.;ps.;dNscAfCOd js.;nHdmdfod wiuzuQ<afyd

iuzmcdfkd m;siaif;d fu;a;d iy.f;k fpz;id fpz;id fm-lreKd iy.f;k fpz;id-uqos;d
                                                           fm-                       id-
iy.f;k fpz;id-WfmlaLdiy.f;k fpz;id talx osix Mrs;ajd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d
                id-
p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOd ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmlaLd i.f;k fpz;id
jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;k wmamudfkak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk Mrs;ajd jsyr;s
7 tu wuQ<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk wkNsN~f;d wmrshdoskakps;af;d fkj
                                                          wmrs
mdKxNka;s k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms ;:;a:dh iudofma;s hx I fyd;s
oS>x r;a;x ys;dh iqLdh;s
6.   fi#kaorAhh m@sh;dj2 (Beauty Inclinution)
       7.   iqkuH nj3 (Sanatorium)
       8.   iajpzPkao;djh4 (Freedom of the Will / Free Will)
       9.   Ndjkdj yd iodpdrh5 ( Meditation & Moral)
      10.   iykYS,s;ajh6 (Toleration) hkqfjks.
                                  idr Ou!hkays iudcuh Ndjs;dj
           m@cdkk wdfjzok yd prAhd l`i,;d                   සාරධර්ම ixl,am
        1 mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y, ixl,am           wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla;jSu l`i,uQ<
        2 oi mqZ[aZ[ l@shd                 wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla; jSu l`i,uQ<
        3 wjsysxid                         i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h
        4 wmamspzp;d                       i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h
        5 ika;`gzGs;d                      i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h
        6 fi#kaorAhh ms@h;dj               wOsldrS pska;k jshqla;sh i;rn@yau jsyrK
        7 iqkuHnj                          n@yau jsyrK l`i, uQ< mxpYS, m@;smodj
        8 iajpzPkao;dj                     lu!jsmdlh ms<snZo isjqjeoEreuz kHdh
        9 Ndjkdj yd iodpdrh                i;r n@yau jsyrK l`i, uQ< mxpYS,h
       10 iykYS,SFjh                       wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla; jSu

                by; iZoykal< ixl,am oyhu ld,du iQ;@fhys oel.;yel'tfukau jvd;a
mqZM,a js.@yhla f,i th bosrsm;aj;sfnz'fuzksidu fuu iQ;@fhys idrOrAuSh jYfhka .eUqre
orAYkhla wkdjrKh flfrA'kQ;k odrAYksljs.@yhkag wkqj huzlsis pska;khla orAYkhlaf,i
yeZoskajshyelafla thg iqjsfYaISjk lreKqldr Kd iuzmQrAKjSfuka wk;`rejh'm<uqfldgu wod<
pska;kh;`< huzlsis oelaula wvx.`jsh hq;`fiau wdpdr jsoHd;aul mCIfhka idrj;a miqnsula
ta;`<jshhq;`uh'm@Odk jYfhka fulS lreKqfol wksjdrAhfhkau iuzmQrAKjsh hq;`uh'7
             fndfydafofkla is;d isgskafka kQ;kfha b;d           iS>@fhka m@p,s;jk huzhuz is;sjs,s
u;su;dka;r fndfyduhla orAYkh keue;s jsIhg wh;ah                 lshdh'fldmuK nqoaOsf.daprjqj;a
fuzjd fndfyduhla yq|= is;sjs,s yd u;s u;dka;r j,g               muKla iSudjkafka tajfha fulS
orAYkhla jSuiZoyd wjYH lrkakdjQ uQ<sl iq|=iqluzj,ska            tlla jQ wdpdrjsoHd;aul mCIh
tajd;`< uojYfhkaj;a olakg fkd,efnk nejsks'8
              taw;ska ld,duiQ;@h fnfyjska nqoaOsuh yd wdpdrjsoHd;aul mCIfhka
irAjiuzmQrAKh'uqZM nq|=oyfuysu yrh .enzjS we;a;dfia ie<lsh yelsh'b;du;a mqZM,a jsIh


1tu iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s$fkd jd$l:x jd fy;a: fyda;S;s$iu;a;d Nkaf;
iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;kaa;s tajx fkd fy;a: fyda;Ss;s
                            k
2w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h, uydj.a., nq.c.uq. 337-343 msgq.
3 tu w,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d f,dfNk-w|+gzfGd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fodafik-
                                           f,dfNk-                                        ik-
wuQ<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk fuys w,qoaO hkq fr#|@ fkdjQ hk wrA:hhs w|=gzG hkq
kmqre fkdjQ hk wrA:hhs wuQ<ay hkq uq<dfkdjk iajNdjh we;s hkqhs isf;ys iqLkuHYS,S iajNdjhg
ndOdldrS jkakdjQ uq<sl ffp;isl ix>gl ;`kl wjsoHudk;ajhu isf;ys meyenr iajNdjhg
fya;`jknj fuhskafmfka
4 tu ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;`

ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
5 tu hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud

jsZ[aZ|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud
mcfyhHd:
6   tu w,x ys fjd ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x jspslspzPs;`x lxLkSfha p mk fjd Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd
7 us:Hdj jkaokdudk lrk mYapd;akQ;kjdoh, ta vS mS l,xiQrsh, Ydia;@Sh w;sfrAlh, isZMusK brsod
tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 26 12 2004, 41 msgqj
fld<U, 19. 12. 2004, 57 msgqj.
8 mYapd;akQ;kjdoh orAYk jsIfhka mrsndysr ixialD;sl m@mxphls, ta. vS. mS. l,xiQrsh Ydia;@Sh

w;sfrAlh, isZMusK brsod, tlai;am@jD;a;m;@ iud.u, fld<U, 26 12 2004, 41 msgqj
m:hka;`<oS ld,duiQ;@fhka bosrsm;aflfrkakdjQ pska;kh by;olajk,o ishZM fldkafoaisj,g
wkq.;ju mrsmQrAK odrAYksl miq;,hla uZ.ska ksrEmKh fldg oelajSfuz yelshdj we;'1
              wfkla w;g ld,duiQ;@fhys සාරධර්ම         jsjrKhflfrkafka odrAYksl fukau
ixialD;sl jgdmsgdj lska hq;` jh'fuys oelafjkakdjQ     ld,du jeishka jdihlf<a b;djsjD;
ixialD;sl rgdjla;snQ iudc mrsirhlh' tnejska            Tjqka;`< fndfydafoa ms<snZo ksjeros
jsksYaphlg t<eUsfha b;djsjD; udkislFj hlska           hq;`j tafoams<sn Zoj lreKq ldrKd
fidhdne,Sfuka wk;`rejh'2
                fudjqkaf.a .u flaimq;a;h kuzjsh'fuho l`vd.ulafkdj f,dl`.ula fyj;a
ks.uhlajsh'fmr ld,j, ks.uhla fmdvsmfya gjqula ;rug f,dl`jg mej;sks'ta tfiajQfha
fjfiiskau .xbjqre jeks c,myiqj yd .ukamyiqj ;snqKq;ekaj,h'funZ|=jQ .ulg .Z.fomi
isgskafkda /iafj;s'Tjqyq tnZ|= .ula fj<odugo uOHia:dkh lr.ks;s'3
                uq,a ld,j,oS koSka weiqrefldg msysgqjk,o fujeks .uz koS.@du hkqfjka
yZ|=kajk,oehso we;euzyq jsYajdi lr;s'fuzwkqj koS.@du kS.ujS thska ks.u hkjpkh iEfokakg
we;ehs Tjqkaf.a woyihs' uq,oS fufia koSka whsfkau jdf.a we;sjQ fuz.uz jsfYaIh miqj koSka
ke;s;ekaj, we;sjqK;a takuskau fyj;a ks.u yegshgu yeZoskajqknj fmfka'flaimq;;ho fuz
whqrska m@lgjQ ks.uhls'4
                flaimq;a;h msysgd ;snqfka fndfydafokd ks;r .ukd.ukfhys fhfok m@Odk
udrA.hkaish,a, yuqjka kdjQ ia:dkhlh'tnejska fuz ia:dkh miqlr hkakdjQ fndfydafokdf.a
jsjsO wd.usl yd odrAYksl u;su;dka ;r flaimq;a;fha jeishkag b;d iqmqre|= foanjg m;ajS
;snsKs'fuzksidu tayeu u;jdohlau ms<s.kafka;ake;s"neyerlrkafka;a ke;s uOHia: pska;khla
flaimq;a;jeishka;`< iajNdjfhkau msysgd ;snqKs'5
                flaimq;a; .uzjeishkajQ ld,duhka laI;@sh jxYslhkanj ufkdar:mQrKS
(wx.`;a;r) wgzGl:dfjz iZoykafjz' lafI;@h fyj;a fL;a; hg wOsm;sj jsiQjka laI;@Sh
jxYslfhdah' N~ush iuznJOfhka wOsm;sNdjh biQ,Qfjda laI;@sh jxYlfhdah'tfukau lDIslu!h yd
rdcH md,kh iuznJOfhka mrsmd, klghq;`j, ksr;jSfuz j.lSu laI;@shhkayg mejrS;snsKs'6
Tjqyq wdoSl,ams; uyd iuzu; rcqf.a mgka mejf;kafkda fj;s'fuz uyd iuzu; rdcHFjh jkdyS
m@cd;ka;@dka;@jdofha uq,au wjia:dj f,i ie<lshyelsh'uyd iuzu; rcq m;alr.kafka
uyck;dj nejsks'tao Tyqf.a .`KOu! yd iq|=iqluz i<ldf.kh'7
               nq|=kajykafia;a ld,duhkaf.a jxYhg"tkuz laI;@shjxYhg wh;a fjz. laI;@sh
jxYslfhda fnfyjska pska;k ksoyi yd m@cd;ka;@jdoh .rel< whfj;s'8 fuzksid nq|=kajykafia
ld,du jeishkaf.a udkisl miqnsu ms<snZo ukd wjfndaOhlska hq;`jisgSnjfmfka' tfukau fuz
jxY iuznJOh ksid ld,du jeishkq;a nq|=kajykafia flfrys jevs f.#rjhlska yd wdorhlska
hq;`j isgshdg ielhlake;' iajNdjfhkau ;uka;`< huzlsis wvqmdvqjla ;sfnk;eke;a;d;`< ta
fya;`fjka jkySkudkh is;;`, ieZ.jS mj;shs'tfia wvqmdvqkuz ke;a;d;`, taySkudkh ke;s
nejska jsjD;ukilska lghq;` lsrSfuz yelshdj mj;S'ld,duiQ;@fhys jxYfhka yd mruzmrdfjka



1 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi,ik;a fla. kdkdhlaldr,fn#oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh,keosud,,foysj,, 2001, 21 msgqj
2 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi,ik;a fla. kdkdhlaldr,fn#oaO ixialD;sl

uOHia:dkh,keosud,,foysj,, 2001, 2 msgqj
3 ld,du Ou!h, nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus, iuhjO!k fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1961 32 msgqj.
4 tu

5 tu 32-33 msg.  q
6 tu 31 msgqj.

7 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h,n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysu,iuhjrAOk
                                                                                  s
fmd;ay,,fld<U,1986, 1 msgqj.
8 ld,du Ou!h, nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus, iuhjO!k fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1961, 31-32 msgq.
wdksidu jspdrmQrAjl fkdjS hula ms,sfkd.kak hhs oelafjk ioyka uZ.skao meyeos,sjkafka
nq|=r|=kqf.a fulS wvqmdvq jsrys;Ndjh ;`,skau mekkeZ.`kdjQ jsjD;Ndjhhs'1

          ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh ;`< ls@hd;auljkakls.ixialD;sh hkak m@isoaO udkj
jsoHd{fhl` jQ tvzjvz ghs,rA jsiska fufia ksrAjpkh lrkq,ensk.“Culture is that complex
                                                           s
whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society “ ghs,rAf.a fuz bx.@Sis
mdGfhka ixialD;sh .ek lshfjk foa f;areuz .kakg th jsNd. lrn,uq.2

       ghs,rA lshk yegshg ixialD;sh hkq “ixlSrAK tallhls.3”th lE,sj,g lvd jgyd .;
fkdfya.4 TzkEu cd;shl ixialD;sh jsjsO wxYj,ska hq;` ksid ta wx. tlg tlajQjsg ixlSrAK
jQjla njg m;afjhs.5 ghs,rA B <Z.g ixialD;shg huz huz jsjsO fldgia we;`,;a jQnj
lshhs.6oekSu jsYajdi weoys,s l,dYs,am iodpdrh kS;sh pdrs;@ jdrs;@ uska iuyr tajdh.7B <Z.g
<Z.g ghs,rA ixialD;shg wh;a wjfYaI wx. w;r ukqIHhdf.a fjk;a olaI;d fyda we;slr.;a
mqre|= tla lrhs. by; lS oekSu wdoS wx.j,g wu;rj usksid ;ukajsiska we;slr.;a mqre|= yd
oCI;d we;akuz tajdo ixialD;shg we;`,;a fjz.fuz ishZM wx. usksid jsiska my< lr.kq ,enqfjz
ukqIH iudcfha idudcslfhl` jYfhks.8
   fn#oaO ixialD;sh .;fyd;a thg huzhuz wx. Wmdx. tlajQfha fn#oaO pska;kfha wdNdIh
ksidh'fn#oaO pska;kh;`< Y@uK iuzm@odhi;` huzhuz .`Kdx. we;'jsfYaIfhka lemS fmfkku
,CIKhkajQfha lsis|= wOsldrsuhn,hla fuz;`< olakg fkdjSu;a"iudkd;au;djh yd
m@cd;ka;@jdoh .relsrSu;a"udkjflaJ|@Sh yd ukqIH;ajh uQ<slfldgf.k lghq;`lsrSu;a"hk
lreKqh'ld,duiQ;@fh ys js.@yjkakdjQ b.ekajSuz ishquzj mrSCId lrne,SfuzoS uqZM ld,du iQ;@hu
fn#oaO ixialD;sfhys levm;la f,i .;yelsnj fmfkkq we;'9
  ghs,rA ixialD;shjs.@y l< wkaouksid ixialD;sl js.@yfha m@Odk wx. ;`kla biau;`fjkq
wmg oel.; yelsh.bka m<uqjekak ld,h ms<snZo yeZ.Suhs.ixialD;sh tljru my<jk fohla
fkdfjz. ld,dka;rhla ;siafia yev.eiafjuska tl;`fjuska h:d ;;ajhg m;a fjkakls.10fojkqj
ixialD;sh hkq usksid jsiska bf.k.kq ,nkakls.;ukaf.a mrsirfha cSj;ajk l`vd orejd wjg
ixialD;sh Wf.k.ksh.Wmam;a;sh ksidu ixialD;sh ms<snZo wjfndaOh flfkl`g fkd,efnhs.fya
                     s
th mrsirfh kau W.; hq;`h.B <Z.g jeo.;au ,CIKh kuz ixialD;sh wmf.a prAhdjka j,g
u. fmkajSuhs.wm ljqre;a yeisfrkafka fuz prAhdjka wkqjh.ta prAhdjka nsys lrkqfha


1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h, n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysu,iuhjrAOk
                                                                                         s
fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1986, 1-3 msg.    q
2 uqyqo f.dv .,kafka N~;fhla ksido$ Wmd,s iurisxy, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,

fld<U, 13. 02. 2005, 10 mssgqj.
3 tu

4 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd

;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 64 msgqj.
5 uqyqo f.dv .,kafka N~;fhla ksido$ Wmd,s iurisxy, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,

fld<U, 13. 02. 2005, 10 mssgqj.
6 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd

;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 64-65 msgq.
7 weoys,s yd j;a ms<sfj;a, whs. fla. fcAuzia ;rx. wxl 9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@xZ{djxi ysus yd ;siai

ldrshjiuz wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 80-81 msg.      q
8 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd

;siai ldrshjiuz,wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 70-71 msg.      q
9 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi, ik;a fla. kdkhlaldr. fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh,

keosud,,foysj, 2001, 3 msgqj.
10 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus

yd ;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 68-69 msg.      q
ixialD;shhs.wd.usl idr OrAu l@shd;aul lsrSfuzoS fufiayeisrsh hq;` hehs iuzu; prAhd rgdjla
we;.wm fuh Wf.k .;af;a flfiao$wfma ixialD;sh ;`,sks'1
        ixialD;sh ms,snZoj flgsfhka fyda hula mejiSu fuysoS jeo.;ajkqfha thl`ulaoehs
jsoHd;au lj wrA:l:kh fkdfldg idudkH ckjHjydrfha we;s f;areuu.ska tayd ne|=kq
Ydia;@ShjsIh lreKla meyeos,s lsrSu wiSre lreKla nejsks'idrOrAuhkq l`ulaoehs
ksishdldrfhka jgyd.ekSug kuz ixialD;shla hkqfjka yeZoskafjka fka l`ulaoehs ksishdldrj
f;areuz.ekSu jeo.;ah'2ld,du iQ;@h;`< .enzjkakdjQ idrOrAu ixl,amhkaf.a uQ,druzNh
Ndr;fha bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha uq,a olajdu wE;g jsysfokakla nejz fmkajd fokafka fuu
jsoHd;aul wrA:l:kh ;`< isgf.k lrkakdjQ Ydia;@Sh mrAfhaIKh ksis whqrska fufyhjSfuz
yelshdj tuZ.ska ,efnk nejsks'3
    ixialD;sh .ek jsjsO ksrAjpk we;;a" myiqj ;ld ghs,rA iemhq ksorAYkhla is;
;ndf.k ixialD;sh hkak fufia fldgiaj,g fnod f;areuz .;yelsh'4
    1. ixialD;sh hkak ta ta wx. tlg tlajS tlg neZoS mj;akd ixlSrAK tallhls'
    2. ixialD;sh bf.kSfuka jgyd.; hq;` fohls.ta ms<snZo wjfndaOh flfkl`g Wm;skau
       fkd,efnhs. tfia fyhska ixialD;sh “W.;ukd” fohls'
    3. ixialD;sh ld,h ;`,ska jO!khg m;a fjhs'(fn#oaO ixialD;sh wjqre|= 2500lg jvd
       merKsh)
    4. th mrsKduhg m;ajSfuzoS we;euz wx. yef,hs.fjk;a wx. iuyrjsg fjk;a ixialD;Ska
       ;`,ska Bg tla fjhs'
    5. ixfla;j;a wrA: uZ.ska ixialD;sh m@cdj;`, iuQy cSjs;fhaoS jHx.drA:j;a fjhs.thska
       woyia jkafkaa Tjqka tys wrA: ixfla; uZ.ska jgyd .kakd njhs' flfkla u,a w;ska f.k
       nq|= ms<suhla fj; .ukalsrSu .;fyd;a w;ska f.khk u,a Tyq yeZo me<Zo isgsk wkaou
       hk .uk Tyqf.a wNsm@dh wmg wZ.jk ixfla;hkah' wfma ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk TzkEu
       wfhl`g Tyqf.a .ufka wrA:h jegfyhs' wrA:h ta ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk iEu fokd jsiskau
       fnod yod .ekSug mqZMjkalu f;areuz .ekSug mqZMjka lu fuys,d .efka'
    6. ixialD;sh lD;Huh jkakg;a mqZMjk wj-lD;Huh jkakg;a mqZMjk' ta lshkafka
       ixialD;sfha wx.hka l@shdjg kef.k jsg bka iudcuh rgdj Yla;su;ajkakg;a bv
       we;'iudc rgdjg ydks jkakg;a bv we;' wms ishZM fokdu tl ;ekl ysZo Ndjkd lruq'
       fuz Ndjkdfjka wfma lKavdhu w;r iuznkaO;dj ;j ;j;a ;yjqre jkq we;' lD;Huh
       jYfhka th jev odhlh wfma lKavdh fuz yeZ.Suz iuyrjsg uska ;yjqre jqj;a u;ameka
       mdkh lsrSu ksid iudchg b;d ydkslr ;;ajhla u;`jkq fkdwkqudkh'th wjlD;Huh
       tlla yegshg wms yZ|=kajuq'
        mqZM,a wre;lska .;fyd;a iudchl ukqIHhd ms<snZo Tjqkaf.a prAhdrgdj ( yeisrSfuz
ms,sfj<) yd iuznkaO ,sLs;^w,sLs; iEu fohlau ixialD;shg wh;a fjz'rgl ,sLs;^w,sLs;
idys;Hh (ck Y@e;s) l,dYs,am uQrA;s jsYajdi weoys,s wd.uz pdrs;@ jdrs;@ wNspdrjsOs yd hd;`lrAu




1 Religious,Values and Peak Experience,H.Abraham Maslow,Penguine,1970.
2  ,, Do ,, .
3 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ{aZ{df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy

iud.u"fld<U"1964"1-8 msgq'
4 Primitive Culture,E.B.Tylor,John Murry,1871.ghs,r Ata ta iudcj, olakg ;snQ jsoHd;aul oshqKqjg

wkql~,j mrsKduSh pska;kh yev.efiknj jsYajdi lf<ah. TzkEu ixialD;shl wjsoHd;aul
,CIKj,ska tu ixialD;shg .efkk cj;djf.a isl`uzme;`uzj, uq.aOnjo m@lgjkafka hehs olajhs. huz
ixialD;shla oshqKq hehs ms<s.ekSug n,mdkqfha ck;djf.a ;rAldkQl~, nqoaOshhs.w;drAlsl wjsoHd;aul
is;`uz me;`uz;`,ska nsys jkqfhao fkdoshqKq ;dCIKsl Ys,aml@uhs.kj mrsKdujdoS pska;kh js.@ylsrSu
iZoyd ghs,rA jsiska yZ|=kajdfokq ,enQ ixl,am folls.tkuz ixikaokd;aul l@uh(Comparative method)
yd ixialD;sl meje;au (Cultural Survival).
we|=uz me<|=uz wdNrK yd |@jHd;aul ixialD;sl ;;ajh iudc ixia:d yd wdh;k wdoS iEu
fohlau ixialD;sfha fldgia f,i .; yelsh'1
    ixialD;sh lshkafka rcjrekaf.a cSjkrgdj muKla fkdjknj uska f;areuz.; yelsh'
ck;dj f.au cSj;ajk rgdj fyda fudaia;rh ixialD;sh jkafkah' iuyr jsg wfma rfgz
ixialD;sh .ek l:dlrkjsg iS.srs ps;@ nq|= ms<su wkqrdOmqr fmdf<dkakre kgnqka fmryerj,a
wdoshmuKla ixialD;sh hehs weZ.fjhs' “ixialD;sl ;@sfldaKh” hk jpkfhka fldgq lrk ,o
wfma merKs |@jHd;aul ixialD;sfha ksrAudK yd kgnqka ;ju;a olakg ,efnk m@foaYhhs'
ixialD;sh lshkafka merKs iudcfhka b;srsjQ ksrAudK yd kgnqka hk wrA:h fu;ekoS biau;`
fjhs' kuq;a we;a; jYfhkau ixialD;sfha cSjudk me;a; usksiqka cSj;ajk rgdj uSg jvd
jeo.;a ixialD;sl wx.hls'2
      merKs |@jHd;aul ixialD;sh merKs usksiqkaf.a Wkqkqka w;r mej;s iuznkaO;d
fudkjdoehs wmg lshd fohs' ta b;srs jQ ixialD;sl odhdofhka merKs usksiqka .ek bf.k .ksuq'
wo cSj;ajk wm yd merKs usksiqka w;r iuznkaO;dj we;s lrkafka Tjqka b;srs fldg .sh ta
|@jHuh ixialD;shhs' tajd ixialD;sfha fldgia nj ienEh' kuq;a ixialD;sh Bg jvd m<,a
wrA:hla we;a;ls' iudchl usksid cSj;ajk iuzmQrAK rgdju ixialD;sh jYfhka .efka'3
       ixialD;sh jgyd .ekSug ;j;a fydZo udrA.hla kuz ixialD;shg wh;a fkdjkafka
l`ulaoehs jgyd .ekSuhs' ixialD;sh .ek mj;akd m@Odk jeros u; folla fuysoS oelajSu b;d
jeo.;a fjz' bka m<uqjekak kuz ixialD;sh hkq Wiia iudcfha lSm fofkl`g wh;a fyda
nqoaOsu;`ka fyda ishquz l,d ridiajdoh yd iuznkaO fohla hehs l,amkd lsrSuh' ixialD;sh f,dl`
usksiqkag fyda ;shqKq risl yeZ.Suz we;s usksiqkag muKla wh;a fohla fkdfjz' fuz iuZ.u
ixialD;sh hkq iudchla i;` iEu fohlau wvx.` fohlehs is;Suo jerosh' we;a; jYfhkau
ixialD;sh tla;rd wkaoul oekSu yd jsYajdi moaO;shls'4
     ixialD;sh fuz wkaoug n,kjsg fldgia ;`klg fnod f;areuz .; yelsh'tkuz
    1. w;aoelSuz yd සාරධර්ම u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh(Culture of Values)
    2. l,d risl;ajh u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh(Culture of Arts)
    3. පතිමානක ixialD;sh(Culture of Norms) hkqfjks'
      uska m<uqjekak jk w;aoelSuz u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh wmg wfma mrsirh ydiliajk l@u
we;`,;a keK kqjK f.kjs;a fohs'fu;a;d ixl,amh Bg fydZo ksorAYkhls.wkdrAh ixialD;sh
;`, ishZM iFj j.!hd jsIfhys i;r n@yujsyrKh mokuz lrf.k fu;a;d iy.;j l@shdl<
iudc hka;@K hla mej;sks'iudcfhys jsiQ iEu ;rd;srlu ck;dj b;d iuZ.s iuzmkakj
l@shdl< nejska Tjqka w;r wNHka;r wdrjq,a fkdjsh'fuz ;Fjh wdrAhhkag wkdrAh ixialD;sh
wdl@uKh lsrSug f,dl` myiqjla yd jdishla jQ w;r wjidkfhys wkdrAh ixialD;sh mSvdjg
m;afldg ish n@yauK pska;k h Ndr;h mqrd m;``rjd yerSugo th rel`,la jsks'Y@uK
iuzm@odhg miqnsuz jQfha wkdrAh ixialD;sh jQ fyhska wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys .enzjQ fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys wdNdIh Y@uK iuzm@odhhg fkduZoj ,ensks'
  tu iuzm@odh i;` huz huz wx. ndysr wkqldrlhka jYfhka miql,l wdrAh ixialD;sh mokuz
lr.;a n@yauK iuzm@odh jsiskao wkq.ukh lrkq ,enqj;a tajdfhys ienE wka;rA.;h lsisosfkl
n@yauK iuzm@odhg Wlyd.k fkdyels jQfha wdrAh ixialD;sh uqZM ukskau ffjrh >d;kh
mokuz lr.;a;la nejsks'wdrAhhka hqoaOh wdl@uKh uxfld,a,lEu m@pKav yd ieyeisl@shd

1 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx. lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysu,;rx.-9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai
                                                         s
ldrshjiuz,wkq, uQ|@Kd,h,fld<U,1964, 65 msgqj.
2 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fi,a,smsj,ska fy<sjk iudc f;dr;`re, wdrA. nS. Tosrsisxy,nodod w;sfrAlh

osjhsk,Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 17.03 .1999, 17 msgqj.
3 rsgs., jk wrK,iqiSud m@fndaOsk,fmfrArd nodod w;sfrAlh,osjhsk Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@
                                  S
iud.u,fld<U,26. 02. 2003, 1 msgqj.
4 Ydia;@Sh jsjsO;ajhg wdjvuq, laf,davz @en@sisfhda (l`rshrA iZ.rdfjka Wmqgd .ekqkls),isZMusK

brsod,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 20. 02 .2005, 60 msgqj.
Ndjs;hg .ksuska wkdrAhhka uZvskq,enQ nejsks'n@dysuK iuzm@odh;`,o ms<snsUqjQfha wdrAhhkaf.a
fuu ldhsl yd udkisl jYfhka wkHhka fm<Sfuz ;;ajhhs'ldhsl mCIfhka fuu fm<Sfuz
l@shdj,sh wd.usl uqyqKqj rska hd.h f,io udkisl mCIfhka fuu fm<Sfuz l@shdj,sh wd.usl
uqyqKqjrska wOsldrSuh pska;k h f,io wrA: oelajsK'jrA;udk f.d,ShlrK l@shdj,sh;`,o
ksrAudKjdoh mokuzlr.;a pska;k wOsldrsh yd fya;`M,Ou!h mokuzlr.;a ksoyia pska;kh
w;r we;s jsjsO fjkialuz th ukdj wOHhkh lsrSu uZ.ska wmg jgyd .; yelsh'1
     tys සාරධර්ම jYfhka oelafjkafka ixialD;sh;`< wvx.` mdruzmrsl jsYajdi yd l`i,;d
f.dkak la mrmqfrka mrmqrg fkdkeiS yd fjkiafjuska meusKSuhs'2fn#oaO ixialD;sh;`< wvx.`
oekqu yd l`i,;djhka f.dkak yqfola mdruzmrsl muKlajQjlafkdjknejskatyshuz jsYajjSh
njlaolakg ,efnz'ksoiqkla jYfhka ld,du iQ;@fhys wvx.` b.ekajuz flfrka jsYo flfrkakdjQ
                                                            S
සාරධර්මhkays cd;s wd.uz l`, wdoS lsis|= iSudjlg fldgqfkdjkakdjQ iEufokdgu fmd|=fjz
l@shd;aul lr hym;a M, fk,d.;yels wdldrfha b.ekajSula wka;rA.;h'3
     risl;ajh ms<snZo ixialD;sh ksid wfma l,d lD;s ljs isx|= kdgH idys;H leghuz uQrA;s wdoS
jsjsO l,djka nsys fjz' Y@S rdyq, ysushkaf.a ljS;ajh .ek l:dlrkjsg ck ljs .ek lshkjsg
risl;ajh ms<snZo ixialD;sh wmg isysfjhs'4
    ;`kafjkqj m@;sudk ixialD;sh kuz wmg‘fydZo’‘krl’.ek ta ms<snZo kS;srS;s prAhdjsOs lshd
fok ixialD;shhs'TzkEu ixialD;shl funZ|= fydZo krl lshdoSfuz l@u we; OrAu;d .ek Tng
l,ska lSfjuq' wm tla;rd wjia:djloS yeisrsh hq;` ms<sfj< OrAu;dj,ska ( m@;sudk; Norms )
meyeos,s fjz' fuz iudcSh OrAu;d (m@;sudk).ek m@lg udkj jsoHdZ{fhlajk f.@yeuz
iuzkrA“Folk Ways”
(ck prAhd)hkkuska .@J:hla rpkd lf<ah' “MORES” hk kuska yZ|=kajkq ,enQ fuz ckprAhd
iudcfha OrAu;d (m@;sudk) wmg fufia yeisrSu hym;ah fufia yeisrSu whym;a hehs lshd fohs'
OrAu;d (m@;sudk) yereKqjsg wmg wfma cSjs;fhaoS‘fydZo’ ‘krl’lshd wfma prAhdrgdj iudchg
wjYHlrk uZ.g fhduq lrk ;j;a wx. we;' tajd .ek wmg miqj W.;yel fuysoS
wjYHjkafka by; lS wx. ;`fkka ixialD;shla iukajs; jk nejz jgyd .ekSuh'5
     ;ukaf.a Yla;sh wkH ixialD;Skag jvd Wiia hehs ie,lSu iuyrekaf.a isrs;ls' funZ|=
;elSulg iudc jsoHdj fyda udkj jsoHdj bv fkdfohs'ta ta ixialD;s jsjOFjfhka tlsfkld
fjkiaj mj;shs' ;ukaf.a ixialD;sh muKla Wiiah is;d lghq;` lsrSu udkjflaJ|@Kjdoh
(ETHNIOCENTRISM) jYfhka yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' ;j;a ixialD;shla fyda tys wx.foi n,k wm ta
ixialD;sh fyda hglSwx. my;a tajd f,i i,lkafka kuz wm udkj flaJ|@KjdoSka njg
m;afjhs' uska W.ekafjkafka lsishuz ixialD;shla ;j;a tllg l`ukdldr fhka fyda fjkiajSu
usi Wiia fyda my;a f,i uqZMukskau ms<s.ekSu lsisfia;a l< fkdyels njhs'6

     ixialD;sh ks;r fjkia fjhs.wkqrdOmqr ld,fha wmg ;snQ ixialD;sh fmdf<dkakrehq.h
jk jsg iEfyk f,i fjkiajsh'7wo mj;akd ixialD;sh 19jk ishjfia wmg ;snQ ixialD;sfha


1 ikaksfjzok f.da,ShlrKh, iuka; fyar;a, Ydia;@Sh, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@

iud.u,fld<U,27 02. 2005, 57 msgqj.
2 cela,df.a jsixfhdackh, k,Ska iajdrsi, l;sld ixjdo irKsh,oskusK,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@
                                      a
iud.u,fld<U 26. 02. 2005, 17 msgqj.
3 ld,duiQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a fla'kdkdhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl

uOHia:dkh"keosud,"foysj," 2001" 4 msgqj'
4 .srd ixfoaY jsjrKh"ixZ{dmkh"l`ur;`Z.` uqksoiqka"fla' ta'wdrshodi iy iud.u"fld<U"2506"2-22

msgq'
5 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"fld<U"1982" 3-8 msgq'

6 Sociology and Religion,Max Waber,London,1976,p.4
7 isxy, idys;Hfha iuzNjhg ;`vq|=ka we;euz fya;`"yqkaosrdfmd, r;kfcda;s ysus";rx."ixia' f;rsmeye

fidaudkkao ysus"jrosfj, foajtlaLs; ysus yd vnz,shq mS fiakdkdhl"wkq, uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1962"26
msgqj'
m@Odk ,CIKhhs.1th ljodj;a tlu ;ekl tlu wdldrhlska rZod fkdmj;shs' f,dalfha iEu
ixialD;shla u fufia fjkilg Ndckh jQ Ndckhfjuska mj;sk wkd.;fhaoSo fjkia jkakdjQ
foa fj;s' fufia fjkia jSfuzoS wkH ixialD;s j,ska huz huz foa Wlyd .ekSu yd tajd wfma
ixialD;shg m@fjzYlr .ekSu idudkH ,CIKhhs'2
    wkqrdOmqr ixialD;sfha iuyrjsg m@lgj fkdfmfkk yska|= fojsfoaj;djka ms<snZo jsYajdi
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha olakg ,efnhs' yska|= fojs foaj;djka ms<snZo fuz weoys,s jsYajdi fldagzfgz
hq.fhaoS o fld;ruz m@n,jSo hkak ta weoys,s jsYajdij,g m@n, f,i myr fouzka rps; nq|=.`Kd
,xldrh jeks .@ka:hlska fmfka'fuz weoys,s jsYajdi wmg wdfjzz fld;kskao$ yska|= ixialD;sfha
we;s jsIaKq BYajr ld,s jeks fojsfoaj;djqka wo wfmau fojsjrekanjg m;ajSwe;' wfma mkai,aj,
fuz fojs jrekaf.a foajd, we;' yska|= ixialD;sfha wx. wfma ixialD;shg tl;`jQ yegs uska jgyd
.; yelsh'3 jsjsO ixialD;Skaf.ka meusfKk huzhuzwx. ;j;a ixialD;Ska;`,g we;`ZMjS ta
ixialD;Skays uq,a nei .;a wx. njg m;ajSu idudkH OrAu;djls'4
     iudc jsoHdj ixialD;Ska;`< mj;akd iqjsfYaIdx. ;`kla .ek iZoyka lrhs'wdjD; jsjD;
yd |@jHd;aul wx. yegshg y|=kajk fuz ;`k .ekoek.ekSu wmg jeo.;ah'
wdjD;(COVERT)ixialD;sh hkq ixialD;shl mj;akd woyia jsYajdi mqreIdrA:(idr Ou!)wdl,am
hkdosh yd iuznJO jQ prAhdj kah'5fuz prAhdjkawkqj lghq;` lrk wdldrh wmg jsjD;j
fkdfmfka'huzlsis wiykhg m;ajQfjl` foajrEmhla ,Z. ksYaYnzoj hosk whqre is;uq' ta
ixialD;sh .ek fkdo;a wfhl`g fudyq fmfkkafka flfiao$ Tyqf.a isf;a we;s |=l ta |=l
ke;slr.kak Tyq lrk wdhdpkh fojshka ms<snZo Tyqf.a yeZ.Su fuz ish,a, wdjD; ixialD;s hl
,CIKh' Tyqf.a yeisrSuz rgdfjz wrA:h Tyq lshk fohska Tyqf.a l@shdj,ska fyda Tyq i;`
fuj,uzj,ska jgyd .ekSu wiSreh'6
         ixialD;sfha fuz wdjD; iajNdjh f;areuz .ekSug kuz wm l,ska lSjdfia ta ixialD;sfha
mj;akd
 1   woyia (Conceptions)
 2   jsYajdi(Cocksure) weoys,s(Belief)
 3   idr OrAu(Values)
 4   wdl,am (Attitudes)
 5   iodpdrd;aul Ndjh(Morality)
 6   m@;sudk (OrAu;d;Norms) ukdj wjfndaO lr.; hq;`h'7
    fuzjd jgyd.;a jsg ta ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk whf.a prAhdj ms<snZo wdjD; iajNdjh
fmfkakg mgka .kshs'idrOrAu ms<snZoj is|=flfrka kdjQ wOHhkhkaysoS ixialD;sfhys jsjsO
me;slv ms<snZoj ukdj wjfndaOfldg ;snsh hq;`h.tjsg huz lsis idrOrAu ixl,amhl fyda
ixl,amhka lSmhl n,mEu ixialD;sl fCIa;@fhys flfia jHdma;j mj;skafkaoehs mqZM,a jYfhka
huzlsis ks.ukhlg meusKSug th jsYd, myiqjla fjhs.jsfYaIfhka ld,duiQ;@.; idrOrAu
ms<snZoj fuysoS wOHhkh flfrk ksid thska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu uZ.ska Y@uK


1 jsoHdfjz yd ixialD;sfh jsfhda.h"ng@kavz ri,a (l`rshrA iZ.rdfjka Wmqgd .ekqkls)"Ydia;@Sh"brsod

isZMusK" tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@iud.u"fld<U"06' 02' 2005" 57 msgqj'
2 nq|= ms<sufha wisrsh,vnz,sjz.tuz.mS.nS jsfcAfldak,Ydia;@Sh,brsod isZMusK,tlai;a m@jD;a;m;@
                                                   a
iud.u,fld<U,06. 02. 2005, 57 msgqj.
3 ,xld b;sydih,cS. iS. Uekaosia, iSudiys; fld<U wefmd;slrSia iud.u,fld<U,1959,82-85 msg.     q
4 ixialD;sl .egSu yd uOHu mka;sl nqoaOsh,wurodi jSrisxy,;rx.,ixia.f;rsmeye fidaudkkao

ysus,jrosfj, foajrlaLs; ysus yd vnz,sh.mS.fiakdkdhl,wkq, uq|@Kd,h,fld<U,62-84 msgq.
                                            q
5 idulduS cSjs;hlg wjYH uqo,ao$ iqks,a udOj,isZMusK brsod,t;ai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27.02.

2005, 14 msgqj.
6 .@yfhda iy usksiai,c.;a udrisxy,isZMusK brsod,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27.02.2005,11

msgqj.
7 Sociological Perspective,Elychinoy,New York,1968,p 7.
ixialD;sfhys l`uk wkHkH;dj hla ms<snsUq flfrkafkaoehs jgyd .ekSug fuuZ.ska jsYd,
myiqjla ie,fihs.
   ld,duiQ;@h hkq Y@uK ixialD;sh ms<snsUq flfrk Y@uK ixialD;sfhysu lsishuz wlD;shla
jeks h.tys .enzjQ ishZMu idrOrAu ksoyia pska;kh mdol lrf.k bosrsm;a fldg ;snSu uZ.ska
Y@uK iuzm@odfhys flaJ|@Sh mrudorAYh n@dyauK pska;k wOsldrfhka usoSu uQrA;su;a lr olajhs.
n@dyauK iuzm@odh pska;k wOsldrh mrudorAYh lrf.k mej;s w;r Y@uK iuzm@odh
mrudorAYh lrf.k ;snqfka psska;k ksoyi nejsks tnejska n@dyauK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a
lrkq ,enqjdjQ ishZMu idr OrAu Tjqka jsiska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqfjz fuu pska;k wOsldrh mdol
lrf.kh.thg iudka;rj Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqjdjQ ishZMu idrOrAu Tjqka
jsiska bosrs.ka lrkq ,enqfjz ksoyia pska;kh mdol lrf.kh.
   fuu wOHhkh uZ.ska W;aiy .efkkafka Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enQ idrOrAu
pska;k ksoyi mdol lrf.k ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a jS we;s wdldrh ms<snZo mqZM,a js.@yhla
is|= lsrSuhs.ta iZoyd ixialD;sfhys jsjsO me;slv ms<snZo idlpzPd lsrSu w;HjYH fohls
ixialD;sfhys jsjsO jQ me;slv ms<snZoj idlpzPd lsrSu uZ.ska Y@uK ixialD;sh;a ld,duiQ;@h
uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu;a tlsfkl flfia ;`,kh jkafkaoehs wjfndaOlr.ekSu
myiq jkafkah.Y@uK ixialD;sh ;`< .enzj we;a;djQ idrOrAuhkays uQ<sl wdlD;shla
ld,duiQ;@fhys .enzjk nj fmkajd oSu fuys wruqKhs.Y@uK iuzm@odh;`< .enzjk idrOrAu ;a
ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu;a tlla jk muKg iudc jsoHd;aul
ixorANfhka fuys we;s jgskdlu f;reuz .ekSug funZ|= ;`,kd;aul wOHhkhla is|=lsrSu
w;HjYH jQjls.
     ‘jsjD; ixialD;sh’ f;areuz .ekSu t;ruz wudre ke;'iudc iuznJO;dj, oDYHudk wx.
foi ne,Sfuka fuh jgyd .; yelsh' iudc jsoHdkQl~,kuz ;Fjh ldrAhh Ndrh OrAu;d yd
ixia:d foi ne,Sfuka jsjD; prAhdjka wjfndaOlr .ekSug mqZMjka fjhs'1
     usksiqka tlsfkld yuqjkjsg ta whf.a ;Jjhka iuznJO;d ms<snZoj n,mdhs'‘;;a;ajh’ fyda
‘;rd;sru’ ta weZo me<Zo we;s iegsfhka lrk jevj,ska yeisfrk iegsfhka jgyd.;yelsh'
;;a;ajh fyda ;rd;sru ta whg iudcfha ysus;ek ,nk f.#rjh lSrA;s m@idoh lshdfoh's ta ta
;;a;ajhkag iudcfha jsjsOmdrsf;daIK ,efnz'mdrsf;daIK (Reward) hkako fuu ;;ajh yd
;rd;sru ms<snZo ju jQjls'usksiqkaf.a ishZM yeisrSuz yd iuzm@odhka wkHhkaf.aa ;;a;ajh yd
iuznJO fjhs' ussksiqka wkHhka flfrys olajk iuznJO;djka ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka fuz
;;a;ajh fyda ;rd;sru uZ.sks' |@jHuh yd |@jHuh fkdjk jrm@ido lsishuz flfkl`g ,efnkafka
fuz ;;a;ajh ksidh'
     fuz ;;a;ajh <Z.g ixialD;sfha ldrAh Ndrh (Role) jeo.;afjz'.`rejrfhla fyda
,smslrefjla fyda uka;@Sjrfhla .;fyd;a tlS .`rejrhd ,smslrejd uka;@Sjrhd i;` tla;rd
ldrAhNdrhla fjhs'ljqreka ,smslrejd .`rejrhd uka;@sjrhdjQj;a fuz ldrAhNdrh ta .`rejrhdg
,smslrejdg uka;@Sjrhdg tl yd iudkh'f.orl jqjo fuu iajNdjh oel.; yelsh' tys
iajdusmqreIhd nsrsZo orejd i;` ldrAh Ndrhla fjhs'2
       nq|=kajykafiaf.a foaYkd w;r iajdusmqreIhdf.a ldrAhNdrh jsfYaI wx.lSmhlska jsia;r
lrkq,efnz' iajdusmqreIhd nsrsog lreKdjka; jshhq;`h'wjZ{dfkdl< hq;`h'wehg wjxljsh
hq;`h' fjk;a ia;@Ska fkdme;sh hq;`h'f.or fodr iajduS;ajh wehg ,ndosh hq;`h'wehg wjYH
weZ|=uz me<Z|=uz wdNrK wdosh iemhsh hq;`h' fuz ish,a, iajduzmqreIhdf.a ldrAhNdrh wmg
fmkajdfok w;r nsrsZol f.a ldrAhNdrh fufia jsia;r fjz' nsrsZo ksjfia lghq;` ukdj
ixjsOdkh l< hq;`h'iajdusmqreIhdf.a Z{d;Skag fydZoska ie,lshhq;`hs' iajdusmqreIhdg




සudc jsoHdj,iqjskS;d .`Kfialr,fld<U,1994,4 msgqj.
1

iudc jsoHdj,iqjskS;d .`Kfialr,fld<U,1994,7 msgqj.
2
wjxljshhq;`hs'(fjk;a iajdusmqreIfhla fkdme;Su)                iajdusmqreIhdf.a      Okh      wdrCIdl<
hq;`hs'l@shdYS,Sj wk,iaj lghq;` l,hq;`hs'1
     iajdusmqreIhdf.a yd nsrsZof.a ‘ldrAhNdrh’ ukdj Tng uska jegfyhs' orefjl`f.a
ldrAhNdrh o foudmshka yd orejka w;r iuznJO;d .ek ie,lSfuzoS fufia f;areuz .kq ,efnhs'
orejd ;u foudmshka fmdaIKhl< hq;`hs'foudmshka fjkqfjka bgql< hq;` j;dj;a bgql< hq;`h'
mruzmrdj f.k hdug ;udf.ao orejka we;sl< hq;`h' foudmshka i;` foam< kv;a;` whs;slr
.ekSfuzoS hym;a udrA.hla wkq.ukh l< hq;`h' foudmsh wdoSka ush.shdg miq l<hq;`
j;ams<sfj;a bIaGl< hq;`h'2
      nq|=iufha n,mEu ksid iudc iuznJO;d ;`< mj;akd ‘ldrAhNdrhka’b;d meyeos,sj yd
ir,j wE; w;S;fha isgu js.@ylrk ,oS'wfma iudch hym;a iudchla jQfha iudcfhaa cSj;ajk
usksiqka fuzjsjsO ldrAh Ndrhka yrsyegs yZ|=kdf.k cSj;ajSug jEhuz lsrSu ksidh' ldrAhNdrhka
yrsyegs bIaGlf<d;a bka ,efnk mdrsf;daIK w;r fuz cSjs;h yd iuznJO |@jHuh yd |@jHuh
fkdjk mdrsf;daIKo urKskau;` hym;a cSjs;hla ,enSu ms<snZo mdrsf;daIKo fjhs'3

    jsjD; prAhdj jsoydmdk B<Z. ,CIKh OrAu;dhs'(NORMS) hkq wfmaCIs; yeisrSuz rgd
OrAu;d j,shhs' mkai,lg hkjsg mdjyka .,jhs.Wps;f,i ierfihs'yeisfrhs'fufia tla;rd
wfmaCIs; wkaouska yeisrSu ‘OrAu;d’ wkq.ukh lsrSuls' funZ|= ta ta wjia:djkaysoS wfma yeisrSuz
rgdj wfmaCIdlrK OrAu;d ke;sj wmg iudchla f.khd fkdyel'
       iudc ixia:dhkq B <Z.g iudcfha jsjD; prAhdjka wmg fmkajdfok wx.hls' iudcfha
jsjsO mrudrA: bIaGlr .ekSug usksiqka jsiska fuz iudc ixia:d f.dvk.kq ,efnz'ukqIHhd ;`<
uQ<sl wjYH;d /ila we;' tajd bIaG lr.ekSfuz mrudrA:fhka iudc ixia:d f.dv kefZ.a' mjq,
wOHdmk ixia:dj wdrA:sl ixia:dj wd.usl ixia:dj yd foaYmd,k ixia:dj ukqIHhd jsiska
f.dv kZ.k iudc ixia:d myhs'ld,duiQ;@h ;`, fmkajdfokq ,nkafka b;d udkqIsl mokula
u; msysgd isg fuu iudc ixia:d my iuZ. jsOsu;aj fukau ksjerosj wka;rAl@shd lrkdldrh
fjz ukqIH iuznJO;d fuz iudc ixia:d ;`<ska m@lg jkafkah'mjq,a ixia:dj ksoiqkla fldg
.;yelsh'th ;`<ska msrsushd .eyeKsh w;r iuznJO;dj Z{d;Ska yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;dj
nsrsZo yd ieushd w;r iuznJO;dj orejka yd foudmshka w;r iuznJO;dj Z{d;Ska yd mjq,
w;r iuznJO;d j jrA.h l`,h cd;sh yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;dj wdoS ixlSrAK iuznJO;d
rdYshla f.dvkefZ.a'4
     |@jHuh ixialD;sh hkq ixialD;sh yd iuznJO jQ |@jHuh foaj,a ms<snZo tl;` lr.;a
oekquhs' ukqIHhd f.a weZ|=uz me<|=uz fuj,uz WmlrK f.a fodr .DyNdKav ;dCIKsl WmlrK
l,dYs,am idys;Hh hka;@iQ;@ wdoS yeu fohlau ms<snZo oekSu |@jHuh ixialD;shg wh;a jkafkah'
hf:dala; oekSfuka f;drjQ ta |@jHuh NdKavh muKla ixialD;sh f,i fkd.efka'wE; w;S;fha
cSj;ajQ wo olakg fkd,efnk usksia fldgif.a Yla;sh wm jsiska f.dv kZ.kq ,nkafka ta
ixialD;sfhka wo wmg b;srsjQ |@jHuh fldgia wdY@fhks'iuyrjsg tawh .,a.`ydj, wekao
ps;@hla folla wmg yuqjkqwe;' ta whf.a wdydrmdk msikakg fhdod.;a Ndckj, kIaGdjfYaI
tlla folla mqrdjsoHd leKSuzj,oS fidhd.kakg mqZMjk'fuz wdldrfhka ta w;S; ixialD;sh tn|=
ixialD;shla Wreu lr.;a mqoa.,hka mrsyrKh l< |@jHuh ixialD;sl fuj,uz NdKav ;`<ska
f.dv kZ.d .;yelsh' ta |@jHuh fuj,uz NdKav wdoS ish,a, |@jHuh ixialD;sfha fldgia
yegshg i,lkq ,efnz'5


1 oS. ks. 3 is.d,l iq;a;,nq.c.uq.,308 msgqj.ud;d ms;d osid mqnznd wdprshd olaLsKd osid mq;a;odrd osid
mpzPd us;a;dupzpd p W;a;rd odi luzuldrd fhgzGd WoaIx iuKn@dyauKd t;d osid kuiafihH
w,u;af;d l`f, .syS
2 oS. ks. 3 isZ.d,l iq;a;,nq.c.uq, 302 msgqj.l:Z{ap .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjfld Poaosid mgspzPdoS fyd;s

3 oS. ks. 3 isZ.d,l iq;a;, nq.c.uq,290 msgqj.hf;d fLd .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjliai p;a;dfrd luzu

lsf,id mySKd fydka;s pl~ys Gfkys mdmx luzux k lfrd;s P p fYd.dkx wmdh uqLdks k fij;s fid
tjx pqoaoimdmldm.f;d Poaosid mgspzPdos WNh f,dl jschdh mgsmkafkd fyd;ss
                                                                     fyd;
4 oS. ks. 3 is.d,l iq;a;, nq. c. uq, 302-308 msgq

5 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx.,lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus,;rx.,ixia.n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai

ldrshjiuz"wkq, uq|@Kd,h"fld<U'1964 67 msgqj
|@jHuh ixialD;sh .ek l;d lrkjsg huz huz fidhd .ekSuz(DISCOVERY).ek wu;l
l< fkdfya' m<uqfjkau .skaor fidhd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fidhd .ekSuls' |@jHuh ixialD;sh
(oekSu) .skaor fidhd .ekSu ksid mshjr lSmhla bosrshg .sfhah' iudcfha mj;akd fohla h<s
u;` fldg w,q;a jsosyg wrA:j;a lr.ekSu fun|= fidhd.ekSuz jYfhka i,lkq ,efnz'ksmojSuz
(Inventions) hkq mj;akd fohla fufia my< lr .ekSug jvd w,q;ska hula ksrAudKh lr
.ekSuh'ksmojSuz yd fidhd .ekSuz ksid usksia ixialD;ska n,j;a fjkialuzj,g Ndckh fjuska
bosrshg hk wdldrh ukdj jgyd .kakg mqZMjk'1
     ixialD;sh fmd|=jYfhka .;ajsg ;@sjsO ldrAhdj,shla bIaGlrhs' m<uq fjkau ixialD;sh
ukqIHhdg ;udf.a mrsirhg wkqj iliajkakg bv,ndfohs' jrAIdj fkdue;s ld,fha c,h ,nd
.kakg wfma me/kafkda jsYd, jejz ;ekQy' ta jejz j,ska ,enqk c,fhka jrAIdj fkdue;s ld,fha
lDIslrAudka;fhys fh|=ky' Tjqka mrsirhg wkqj iliajQ yegs jejz j,ska msrS.sh wE; w;S;fha
ixialD;sh n,kjsg fmfka'2
     ixialD;sfha fofjks ldrAhh ukqIHhdg wkH ukqIHhka yd iqjfia cSj;ajSug WmdhudrA.
yd l@u ilialroSuhs' usksyd .eyeksh jsjdyh yd mjq, jeks ixialD;sl Wml@u uZ.ska tl;`jSu
.ek is;d n,kak' m@ckk wdYdj h:dldrfhka l@uj;aj l@shdjg keZ.Sug;a bka nsysjk orejka
ksis whqreka fmdaIKhfldg jevs oshqKqlsrSug;a wdrCIdj fyda iqrCIs;nj mjq, yd jsjdy
Wml@u uZ.ska ukqIHhdg ,efnz'3fuz ldrAhh jvd;a jsOsu;a whqrska bgqlr .ekSu msKsi mjq,
keue;s l`vdu iudc ixia:dj ilialrf.k ;sfnz.
     ixialD;sfha ;`kafjks ldrAhh ;udfkdokakd f,dalhla .ek ukqIHhd jsYajdi yd weoys,s
uZ.ska ms<sfh, lsrSuhs' cSj;aj isgshoS;a uereKdg miq;a ush.sh wh yd iuznJOjk ukqIHhd
fkdokakd f,dalhla we;' iqj lrkakg ners wikSmhla ye|=Kqjsg wm lrkafka l`ulao$huzlsis
weoys,s jsYajdi u; msysgd lghq;` lsrSuh' uska wmg ,efnk iekiSu yd ;Dma;sh b;d jsYd,h'
urKh hkq l`ulaoehs okakd lsisfjla wmw;r ke;' i;ajhdg urKnsh yd iudk ;j;a
nshlakuz ke;af;ah'kuq;a wd.u yd iuznJOjQ fuz weoys,s jsYajdi ;`<ska urKhg we;s nsh
iEfyk |=rlg ;`rkajS cSjs;hg uqyK fokakg wmg bv,efnz'‘wd.u’ixialD;sh jsiska we;slrkq
tla;rd ixia:djls'4
   fn#oaOixialD;sh.ek mfhH!IKfhys fhfok jsoHdrA:Ska jsiska jsjsOixialD;s (Counter
Culture) ms,snZo ;`<kd;aulj yeoErSu w.hlrkq,efnz' huzlsis ixialD;shl cSj;ajkakdjQ
msrsila m@Odk ixialD;shg wkql~,;dj fkdolajuska tla;rd wiykhla ksid ta ixialD;shg
m@;sjsreoaO ixialD;sh la wkqu; lrkqfka kuz ta msrsi jsfrdaO ixialD;shla we;a;ka njg

1 fuz m@;sixialrKj,g ienE lrA;D flfkla TzkE"YIS m@Nd;a rKisxy"l;sld ixjdo irKsh"oskusK
tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"26' 02' 2005" 17 msgqj'
2 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fi,a ,smsj,ska fy,sjk iudc f;dr;`re"wdr'A nS' tosrsisxy"nodod

w;sfrAlh"osjhsk"Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"17' 03' 1999"17 msgqj'
3 oS. ks. 3"w.a.Z{aZ{ iq;a;"nq' c' uq"158-160 msgq' fu:qkx Ouzux iudodh jsiqx luzukaf; mfhdfck;S;s

fLd jdfigzGd fjiaid fjiaidfFjj wlaLrx Wmksnzn;a;x
4 Magic Science Religion and Other Essays,Bronislaw Malinowsi,London,Oxford Press,1948.fuu
.@J:fhys wd.u wNspdr iy mqrdjD;a; ms<snZo udkj jsoHd;aul woyia wka;rA.;h'Coral Garden and
their Magic : A Study of the methods billing the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobiand
Island,Bronislaw Malinowsi,New York,American book Co.,1935.wd.u ue,sfkdjqialsf.a js.@yhg
fhduqjQfha wd.fuz cSjs;h yd iuznJO iqjsfYaIs wjia:djka wkqidrfhks'fuu iqjsfYaIS wxY wd.usl
cSjs;fhaoS b;d jeo.;a ;ekla orhs'tu iqjsfYaIS wxYkuz iudc taldnoaO;djhg ndOd muqKqjkakdjQ
wNsfhda.d;aul jkakdjQ ps;a;fjz.Sh jYfhka mSvdldrS ;;ajhkah' iudch;`< we;sfjkakdjQ wd;;sh
ffp;isl l,ne.Eksh ldkaidj wdoS ;;ajhka iudc cSjs;h jHdl~,;djhg m;alrkq ,nhs' fuu
;;ajhka tkuz jHdl~, ;;ajhka we;sjkakdjQ jsjsO wjia:d we; Wm; jevsjsh meusKSu jsjdyh urKh
wdoS wjia:dj, yg.kakd cSjs;h ms<snZo wrAnqo fuysoS jsfYaI ;ekla .kS'ue,sfkdjqials ksrSCIKhl<
wdldrhg iEu iudchlu fuz wkaoug vSjs;fha wrAnqoldrS wjia:djka jsjsO wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a jsiska
jglrf.k mj;S' Tyqg wkqj urKh mqoa.,sl
cSjs;fha nrm;, foordhdula we;slrkq,nhs' mqoa.,hka w;r mj;akd oevsiuznJOh ksid flfkl`
ushhdfuka miqj uy;a ffp;isl luzmkhla we;sfjhs urKh iuznJOfhka we;sjk fujeks jHdl~,
l,lsreKq ;Fjhka wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a uZ.ska iukh lr.ka kd nj ue,sfkdjqialsg fmkSf.dia we;'
m;afjkafkah'fuySoS     m@Odk    ixialD;sfha  yrh      Tjqkajsiska m@;slafIam  lrkakg
mqZMjk'wefursldfjz‘ysms ixialD;sh’fujeks jsfrdaOS ixialD;shla nj lshfjz'Tjqka cSj;ajk
iudcfha ishZMu yrhka m@;slafIaml< ysmsfhda w,q;aiudch la w,q;a yrhlawe;sj nsyslrkakg
udkne,Qy'ta ksidu TjQyq jsfrdaO ixialD;shlg wh;ajQy'
     ‘ixialD;sh’ hk ixl,amh .ek l:dlrkjsg ‘WmixialD;sh’(Sub-Culture) .eko hula
oek.ekSu jeo.;ah' jsYd, fyda m<,a ixialD;shl cSj;ajk fjkia jQ udos,shl cSjk rgdjla
we;s fldgi Wm ixialD;shla we;swh jYfhka yZ|=kaj;s'iEu ixialD;shlgu wNHka;rsl
jYfhka jsjsOd ldr prAhdjka we;s wfkaljsO iuQy wkaa;rA.;jwe;'taiuQyj,cSj;ajk wh
tlsfkldg fnfyjska fjkia kjSk woyia yd prAhd we;a;kah'uy ixialD;sh;`< jsjsOdldrfhka
mj;akd fujeks Wm ixialD;Ska /ila olakg ,efnz'huz ixialD;shla;`< olakg ,efnk Wm
ixialD;sl ,CIK iEfyk m@udKhla uy ixialD;sfha tjka ,CIK yd ieifZoa kuz uy
ixialD;sh;a Wm ixialD;sh;a w;r lsis|= .egSula yg fkd.kshs'
    iuyrjsgl Wm ixialD;Ska f.ka uyixialD;shg lsisu ;rAckhla fyda wNsfhda.hla ke;s
wjia:d olakg we;' Wm ixialD;shla f.dv kefZ.kjsg ;ukagu jsfYaI NdId js,dYhla OrAu;d
(m@;sudk) fyda idrOrAu yd cSjkrgdjla(iodpdrphH!d) f.dvkZ.d.ekSug bv we;.wdrAh
ixialD;sh ;`< fyda wkdrAh ixialD;sh;`< ;j;a Wm ixialD;s lSmhla olakg we;' jsfrdaOS
ixialD;sho Wm ixialD;s j.!fhau tlafldgils' fjkilg we;af;a jsfrdaOSixialD;sh m@Odk
ixialD;sh iuZ. tlg cSj;a fkdjSuhs'th uy ixialD;sh iuZ. W.@f,i .efghs'iuyrjsg tnZ|=
jsfrdaOS ixialD;shl jHjydr jkni wkHhkag f;areuz.; fkdyelsh' taidudcslfhda muKla ta
ni jgyd .ks;s'Tjqyq YdrSrsl ydks is|=lsrSuz w.hlr;s'wmrdOlsrSug nshla fkdolajk w;r th
;u ixialD;sfha wx.hla njg m;alr .ks;s'1
      ixialD;sl ,e.au (Cultural Lag) hk ixl,amh fuysoS jeo.;afjz'ixialD;shliuyr wx.
bj;aj fjkiajS jrAOkhjk w;r ;j;a wx.fjkiafkdjS ta wdldrfhkau mj;Skuz t;ek we;af;a
ixialD;sl,e.auls' ixialD;sl ,e.au mj;skafka fuz wxY flfrysh'ixialD;shl ,e.au ms<snZo
isoaOdka;h bosrsm;alf,a js,shuz wea T.anrAka (Wilium F. Ogburn) keue;s iudc
jsoHdZ{hdh'fuz wkqj T.anrA.a fuys ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<snZo ksoiqkla fn#oaO ixialD;sh
weiqrska js.@y lrhs'


    ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<snZo ksorAYkhla T.anrA.a jsiska fmkajdoS we;af;a wdrAh ixialD;sh
fyj;a ffjosl ixialD;sh uZ.ska fufyhjkq ,enQ n@yauK iuzm@odh;a wkdrAh fyj;a m@;sffjosl
iuzm@odh uZ.ska fufyhjkq ,enQ Y@uK iuzm@odh;a weiqrsks'wdrAh ixialD;sh Ndr;fhys ia:dms;
jkafka wkdrAh ixialD;sh Ndr;fhys ld,hla ;siafia mej;shdg miqjh tuksid wdrAhhkag
wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys huz huz ixialD;sldx. hgm;a lr ;u ixialD;sh Ndrlfhys ia:dms;
lrkakg iEfyk igkla lrkakg is|=jsh
   fuz hgf;a fN#;slj yd wOHd;ausl jYfhka wkdrAhhka mrhd Tjqka uevmj;ajdf.k lghq;`
lrkakg wdrAhhka W;aiy l<;a wdrAhhkag wkdrAhhkaj uqZMukskau uev meje;ajsh fkdyels jsh
iajNdjfhkau idulduS iduh b;d w.hl< wkdrAhhka f,day Ndjs;fhka wdhqO yd WmlrK
wdosfhka wdrAhhkag jvd ;dCIKh w;ska bosrsfhka isgS ixialD;shla jqj;a rgj,a wdl@uKh
lruska >d;kh ffjrh msrS tfy;a f,day Ndjs;h wdhqO yd WmlrK Ndjs;h w;ska
wkdrAhhkag jvd b;du;a fkdoshqKq ;dCIKh Ndjs;h w;ska my< ugzgul issgs wkdrAhhkag
wdrAhh ixialD;sh fN#;sl jYfhka wdl@uKh fldg uy;a jskdYhla is|=lsrSu wiSre lreKla
fkdjSh 2
  wfkla w;g wkdrAh ixialD;sh oshqKq k.r ie,iquzl@u jdrsudrA. l@u .ukd.uk myiqluz
jdhqiukh l< ldur iys; uy,a f.dvke.s,s oshqKq c,k, moaO;shlska iukajs; ikSmdrCIl

1 udkj jsoHdfjz ,dxlSh m;`, jsksjsos fofk;"pska;l udrisxy"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@

iud.u"fld<U"13' 02' 2005" 58 msgqj'
2 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy

iud.u"fld<U"1964" 5 msgqj'
jeisls,s leisls,s moaO;s iys; b;du;a iqfLdamfNda.S cSjs;hla .;l< kd.rsl ixialD;shla jsh
ta lsis|= myiqlula fkd,;a wdrAh ixialD;sh ;ekska ;ekg huska rgj,a wdl@uKfhys fh|=kq
.@duSh iNH;ajh flaJ|@ lr.kakd,o fkdoshqKq ixialD;shla jsh 1miql,l wdrAhhka wkdrAhh
ixialD;sh md.df.k ish ixialD;sh oshqKq lr.ekSfuz wNs,dIfhka wkdrAh ixilD;sfhys
.enzj we;a;djQ huz huz ixialD;sldx. ish ixialD;shg wjfYdaIKh lr.;a;o wkdrAh
ixialD;sfhys tajd yg.ekSug fya;`j jQ uQ<sl m@Njhka ksjeosj .@yKh lr.kakg wiu;ajSu
fya;`fjka tajd ixialD;sl ,e.aula f,i osiajsks fuz fol w;r tn|= fjkila we;af;a ‘ixialD;sl
,e.au’ksidh'T.anrAka fuysoS |=gqfjz wdrAh ixialD;sh;`, wkdrAh ixialD;sldx.hkays
fkd.e,fmknj jk ixialD;sl,e.au ms<snZo b;djeo.;a ksorAYkhls'
    fn#oaO ixialD;sh .ek wOHhkh lrkakdjQ mrAfhaIlhska ;j;a jeo.;a ixl,amhlajk
ixialD;sl ifudaOdkh (Cultual Intergration).ek oek.; hq;`h'ixialD;shl we;`<;ajk jsjsO
wxf.damdx. jk oCI;d jsYajdi weoys,s pdrs;@ jdrs;@ OrAu;d(m@;sudk) yd mqreIdrA:(idr OrAu)
prAhdjka (iodpdr yeisrSuz) wdoS fuz ish,a, ljodj;a tlsfklg fjkiaj ;ksj mej;sh hq;`
fkdfjz'2 tajd ixialD;sfha wjfYaI wx. iuZ. tlajkaj neZoS mj;S'fufia tnZ|= wxf.damdx.
tlajkaj neZos mej;Su ta ixialD;sfha jrAOkhg b;djeo.;ah' m@d.a-lrAudka;uh fyda
iduzm@odhsl iudcj, l`vd iuQyj,ska ta iudc iukajs;jQ ksid ixialD;sfha jsjsO wx. ukdj
tlg neZoS ;snsKs'3
      ixialD;sl jsirKh (Diffusion) hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ;ukag wd.ka;`l ixialD;sh
lska huz huz wx. ;ukaf.a ixialD;shg meusK thg tldnoaO jkakdjQ wdldrhhs'4 jsirKh
iuyrjsg rglg b;d jdisodhl l@shdj,shla jkq we;.tx.,ka;fha ldrAusl jsma,jh jrAOkh
jQfha lrAudka; jsma,jfha wx. uq,isg w;a oel fhda.HjQ;a wfhda.HjQ;a iEu wxYhlau w;ayod
ne,Sfuks' crAuksh lrAudka; jsma,jfha idrj;a wx. tx.,ka; w;aoelSuz ;`<ska f.k ;u rfgz
oshqKqjg fhdod .;af;a jsirKfha m@;sM,hla f,ih' tx.,ka;h w;ayodn,d idrA:ljqkq wx.
muKla ;u rfgz lghq;` iZoyd fhdod .ekSug crAukshg yelsjsh'/,ama ,skagka keue;s
udkjjsoHdZ{hd mjik wkaoug TzkEu ixialD;shlg ishhg wkQjla wx. jsirKh ksid ,enqKq
tajdh' ta ixialD;sfhau Wm; ,nd my<jk wx. we;af;a ishhg oyhla muKh'
    fn#oaO ixialD;sh .ek ys;k TzkEu wfhl`g fuh fld;ruz i;Hhlaoehs jegfykq
we;'bkaoshd kq ixialD;sj,ska wmg fl;ruz wdNdIhla ,ensKso$fn#oaO ixialD;sh fnfyjskau
yev.eyqfka fn#oaO idr OrAu ;`<sks' fn#oaO idr OrAu ,xldjg meusKsfha Ndr; fn#oaO
ixialD;sh;`<sks' miq.sh wjqre|= fooyia mkaiSh;`< wfma fn#oaO ixialD;sh Ndr; fn#oaO
ixialD;sfhkq;a fjk rgj, fn#oaO ixialD;sj,skq;a iY@slf,i fmdfydr,nd jsirKh jQ
wkaou ms<snZo l;dka;rh b;d jsps;@ cklh'5
    ixialD;sl iuzmrAlh(Acculturation) kuska y|=kajk ;j;a ixl,amhla we;'6huzlsis |=rAj,
iuQyhla fyda iudchla n,j;aixialD;shl fyda iudchl n,mEu hg;g flfia fyda wdjsg
n,j;a ixialD;sfha wx. ,CIK |=rAj, ixialD;shlg n,md Bg tla fjhs'fuh ixialD;sl

1   ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy
iud.u"fld<U"1964 5-7 msgq'
2 uyfmdf<dfjz h:drA:h iy fojshkaf.a iuzm@odh".`Kisrs jSriQrsh"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a

m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"13' 02' 2005"57 msgqj'
3 Action Theory and Human Conditions,Talcott Parsons,New York,Free Press,1978.ge,afldgz
  A
mdikaia wjOdrKh l< wkaoug fm@df;ia;ka;@ l@sia;shdks yd hqfojz hk wd.uzj,ska ,enqKq w.hka yd
yrhkaf.ka wefursldkq iudch talrdYs jS we;'tu tlai;ajSu;`, wd;au jskh yd fm#oa.,slFjh ;oskau
olakg we;' lf;da,sl jqj;a fm@df;ia;ka;@jqj;a hqfouzjqj;a Tjqka wefursklajdoSkah
wefursldkqjdoh(Americanism) f.dvkeZ.Sug wjYH idrOrAu yd yrhka jsjsOdldrjQ wd.uz jsiska imhd
oS we;'
4 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' jS' cS' ta' fyauka; l`udr"weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhd"fld<U 1997"26 msgqj'
5 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyaf;a mZ[aZ[df,dal ysu"weuz' vS'.~Kfiak iy

iud.u"fld<U"1964"72 msgqj'
6 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka'jS'cS'ta'fyauka; l`udr"weia'f.dvf.a iy

iud.u"fld<U"1997"28 msgqj'
iuzmrAlh kuska yeZoskafjz'1 jsirKfhaoS ixialD;sh huz huz foa iafjzpzPdfjka b,a,d .kshs'2
fuyssoS th ndysr n,mEula ksid is|=fjhs' jsirKh fukau ixialD;sl iuzmrAlho is|=jkafka
tla;rd wkaoul prKhla wkqqjh' jsirKhg fyda iuzmrAlhg m;a jkakdjQ ixialD;shla wks;a
ixialD;sfhka iEu fohlau ta iZoyd f;dard fkd.kshs'3
    wkdrAh ixialD;sfhka wdrAh ixialD;sh flf;la ixialD;sldx. wjfYdaIKh lr.;a;;a
wkdrAh ixialD;sl i;`jQ pska;k ksoyi yd i;r n@yaujsyrKh u; mokuzjQ wjsysxidj
wjfYdaI Kh lr.;af;a ke;' ixialD;sl iuzmrAlfhaoSo mj;akd iajNdjh fuhuh |=rAj,
ixialD;sldx. iys; iudch m@n, ixialD;sldx. iys; iudcfha oshqKq;u ixialD;sldx. ,nd
.kakg WkJ|=jkq we;'m@n, fkdjk wfkla wx. f;dard.kafka huz huz uQ,OrAu wkqj jrKSh
l@uhlgh' ffjosl ixialD;sh uZ.ska m@;sffjosl ixlD;sfhys ;snqKq iuyr wx. ffjosl
ixialD;shg tlalr.;a w;r iuyr wx. w;ayer oukq ,ensks'i;r n@yau jsyrKh
mdollr.;a fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo bka|= ksuzk jdiSkaf.a wdl,amh fkd;el~ ffjoslfhda
hd.fhys fhfouska m@dK>d;fhys ksr;fjuskau tauZ.skau fudaCIh me;Suo fujeks is|=jSuls'4
    m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh i;`jQ iu:OHdk l@u Ndjs;fhka wgiuj;a Wmojd jkfhys fjfik
bis kdu fhka ffjosl iQ;@hkays lshefjk wIaGiudm;a;s ,dNS ;jqia fldgzGdYhla .eko
wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hkays mjd ;ks ;ksju jsoiqka jvd nqoaO;ajhg m;aj yqol,dj jsiQ
mfianq|=jre ms<snZojo lshefjz'5fuu mfiys nq|=jre m@;sffjosl fyj;a bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha
fYa@IaGFjh fudkjg lshdmdk ms<sUsnq fjz'ffjosl iQ;@hkays fndfyda fihska fujeks nq|=jre
yZ|=kajd we;af;a uqks hk kdufhks'6
     fuu uqksjre wyiska .ukalrknj ffjoslhka olajdwe;af;a bjish fkdfyk BrAIHdjlska
nj tlS iZoykays .enzjk fidamdydih wkqj fmfka'wx.Sri hk fh|=u nq|=jre yeZoskajSu iZoyd
jHjydr lrk,o b;dmqrdK jpkhls'nq|=kajykafia yeZoskajSu msKsi mdrsNdIsl mohlaf,i
Ndjs;dlrk fuu jpkh ffjosl iQ;@hka ys uqksjre yeZoskajSu msKsiu jHjydrlr ;sfnz'7fuu
uqksjre b;d ksyZvjQ osjshla .;l< Y@uK fldgilanjo olajd ;sfnz' isoaOdrA: fndai;dkka
jykafiaf.a Wm; is|=jk wjia:dfjys mjd ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrfhla cSjudkju jevisgSnj
iZoykaj we;'fndOsiFjhka jykafia Wmkanj oek.;a Wkajykafia ;ukaf.a wdhqYla;sh
wjikanj oekf.k msrsksjs nj fmd; mf;ys iZoykafjz'8
  fu#k j@;h fyj;a uqksj; ffjosl iudchg m@jsYaGjQfha fulS uqksjrekaf.a
wNHka;riajrEmh ndysrska wkqqlrKh lrkakg ffjoslhka W;aiqljSu;a iuZ.h'bka|=ksuzk
ixialD;sfhys .enzjkakdjQ by; olajk ,o wdOHd;ausl oshqKqjg bjy,a jQfha Tjqka w;r
m@p,s;j mej;s fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdIh Tjqka fkduZoj ,nd.;a nejsks.uqksj;9 fyj;a

1 The Family Among the American Aborigin:A Sociological Study,B Malinowski,London
University Press,London,1913
2 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHdj m@fjzYh"tka' jS'cS' fyauka; l`udr"weia'f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda"fld<U"28 msgqj'
3 Magic,Science Religion and Other Essays,B Malinowski,London Unicersity Press,London, 1965
4 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy

iud.u"fld<U"1964" 34 msgqj'
5 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysus"iuhjrAOk

uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1986" 11 msgqj'
6 iD.afjzoh"flaiS iqla;h"136'uqkfhd jd;rYkd msYx.d jif; u,d
                                uq
7 The Golden Bouh:A Study Magic and Religion,Sir James George Frazer,Vol 12,London

Press,London,1911-1915
 ffjoslhka w:!jka fjzoh yeZoskajSu iZoyd wx.Sri hk moh mjd jHjydrhg f.k we;af;a thg .re
lsrSug jvd th tla;rd whqrlska Wmydid;aulj ie,lSug nejz fmfka'tu fjzofhysu jevodhl
uka;@lshkakka w:!jka hk kdufhkao wjevodhl uka;@ lshkakka wx.Sri hk mofhka yeZoskajSfuka by;
olajk,o woyi ;yjqrefjz'
8 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1986"11

msgqj' fuu ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrhkajykafia rc.ykqjr bis.s,s mjzfjys jsiQ nj;a ;ukaf.a
wdhqld,h ksujSfuka miq ysuj;f;ys uydm@md; mrAj;hg jev msrsksjs nj;a iZoykafjz'
9 uydksoafoai md,s" nq' c' uq" 82 msgqj'
fu#kj@;fhys wNsjDoaOsh msKsi fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Ndjs;dj ms<snZoj fjku yeoErSula
l<hq;` ;rugu th mqZM,ah.m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh ;`< uqks ixl,amh jHdma;j mej;ssk.
                                                                             s
we;af;kau fuh wffjosl ixl,amhls.fuz fya;`j ksidu ffjoslfhda uqks ixl,amhg
ffjrl<y.f,#lsl cSjs;hg m@shl< nuqfKda wOHd;au .fjzIKfhys ksr;jQ uqksjrekag
oafjzIl<y.
     kQ;k iudch .ek l,amkdlrkjsg jdKscFjh (Commercialization) ksid is|=jk ixialD
;sl fjkiajSu flfrys fndfyda mrAfhaIlhkaf.a WkJ|=j fhduqjS ;sfnz'ngysr lrAudka;uh
iudcj, n,mEu ksid wjfYaI rgj, fuz fjki is|=jkafka h'wfma iudcfha fuz ndysr n,mEu
ksid is|=jk ixialD;sl fjkialuz l,amkdlr ne,Su jeo.;ah'1m@n, ckikaksfjzok udOHjk
mqj;am; iskudj rEmjdysksh yd fmd|= oekajSuz l@u ksid jdKscFjh wfma f.a we;`,gu meusK
we;'
     jdKscuh yqjudreju; wo iEufohlau rZodmj;S' jdKscuh yqjudrejg uq,a;ek ,efnk
jsg wrA: l@uh iuZ. uqZM uy;a iudc l@uho jsmrAhdihg m;afjhs' w;S;fhaoS tla;rd wkaoulska
fuh is|=jknj wu;l fkd l<hq;`h' pSk mrAishka .@Sl frdau wrdns msksishkajre yd ysJ|=jre
jdKscuh l@shdj,Ska uZ.ska bosrshgwd wdosu cd;Ska jQy'wo fjkilg we;af;a ta jdKscuh
l@shdj,shg jvd ikaksfjzok wdos fhka m@n, njg m;ajQ lrAudka;uh l@shdj,sh iy oshqKqjQ
;dCIKh yd iuznJO jdKscuh ixialD;shla f,dalfha iEu rglu ixialD;Skag wNsfhda.
lsrSuh'
   ixialD;sh .ek l:dl< /,ama ,skagka wmg jeo.;a ixl,am;`kla y|=kajd |=kafkah' jsYajuh
(Universals) ixialD;sl pdrs;@ bka m<uqjekakh.fuz pdrs;@ jsYajuhjkafka tajd f,dalfha iEu
cd;shlgu fmd|=jQksidh' B<Z.g ,skagka l:dlf<a jsl,am pdrs;@(Alernatives).ekh Y@uK
ixialD ;sfhys yd n@yauK ixialD;sfhys ixialD;sl pdrs;@ i,ldne,sh yelsh'fuz wdldrfhka
ixialD;sl pdrs;@ f;dard .ekSfuka jHjydrhg ths.;`kafjksj jsfYaI ixialD;sl pdrs;@
(Specialities) we;' n@dyauK ixialD;sfhys m@dK>d;h hd.h kuska iudc.; lr;sfnz' fuz
ixialD;sl pdrs;@ wxYh Tjqkag jsfYaI jQjls.Y@uK ixialD;sfhys wkHhka iuZ. iyfhda.fhka
iuZ.sfhka cSj;ajSu wjsysxidj fu;a;d ixl,amh fyda i;rn@yau jsyrKh kuska iudc.;
lr;sfnz fuz ixialD;sl pdrs;@h Tjqkag iqjsfYaIS jQjls fuz wdldrfhka huzlsis jsfYaI
iuQyhlaiuZ. iuznJOjQ ixialD;sl pdrs;@hla we;akuz th jsfYaI ixialD;sl pdrs;@j,g
wh;ah'2
      by; oelafjk wdldrfhka ixialD;sh iuznJOfhka jsia;r lsrSug is|=jQfha idrOrAu
ljrdld rfhka ixialD;sh flfrA n,mdkq ,nkafkaoehs wjfndO jSu iZoydh'fndfydajsg idudkH
jHjydrfhaoS සාරධර්මo ixialD;shg iuznJOlr සාරධර්ම"iodpdrh yd ixialD;sh
hkjpk;`fkka woyiajkafka tlu wrA:hnj fndfydafokd Wml,amkh lr;s'fuzksidh
ukqIHw.hkaf.a is|=jkfjkiajSu ixialD;sfha is|=jk msrsySulaf,i Tjqkajsiska wF:!l:khlrkq
,nkafka'
   fuzksid ixialD;sh yd සාරධර්ම3 hkjpkfol iudkdrA:fhys,d fmd|= ck iudch ;`<
Ndjs;d flfrA'mqrdKfha bkaoshdfjz ;snQ wkdrAh ixialD;sh bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh f,i
yeoskafjz'Tjqka iajfoaYsl ck;djhs'Y@uK iuzm@odh mejf;kafka fulS wkdrAh ixialD;sh
flaJ|@fldgf.khs' wdl@uKslhska jYfhka neyerska meusKs msrsi jQfha wdrAh ixialD;shg wh;a
ck;djhs' n@dyauK iuzm@odh mejf;kafka fulS wdrAh ixialD;sh flaJ|@fldgf.khs'4
  w;S;fhaoS wkdrAh ixialD;sh kuska yeZoskafjk iajfoaYsl ixialD;sh yd wdrAhkdufhka
yeZoskafjk jsfoaYsl ixialD;sh w;r is|=jkakdjQ .egqu ksid wkdrAh ixialD;sh hgm;aj f.dia
wdrAh ixialD;sh m@n,Fjhg m;a jsh'fuu .egqu is|=jk wjia:djjk jsg wkdrAh ixialD;sh

1 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' jS' cS' ta'fyaul`udr"weia f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda"fld<U"1997" 92 msgqj'
2 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1994" 41 msgqj'
3  tu 58 msgqj'
4 ffjosl idys;Hh"fcA' ;s,lisrs"iSudiys; tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"1958"110 msgqj'
l,dYs,am";dCIKh" cSjkm@;smodj wdoS ixialD;s hlg wh;aiEu wx.hlau mdfya fnfyjska
oshqKq;Fjhl mej;sks'1
   kuq;a wdrAh ixialD;sh tys iEu ixialD;sl wx.hlskau wkdrAh ixialD;shg fojkjk
ugzgulska mej;`ks'kuq;a wdrAh ixialD;sh rgj,a wdl@uKh lsrSu ;ukaf.a cSjkm@;smodj
lr.;aixialD;shla jQnejska hqoaO Yla;sh w;ska wkdrAh ixialD;shg jvd bosrsfhka isgSu Tjqkag
wkdrAh ixialD;sh ish .@yKhg k;`lr.ekSug fkduZo msgsjy,lajsh'wkdrAhfhda jkdyS
udkqIslFjfhkao iEu .;s.`K hlskau wdrAhhkag jvd b;d bosrsfhka isgS fnfyjska YsIaG
iuzmkak ukqIHfldgzGdYhla jsh' wkdrAh hkaf.a cSjk m@;smodj f.dvkeZ.S ;snqfKa lDIslu!h
flaJ|@ fldg f.k nejska iEfyk ;ruz jsfjslh o ,enkq nejska l,dYs,am" pska;kh fuz jk jsg
f,dalfha YsIagiuzmkak wkalsis|= ixialD;sh la w;am;a lrf.k fkdisgS ;ruz jsYd,
oshqKq;;ajhlg m;ajS;snsks'2
   wdrAh ixialD;sh miqnsuz lr.kakd,o n@dyauK pska;kh W;aiqljQfha usksidf.a is;Sfuz
Yla;sh fudgfldg oeuSughs'thg fya;`j pska;k Yla;sh Wiia;,hlg meusKshfyd;a
wksjdrAhfhkau ;ukaf.a ixialD;sh m@;sfCIamjk ;;ajhlg m;ajS ;ukaf.a idudcsl ;;ajh yd
n,h ke;sjS hknj fudjqka jgyd f.k isgSnejsks'hd.h"hZ{h yd n,sns,smQcd uZ.ska
>d;kixialD;shla;`< ffjrh"iudch mx;sjYfhka fnod md,khlsrSuuZ.ska l<lsrSujmqrjuska
lghq;`lsrSu fudjqkaf.a l@shdms,sfj; jsh'fuz ;;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSu Wfoid wdjD;
udislFjhlska lghq;`lsrSug usksid fhduqlrjSu"ndysr wOsldrSuh n,hka3 uZ.ska pska;k ksoyi
md,khlsrSu iZoyd wd.usl b.ekajSuz fhdod.ekSu n@dyauK pska;kfha m@Odk,CIK jsh'
    fuu oevs iudc urAOkldrS ;;ajh fkdbjiQ wkdrAh ixialD;sfha ksoyiapska;;hska n@dyauK
b.ekajSuz ksrAoh f,i jspdrhg ,lalrkakg jsh'fuz ld,h jkjsg tnZ|= ksoyia pska;lhska ih
fofkl` Y@uK iuzm@odh ;`,ska we;sjS uy;a m@isoaOshg m;ajS ;snsKs'fudjqka IgzYdia;Djre
kdufhka yeZoskajSug wm mqre|=jS isgsuq'tl, iudc ixialD;sl jd;djrKh fuz whqrska mj;soaoSh
wkdrAh ixialD;sh ;`,skau Y@uK iuzm@odh ;`,skau mekkeZ.`kdjQ fYaIaG Ydia;Dkajykafia jk
nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz iudchmqrd jHdma;jS hkafka'4
  wfkl`;a Y@uK iduzm@odhslhskaf.a b.ekajSuzfukau nq|=rcdKkajykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz o
flaJ|@.; jkafka ksoyiapska;kh msnsojSu yrydh'wfk;`;a IgzYdia;Djreka yqfola n@dyauK
b.ekajSuzj,g jsreoaOj hdfuka muKla yd tu b.ekajSuzj, fodia oelajSfuka muKla ish
lghq;a; yudrl< w;r ta fya;`jka tu wd.usl b.ekajSuz wiuzmQrAK tajdjsh'irAjiuzmQrAK
cSjk m@;smodjla tauZ.ska yZ|=kajdfkd|=ks'5
    kuq;a nq|=rcdkkajykafif.a b.ekajSuz n@dyauK b.ekajSuz jsfjspkh lruska muKla
fkdkej;S" tajdg ish wrA:l:k bosrsm;a lsrSug;a"ta wrA:l:k jsoHd;aul pska;khla u;
msysgdisg bosrsm;a lsrSug;a"tjd irAj iuzmQrAKf,i yd w;sYh m@dfhda.sl ;;ajhkaf.ka hqla;j
l@shdjg keZ.Sug;a" mrsmQrAK cSjk m@;smodj la bosrsm;alsrSug;a"hk fulS ishZMlghq;` idrA:l




1  tu 126 msgqj'
2 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy
iud.u"fld<U"1964"10 msgqj'
3 w. ks. iv,w;a;ldr iq;a;"nq' c' uq" 94 msgqj'udyx n@dyauK tjx jdosx tjx osgzGsx woaoixjd wiafid isxjd

l:xys kdu ihx wNslalukaf;d ihx mgslalukaf;d tjx jlaL;s kF:s w;a;ldfr kF:s mrldfr;s
4 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq't: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk
ud mruzm rdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;la flk ud
                     ls
osgzGs ksCOdklaL;shd ud NnznrEm;d h ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
5 tu ld,duiQ;@h;`< oijsO wOsldrhka m@;sfCIamfhka muKla fkdkej;S mxpYS, m@;smodj ;@sjsO l`Y,
yd wl`Y, uQ,hka I;r n@yau jsyrK lu!M, jsmdl ms<snZo i;rjeoE/uz kh jsNd.hla tf,dj fukau
fuf,dj jYfhka udkisl iykh Wodlr.kafka flfiao"udkisl YsCIKh we;slr.ekSug;a fm#reI
jO!kh msKsi ;a bjy,ajkakdjQ WmfoaYkd;aul ufkdjsYaf,aIKSh isoaOdka; yd iudc jsoHd;aul
oDIaGsfldaKfhka tajd Wmfhda.sjk whqre ms<snZoj jsYd, oekquz moaO;shla wka;rA.;h'
lr.ekSug Wps; udkisl miqnsula fyj;a jsjD; udkisl ugzgula f.dvkeZ.Sug;a fhduqjS
;snsKs'1
  fuz uZ.ska wdrAh ixialD;sfha .enzjQ w;sYh wudkqIsl wx.fjkia lr,Sug;a"fmd|=idrOrAuSh
pska; khlg ck;dj fhduqlrjSug;a nq|=r|=kag yelsjsh'ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska moku jefgkqfha
tnZ|= idr OrAu pska;khlghs'2we;a;jYfhkau ld,duiQ;@fhys .enzjkqfha wkdrAh pska;kfha
Wiia m@cd;ka;@Sh ,CIKhs'tfukau Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ woSk pska;k OSrFjh uQrA;su;a
lrkakdjQ udkqIsl ,CIK ld,du iQ;@h;`< .enzfjz' NsCIQkajykafia,dyg iajNdjfhka
WreujkakdjQ pska;kOSrFjh ,enqfka fujeks iQ;@foaYkd Wkajykafia,d jsiska ksrka;rfhkau
mrsYS,kh l< ksidh'3
      pska;kfha ldrAhNdrh ixialD;sh osYd.; lrjSuhs'4Bg idr OrAu iodpdr yeisrSuz iudc
m@;sudk (OrAu;d) wjYH m@;H iuzm;a;sfhka Wmldr flfrA' ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh;`<
l@shd;au l jkaklanejz fuz idlpzPdj wdruzNfhaoSu mejiqfjus'fn#oaO ixialD;sho tfiauh'th
fn#oaO hkqfjka jsfYaI fldgolajkafka nq|= oyfuys olajk yr moaO;shg wkqj iliajS we;s
ksidh' tnejska fn#oaO idr OrAu hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hd ;`<;a iudch;`<;a
m@dfhda.slnjg m;al< hq;`hehs nqoaO foaYkdfjka fmkajd ;sfnk yr moaO;shhs'
     ta yr moaO;shg wkqj cSjs;h yev.iajd .ekSu fn#oaO iodpdrhhs' tuksid idr OrAu
ms<snZo idlpzPd fjzoS fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu iuznJOlr.ekSu wksjdrAhfhkau is|=jsh hq;`fjhs'
fn#oaO iodpdr OrAuhkaf.ka f;drj idrOrAu fyda fn#oaO ixialD;shla .ek l;dl<
fkdyelsh'tfukau fn#oaO සාරධර්ම ms<snZoj idlpzPdfjzoS jsjD; udkisl iajNdjhl wka;rA.;
Wmfhda.SNdjh .eko i<ld ne,Su jeo.;ah'wdjD; ukilska i;Hh oelsh fkdyels nejsks'5
      wdpdr jsoHdj fyj;a wdpdrOrAu idudkHfhka i<lkq ,nkafka udkj .;smej;`uz mrudrA:
wNsm@dhhka cSjkl@u iy ixia:d hk fuzjdfhys,d lrkq,nk we.hquz ms<snZo jsurAYkhla
jYfhks' ienjskau lsishuz ck iudchl wdpdrjsoHd;aul we.hquzhkq ljfrAo$ tajd jHjydrhg
m;ajwe;af;a ukao$hklreKq fidhd nef,kqfha iudcSh jsoHdj uZ.sks' tlS jsIhhkays l@ufjzohka
wkqj hdfuka lsishuz jsfYaI ck iudchlg ixialD;sl lKavdhuzj,g wd.usl moaO;shg wh;a
wdpdrOrAuh wdkqN~;sl jYfhkaf.k yeoErsh yelsfjhs' ;j;a w;lska n,kl,ays wdpdrOrAuh
hkq iodpdrd;aul m@Z{ma;sh jYfhka wrA:h yd iodpdrd;aul we.hqu ms<snZo uskquzoZvq
iuznJOfhka we;euz fmd|=m@Yakj ,g ms<s;`reiemhSug h;akorK odrAYksl jsurAYk l@uhla
f,io yeZoskajsh yelsh'6
      odrAYksl wdpdr jsoHdj iuznJOfhka we;s m@fjzY fol w;frys fjkila iuld,Sk
orAYkfhys oelafjz' m<uq m@fjzYfha oelafjkqfha udkj l@shdjkag wh;a iodpdrd;aul we.hquz
iuznJO yrs jeros fydZo krl hq;` whq;` hk fuzjd w;r mj;sk uQ<sl fjkialuz ljfrAoehs
yZ|=kd.ekSug h;ak orkakdjQ m@dudKsl jsurAYk jsOshls'7
     fojk m@fjzYh jkqfha wOs wdpdrOu!h kuska yZ|=kajk jsYaf,aYSh yd ;drAlslwOHhk
l@uhla i<ld ne,Sfuks.fuysoS is|=flfrkqfha iodpdrh yd iuznJO mohkays wrA: meyeos,slsrSu
iodpdr ixl,am js.@ylsrSu iy wdpdrd;aul NdIhkaj, wvx.` ;drAlsl ,CIK jsia;r lsrSu
iZoyd h;ak oerSuhs'8



1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq
2   tu
3 tu
4 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1994" 58 msgqj'

5 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq
6 ixialD;sh yd iudch"wkqrdO fifkjsr;ak"f,alayjqia bkafjiagzukagz iud.u"fld<U"1971"14-54

msgq'
7 us:Hdj jkaokdudk lrk mYapd;akQ;kjdoh"ta' vS' m'S l,iQrsh"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a

m@jD;a;m;@ iud.u"fld<U"19' 12' 2004 "57 msgqj'
8 tu
fn#oaO orAYkfhys tk wdpdr jsoHd;aul ixorANh ngysr odrAYkslhska jsiska bosrsm;a
lrk by;lS m@fjzYu; oevsj msysgd js.@yl< fkdyelsjqjo ta yeu oDIaGs fldKhlau wkqj
iodpdrd;aul jYfhka fnfyjska jeo.;ajQ woyia fn#oaO pska;kh;`< we;,`;ajk nj lsj
yelshs'1
    iodpdrd;aul pska;kh ms<snZo b;sydifhys nq|=oyu psria:dhsfukau w;suy;a jQ
jeo.;alulska hq;` fufyhla bgql<yels pska;khla nj meyeos,sh' nq|=oyfuys wdruzNl
jljdkqfjys fukau miq ld,Sk jO!kfh ysoSo wdpdrjsoHd;aul WkJ|=j tys uq,a;ekla f.k ;sfnz'
fnfyjskau fmdaIs; wre;a nr iodpdrd;aul jpk ud,djlska ie|=uz,oaols' nq|=oyu iodpdrh
ms<snZo jsYsIaG m@udKslmokula tys we;sw;r iodpdrodY!kslhkag yd iodpdrixl,amhkaf.a
jO!khflfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrk whg w;sYhskau jeo.;a jk u;jdohkao tys we;`<;afjz'2
    Ndr;Sh pska;k b;sydih jsuiSfuzoS fmfkkafka iodpdrd;aul m@;sixialrKjHdmdrhl
iajrEm fhka nq|= oyu l@shdlr we;snjhs' l@s mQ 6jk ishjfiys Ndr;fhys mej;s Y@uK yd
n@dyauKhk WNh iuzm@odhhkaf.a us:HdjsYajdi j;ams<sfj;a yd hd.fydau lrkakkag tfrysj
nq|=iufhys iodpdruh jsfjzpk iDcqju t,a, jsh'3
    pSk yd gsfngz uQ,dY@hkays iqrCIs;j mj;sk fjk;a fn#oaO iuzm@odhhka yd iudka;rjQ
f:arjdo .@J:dj<shg wh;a iq;@ msgldka;rA.; OrAu lreKq foi wjOdkh fhduqlrkjsg
nq|=oyfuys wdpdr jsoHd;auljk m@;sYaGdmkh lsrSu iZoyd we;s jsYajikSh uQ<dY@hla jYfhka
tu Ou! lreKq ie<lsh yelsfjz' fn#oaO wdpdrOrAu moaO;sfhys ms<s.kq ,nk uQ<sl woyia
f,dalh ms<snZo fn#oaO oDIaGsh;a h:diajNdjh ms<snZo fn#oaO kHdh;a iuZ. iuSmj neZoS mj;S'4
   nq|=oyfuz ksrAfoaY flfrk cSjk ud.!h jkdyS ukqIH iajNdjh yd jsYajfhys fukau ukqIH
brKfuys iajNdjhka ms<snZojo tys ms<s.ekSu jsYajdi flfrka ygf.k we;' tla;rd
wdldrhl we.hSuzYS,S yd m@dfhda.sl lshuka fn#oaO OrAu .@J:;`< we;`<;afjz' tlS m@ldYk
udkj l@shd yd prAhd Ndjs;hka yd cSjs; .;siajNdjhka ;lafiarelsrSu we;euz udkisl .`KOu!
j.dlr .ekSu iZoyd ksrAfoaYlsrSu iZoyd huz wdldr hl jsYsIaG cSjk ksIaGdjla lrd mqoa.,hka
fhduqlsrSu yd iuznJOh'5
   fn#oaO wdpdr OrAufhys idr OrAuhkays ixorANh f.dvkZ.kq ,nkafka fulSm@dfhda.sl
lshuka udrAfhks' nq|=oyfuz we;`,;a mru ksIaGdj m@udK yd wka;rA ksIaGdjlska hq;` wx.
lSmhlska iZoyka jqkq YdlaId;a lrK hlska iukajs;h hkak fn#oaO b.ekajSuhs'jsuqla;shhkq
|=l fyj;a w;Dma;slr ;;ajfhka mqoa.,hd uqojd.ekSuhs'ta jf.au jsuqla;shhkq tla;rd
wjfndaOhls m@;sfjzOhls'ksielju fuz;`< wdpdrjsoHd;aul jgskdluz .enzj mj;S'6
     fuys fulS m@;sfjzOh iuzudZZ{dK fyj;a ksjeros oekqu m@Z{dj h:dN~;Z{dK oiaikh
fyj;a ixialdr OrAuhkaf.a h:diajNdjh ms<snZo oekqu fyj;a m@;sfjzOhhs.fuz wjia:dj jkjsg
mqoa.,hd iodpdr mrsmQrAK Fjhg m;ajS yudrh'7
     ta jkdyS ry;a mqoa.,fhl`f,i yeZoskajsh yels ;;ajhg m;aflfrk mqoa., fm#reIfha
we;sjkakdjQ iodpdr mrsjrA;khla fjz'8 |=laL ksfrdaOh m@drm@dma;sh m@Z{dj ,enSu hk fuz ish,a,




1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq'
2 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,"1997 51 msgqj'
3 tu 21 msgqj'

4 tu m@ia;djkdj xv-xvii msgq'
5 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh"j,afmd< rdyq, ysus"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997" 126 msgqj'
6 tu 25 msgqj'

7 u. ks. 111" uydp;a;drSxil iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 218 msgqj' iuzud osgzGiai NslaLfjz iuzud ixlmafmd

mfyd;s iuzud ixlmamiai iuzud jdpd mfyd;s iuzud jdpiai iuzud luzukaf;d mfyd;ss iuzud
luzuka;iai iuzud wdcSfjd mfyd;s …iuzud Z[dKiai iuzud jsuq;a;s mfyd;s
8   nq|=ka jod< OrAuh"j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997"60 msgqj'
ish,a, iyNd.S fyj;a tljsg is|=jk isoaOSkah'nq|=oyfuys ksrAjdKdjfndaOh f,iska
jsia;rlrkafka fulS ;@sjsOwx.hkaf.ka hqla; mrudrA: uh wOs.uhhs'1
    fuz W;alDIaG ;;ajh YdlaId;alsrSu mokuz lrf.k nq|=iufhys ish,qu idr OrAu yd
m@;sudk f.dvkeZ.S we;' iS,"iudOs"m@Z{d"wkspzp"|=laL"wkd;au"lrAuh"fya;`M,jdoh jeks uQ<sl
b.ekajSuz mokuz lrf.k fn#oaO idr OrAu yd m@;sudk f.dvkeZ.S we;snj fmfka'2
     nq|=oyu iodpdrd;aul l@shd yd prAhd iZoyd we;euz l@shd udrA. ksrAfoaYlrkjd muKla
fkdj iodpdr jsksYaphka yd meKjSuz tla;rd |=rlg ;rAlkhlsrSfuys,do WkJ|=fjz'
iodpdrd;aul m@Yak iuznJOfhka jQ uQ<sl ;rAlk iajrEmhg WodyrK jYfhka bosrsm;al,
yels jeo.;a ksoiqka lSmhlau merKs iQ;@ OrAu;`< olakg ,efnz fuz w;rska ld,du iQ;@h jeo.;a
tlls'3
     flaimq;a; .uzjeis ld,du kuska yeZoskafjk ck fldgila fj; nq|=rcdKkajykafia
jevul<jsg Tjqkaf.a m@Odk meusKs,a, jQfha ;ukafj; meusfKk fkdfhl`;a Y@uK
n@dyauKhska tlsfklg yd;amiskau fjkia iodpdrd;aul Wmfoia kHdh bosrsm;a lrkq ,nk
njhs' fufia bosrsm;alrk jsixjdoS Wmfoiaj,ska ;uka ms<s.; hq;af;a ldf.a l`uk WmfoaYhoehs
;SrKhla lr.; fkdyelsj wkaoukaoj isgsknj Tjqyq lshd isgshy'4
     fuz .egZMj weiQ nq|=rcdKkajykafia fun|= jd;djrKhla;`< Tjqkaf.a jspslspzPdj
idOdrK nj mejiQy' nq|=rcdKkajykafia mr;ka;@ jQ iodpdr ix.@yhla bj;,eug Wmfoia
|=kaw;r Tjqkaf.a ;rAl nqoaOsh weiqfrka yrs fyda jeros ;SrKh lsrSug Wmia:uzNlfjz hehs
Wkajykafia is;~ iaj;ka;@ jQ iodpdr usKquz oKavla bosrsm;a lr;s'5
    fuz wjia:dfjz Wka jykafia tjlg mej;s iodpdr jsksYaphka(ks.ukhka) yd iuznJO
m@;sIaGdjka 10la m@;sfCImlr;s' iodpdrd;aul yd Z{dKjsNd.d;aul oDIaGsfldaKfhka
n,kjsgoS fuu iQ;@fha f,dl` jeo.;a lula mj;S' fuysoS Wkajykafia m@;sfCIml< m@;sIaGd
10kuz wkqiaijh fyj;a Y@jKfhka mej;tk woyia"(ud wkqiaifjzk) mdruzmrslj mej;tk
woyia"(ud mruzmrd h) fm<fmd;a iuzm@odfhka mejf;k woyia"(ud msgliuzmodfkak) fufiajS,q
hkqfjka lgskalg mejf;k woyia"(ud b;slsrdh) ;rAlf.dapr jQ lreKq"(ud ;lal fya;`)
tla;rd wdldrhl Y@e;sh fyj;a wOsldrh u; mokuzjQ Y@uKhkajykafia wmf.a .re lghq;a
f;ls hkak u; nei.;a woyia" (iufKda fkd .re) u;`msgska n,dnei.kakd,o kHdhd;aul
ks.uk"(ud kh fya;`) fuh fuz wdldrhhs ixl,amkslj t<eUqkq ks.uk"(ud
wdldrmrsjs;laflak) NjH fyj;a is|=jshyels hehs Wml,ams; woyia"‘iuzNdjs;dj’ hkqfjka
jsoHd;aulj t<Ush yels ks.uk mjd fuhg wvxZ.`h'
   (ud nnzN rEm;dh) l,a;shd ;uka nei f.k isgsk oDIaGsjdohg .e,fmk woyia"(ud
oDIaGskscA COdklaL;a;shd) hk lreKq 10hs'6fulS lreKq 10 Tiafia t<Ush yelsjkakdjQ ks.uk
wod< jsIh m@ia;`;h ksisf,i jsurAYkh lsrSulska f;drj wiuzmQrAK f,i t<fUk ks.uk
nejska"nq|=rcdKka jykafia by;lS lreKq 10hu if;HCIK l@shdj,sfhys ,d fkdiq|=iq nj




1 w. ks. 1" ld,duiq;a;" fn#' iuz" ixia' 638 msgqj"" hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfu Ouzud

wl`I,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh
ixj;a;ka;S;a w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:
2 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997" 65 msgqj'
3 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq'
4 ld,du Ou!h" nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus" iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h" 1961" 33 msgqj'
5  tu'
6 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msg' t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk
                                                                 q
ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkk ud ;lal fya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs
kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
mejiQy' ;jo if;HCIK l@shdj,sfhys,d ;ud jsiskau yrs jeros l`ulaoehs ;ukau oek.;.la
we;snj fuysoS nq|=rcdKka jykafia jod<y'1
     ld,dufhks usksfil`;`< f,daNh yg.;a l,ays f;ms l`ula is;jqo$th yg.kqfha Tyqf.a
hym; iZoydo iajduSkS ydksh iZoydh' ;jo ld,dufhks usksfil` f,daN iy.;j f,daNfhka
nrs;jQ l,ayS m@dK>d; fkdlrhso$wkqka oE fkd.kSo$mrodr fiajkfha fkdfhfoao$uqidnia
fkdlshdo$ os.`l,la wkrA:jg yd |=lg m;ajsh yels l@shdjka lrd wkHhka jqjo
fkdmuKqjdo$iajduSkS" Nd.Hj;`ka jykai fyf;fuz ta ish,a, lrhs' fuysoS nq|=rcdKkajykafia
oafjzYh yd fudayh iuznJOfhkao fulS lreKq kej; olaj;s'2
    fuu lreKq meyeos,s lsrSu wjidkfhaoS f,daN fodai fuday ffp;isl OrAuhka iodpdrd;aul
jYfhka ifodia .;snjo tajd |=rskau |=r,sh hq;`njo ld,dufhda jgyd .ks;s'tfiau Tjqyq tu
wl`Y,hka kqjKe;s whjsiska jrAcs; nj;a tn|= prs; iajNdjhka f.ka fufyhjkq ,en lghq;`
lsrSu |=lg muqKqjk nj;a wjfndaO lr.ks;s' flfiaj;`|= iaj;ka;@j iodpdrd;aul ks.ukhkag
t<USfuzoS nqoaOsu;`ka jsiska wjYHfhkau ie<lsh hq;` m@;sIaGdjla mj;sk nj nq|=rcdKkajykafia
l,amkd l<y'3
     fun|= nqoaOsu;`ka jsiska wkq.ukh lsrSug ;SrKh lrkq ,nk l@shdj,sh uZ.ska we;sjkakdjQ
i;`g fyda fkdi;`g flfrys Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;`fjz'ucACOsu ksldfha ndyS;sl iy
wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@hkag wkqj flfkl` jsiska huzlsis l@shdjla yrs fyda jerosf,i
;SrKh lsrSfuzoS"tu l@shdfjz jsmdl i;H fyda NjH jYfhka ldrlhdg fiau l@shdjg f.d|=rejk
mqoa.,hd flfryso n,mdk wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;` nj wjOdrKh fldg we;'4
    lsishuz l@shdjla lsrSug fmr ;uka lrkakg hk l@shdfjz iajrEmh;a bka huz huz M,
jsmdlhka lrd muqKqjkakdjQ m@jK;d ms<snZoj;a flfkl`g l,a;nd is;sh yelshs'fuysoS
;ukaf.a fukau uyck;djf.ao w;aoelSuz mokuzlr.; yelsfjz'5
     fya;`M, kHhdhg wkqj md,kh jkakdjQ f,dlhl udkj l@shdjkao fya;`M, iuznJO;djg
we;`<;afjz' iajdOSk jqj;a ksh;jdos jqj;a f;dard.ekSu ms<snZo m@Yakh mfil ;snshoS iuyr
l@shd;`< huz wdldrhl m@;sjsmdl yg.ekajSfuz l@usl m@jK;djla mj;sk nj oelsh yelshs'ta
ksid huz wjia:djl l@shdjla lsrSug ;SrKh lsrSug fmr tu l@shdfjka Woa.;jsh yels m@;sM,h
fufkys lrk f,i nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;u Y@djlhkag Wmfoia |=kay'6
   l@shdjla lrkakg fmrd;`j l@shdj lrk w;r;`frAoS l@shdj ksujQ miqj hk wjia:d ;`fkaoS
thska Woa.; jshyels M,jsmdl ms<snZoj iqmrSCIdldrS jSug W.kajdwe;' mqoa.,hd lrk l@shdj
Tyqg;a furudg;a WNh mCIhgu;a ydkslr m@;sM, Wod lrkjdkuzz th wl`Y, l@shdjla hehs
fm#reIh ySk lrk l@shdjla hehs ;SrKh l<hq;`fjz' uSg m@;smCIj ;uka lrk l@shdj


1 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msg'q hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj
cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfu Ouzud wkjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d
iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:
2 tu ,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dfNk wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakpsf;d mdKuzms yka;s

woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruz;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx ix fyd;s oS> r;a;x
                                                                 iudofma
wys;dh |=laLdhd;s
3 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 337-343 msgq ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud bfu Ouzud

l`i,djd wl`i,djd;s$wl`i,d Nkaf; idjcAcd jd wkjcAcd jd;s$ idcAcd Njkaf; jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;djd
jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d jd;s$jssZ[aZC|+.rys;d Nkaf;
                       j
4 u. ks. 11wuzngzGsld rdyqf,dajdo iq;a; nq c uq 132 msgqj hfoj Fjx rdyq, ldh luzux l;a;`ldfud

wfydis ;foj f;ldh luzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx box ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud nox fu
ldh luzux w;laldjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdms ixj;af;hH WNh jHndOdh ms ixj;af;hH
                                                           ixj;a
wl`I,x boc ldh luzux |=laLqodhx |=laL jsmdlx
5 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; n# iuz ixia 534 msgqj k;a:s f,dafl rfydkdu mdmluzux ml`nznf;d w;`;d

f; mqrsi cdkd;s ipzpx jdhosjd uqid
6 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 377-343 msgq ;x lx uxZ[a[: ld,dud bfuz Ouzud

l`i,djd wl`i,djd;s$wl`i,d Nkaf;a idjcAcd wkjcAcdjd;s$idjcAcd Nkaf; jsZ[aZC|+.rys;djd
jsZ[aZC|+mamiF:djd;s$jsZ[aC|+.rys;d Nkaf;
;ukag;a furudg;a WNh mdrAYjhgu;a bIaG m@;sM, Wodlrk tlla kuz ta l`Y,lrAuhla
yegshg;a 1 fm#reIhjO!kh lrkakla yegshg;a ;SrKhl< yelsfjz' by;ksoiqk uZ.ska meye
os,sj fmkShk lreKla kuz iodpdrd;aul m@ixidj hqla;shqla; nj oela jSfuzoS tys m@;sjsmdl
.ek ie,lSu wjYHnj fmkajd fohs'ta ksid iodpdrd;aul ;rAlkfha oS fn#oaO wdpdr OrAuh
m@;sM,d;auljdoS wdl,amhg wkql~,jk nj lsjyels hehs uydpdrAh mS nS fm@auisrs iZoyka lrhs'
     fn#oaO m@;sM,d;auljdoS wdl,amh jsiska l,hq;` yd fkdl,hq;` l`ulaoehs ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS
l@shdfjz CIKslnj fukau os.` ld,Sk m@;sM, flfryso wjOdkh fhduqflfrA'jsfYaIfhka mqoa.,
l@shdjka tys lu!M, wkqj w.hk ;ekaysoS ta iZoyd ydkslr fkdjshyels wkaouflfrys
nq|=rcdKkajykafia ishwjOdkh fhduq lr;s'2
     f;fuz ;udg fodIdfrdamKhlrk wdldrfha l@shdjkaysfhoSu(wF:dms wF:dkx Wmjo;s) fuh
ngysr oY!kfha l;dlrk iodpdrd;aul yDoh YdCIshg iudkh'fuysoS wmf.a wjOdkhg fhduq
jshhq;` ;j;a jeo.;a nqoaO foaYkdjla we;'“kF:s f,dfl rfyd kdu mdmluzux ml`nzn;s wF:d;s
mqrsi cdkdNs ipzpx hosjd uqid”( mskaj; Tn oek.kak uu lrmq foa we;a;o fndreo lsh,d)'3
   huzlsis mqoa.,fhl` ;ukacSj;ajk iudcfha kqjKe;a;kaf.a .rANdjg,lajk huz l@shdjla
lrhskuz (wkqjscAcjsZ[aZ[ .ryx;s);u iudch;`<u Tyq ms<sl`<g ,lafjz lrKSh iQ;@fhyso fuz
woyiu oelafjz (jsZ[aZC|+ mfr WmjfohHqx)'
    ;jo huziudchl iodpdrd;auljYfhka.rAys;jQl@shd ;ykuzflfrk kS;s rS;so tajd
lvlsrSug jsreoaOj iuzu;jQ ovqjuz moaO;shlao ;snsh yelsh' tfy;a tn|= l@shdjkaf.a jsmdl
uZ.ska we;sjk idrAj;@sl nj;a fkdfmfka' we;euz iqjsfYaI prAhdjkaysoS idjoHnj ms<snZo yeZ.Suz
ksh;ju yg fkd.kakg bv ;sfnz' huz jrola lsrSfuzoS flfkl`;`< jro ms<snZo yeZ.Sfuka fm,Su
fyda f;fuz ;udg fodaIdfrdamKhla lr.ekSu fnfyjska rZod mj;skafka flfkl` ork
iodpdrckl wdl,amh u;hs' fuh idudcsl ffk;sl m@foaYhg wod,h'
     fuu wjia:dfjzoS wx.`;a;r ksldfha ;sl ksmd;fha iZoyka lrk wdOsmf;hH Ou! ;`k
ms<snZojo wjOdk fhka ie,ls,a, fhduqlsrSu jeo.;ah' fuu wdOsmf;hH Ou! ;`kkuz
w;a;dOsmf;hH"f,daldOsmf;hH yd Ouzud Osmf;hH hkakhs'4
    fuuwdOsmf;hH Ou!;`k fn#oaO idr OrAuhkaf.a moku yegshg ms<s.;
yelsfjz'iodpdrd;aul l@shd weZ.hSug ,lalsrSfuzoSo fuzTiafia lreKq i,ldnef,a'5yeu iudchlau
iudchlau yeu kS;smoaO;shlau tlu wdldrfha ls@hdj tlu f,iska fy,dolskafka fyda tajdg
tlu wkaouska oZvqjuz kshu lrkafka fyda ke;'nq|=rcdKkajykafia jsiska wl`i, jYfhka i,lk
,o we;euz l@shdjka idjoHhehs fkdi,lkakd jQ ck iudc mj;sknj wmg is;d.;
yelshs'tfyhska tn|= iudcj, ta l@shdj,g n,mdk ffk;sl iajrEmfha fyda iudc.rAys;
iajrEmfha fyda oZvqjuz fkdfhfokq we;'
     flfiaj;`|= nq|=rcdKkajykafia wjOdkh fhduqlrk ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla we;'thkuz
f,dal iuzu;h u;fkdj iajNdjOrAufha olakgwe;s fya;`M, kHdh hkau; mokuzjQ kHdhu
OrAuhka f,i i,lk lreKqh' fuhska woyia lrkafka fjklsisjlaa fkdj lrAu kHdhhuhs'
nq|=oyug wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a u;`Njhg mjd n,mdk lrAuh yd tys M,jsmdl w;r iuznJOhla
we;'6



1 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; fn# iuz ixia 530 msgqj wdroaO fLd fu jsrshx Njsiai;s fid w;a;dkxfpj

wOsm;sx lrsFjdwl`i,x mcy;s l`i,x Ndfj;s idjcAcx mcy;s wkjcAcx Ndfj;s iqoaOx w;a;dkx
mrsyr;s box jqpap;s NslaLfj w;a;dOsmf;hHx
2 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; fn# iuz ixia 528 msgqj ;SKsudks NslaLfj wOsmf;hHdks l;udks;SKs$
                                                                                 l;udks
w;a;dOsmf;hHx f,daldOsmf;hHx OuzudOsm f;hHx
3 tu 534 msgqj
4  tu 528 msgqj
5 tu

6 w. ks. iv ksnzfnzOsl iq;a; nq c uq 208 msgqj l;fudp NslaLfj luzudkx ksodk iuzNfjd Miaifid

NslaLfj luzudkx ksodk iuzNfjd
foajjdoS wd.uzj, mru fojsfhl` jsiska ksrAus; yd md,s; jsYajfha h:d ms<sfj< ms<s.kakd
mrsosu nq|= oyfuys lrAujsmdlh uZ.ska md,kh ijsZ{dkl meje;aul h:d mgsmdgshla we;ehs
ms<s.efka'1 fuh h:d N~;fhys iajNdjh ms<snZoj fn#oaO ms<s.ekSuls' iodpdr jsfYaI;d
oelajSfuzoS nq|=oyu prAhdfjz m@;sM,j,g m@uqLia:dkh foknj l,skao iZoyka lf<uq'
   nq|=oyfuys iZoykajk mqkrANj iuznJO b.ekajSu yd jsYajdih mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdrd;aul
yeisrSuz osrs.ekajSu iZoyd jeo.;afjz'tfia jkafka l`ula ksido usksia yeisrSuzj, jevs fldgila
wd;audrA:h uZ.ska jsksYaphjk fyhsks' urKskau;` huz wdldrhl meje;aula ke;hk WpzfPAojdoS
woyi nq|=oyu jsiska i,lkq ,nka fka mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdr cSjs;h j.lSuz rys; iajNdjhlg
m;alsrSug ;`vqfokakla yegshghs'2 mqoa., l@shdjl jgskdlu wkqj ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS nq|=oyu
jeo.;a lreKq folla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrjhs'
     1. wfmaCIs; l@shdj iDcqj fyda jl@j ksjk yd iuznJOjkafkao yd th flfkl`f.a ixidrsl
        meje;afuz;;ajh wNsjO!kh lrkafkao hkakhs'3 fn#oaO wdpdr Ou!hlu!h yd ms<snZo
        b.ekajSu yd iuznJOjkafka uskafojeks lreK wkqjhs.lu!ho fuysoS mokuz lr.kS'
     2. mqoa., yd f,dal iajNdjh ms<snZoj iduzm@odhsl u;s u;dka;r m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=oyu ta
        fjkqjg mgspzp iuqmamdo Ou!h4 fyj;a fya;`M,jdoh bosrsm;alrhs'
    usksia j.!hdf.a talSh Ndjh;a usksidf.a iajdOSk;;ajh;a pska;k ksoyi;a nq|=oyuska
;yjqre flfrA'mqoa.,hd yd iudch w;r mj;sk wfkHdkH neZoSuzyd n,mEuz biau;` fldg
fmkajk nq|=oyu mqoa., wNsjDoaOshg iudch;a iudc wNsjDoaOshg mqoa.,hd;a wfkHdkH
jYfhka n,mdk wkaou WmldrSjk wdldrh jsoyd olajhs'taksid mqoa., iudc WNhmdrAYjfhau
iudk wNsjDoaOshg fhd.H jk wdldrfha idr OrAu moaO;shla ilialsrSug nq|=oyu uZ.fmkajhs'
       rd. oafjzI fuday hk mqoa., fm@arK ;`fkka usksid fufyhjkq ,enqjo usksid
iajpzPJo;dj fhka hq;` nj nq|=oyu fmkajdfohs' jsl,am follska fyda jevs .Kklska tlla
f;dard .ekSugo fydZo krl f;dard fnzrd .ekSugo usksidg yelshdj we;hk mokuu; nq|=oyu
msysgdmj;S' usksid f.a iajdOSkFjh;a pska;k ksoyi;a ms<s.ekSu uZ.ska fuz moku jvd;a
wjOdrKhfldg nq|=oyu olajdisgS'5
    iajpzPJo;djla fkdue;skuz usksidg |=lska usZoSug iirska tf;rjSug yelshdjla ,efnkafka
ke;' fn#oaO සාරධර්ම f;dard fnzrd .ekSfuzoS usksidi;` fuzyelshdj Wmfhda.Slr .ekSug
nq|=oyu wkqn,fohs' fn#oaO සාරධර්ම .ek yZ|=kd.ekSfuzoS tys moku .ek jsuiSu msKsi
Wmfhda.Slr.;hq;` uskquzoZvq nq|=oyfuz bosrsm;a flfrA'6
   wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@fha fuz .ek idlpzPd flfrknj uSg by;o idlpzPdfldg
we;'ta wkqj fn#oaO idr OrAuj,g moku jS we;af;a l`i,dl`i, ixl,amhhs';ud we;`ZM ishZM

1   w. ks. iv ksnzfnzOsl iq;a; nq c uq 208 msgqj fpz;kdyx NslaLfj luzux jodus fp;hs;ajd luzux lfrd;s
ldfhk jdpdh ukid
2 u. ks. 11 ud,qxlH mq;a; iq;a; nq c uq 158 msgqj kF:s oskakx kF:shsgzGx jF:s yq;x jF:s iqlg |=lalgdkx
luzudkx M,x jsmdfld jF:s whx f,dfld kF:s mfrd f,dfld kF:sud;d kF:s ms;d k:s i;a;d
                                                    f,dfld
Uzmmdl;sld kF:s f,dfl iuKn@dysuKd iuzu.a.;d iuzud,gsmkakd fh buZ[ap f,dalx mrZ[ap f,dalx
ihx wNsZ[aZ[d ipzPslFjd mfjoka;s
3 i. ks. 11 k.r iq;a; nq c uq 166 tjfuj ljdyx NslaLfj woaoix mqrdKx u.a.x mqrdKx u.a.x

mqrdKZ[acix mqnznflys iuzud iuznqoafOys wkqhd;x l;fudp fid NslaLfj mqrdK u.af.d
mqrdKZ[acfid mqnznflys iuzud iuznqoafOys wkqhdf;d whfuj wrsfhd wgzGx.sfld u.af.d
4 u. ks. 1 uyd;Kayd ixLh iq;a; nq c uq 616 msgqj wjscAcdh;afjj wfii jsrd. ksfrdfOd ixLdr

ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdOd jsZ[aZ[dK ksfrdfOd jsZ[aZ[dK ksfrdOd kdurEm
ksfrdfOd…… .cd;s ksfrdOd crdurK fidl mrsfoj |=laL fodukiaiqmdhdid ksrecACOka;s
5 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq'c' uq'337-338 msgq hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj

cfhhHd: bfu Ouzud wl`I,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+ .rysld bfu Ouzud iu;a;d
                     wl`
iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud mcfyHd:
6 tu' t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkk ud ;lal

fy;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;la flk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd
.rE;s
fokdgu hym; msKsi fya;`jk foh muKla fn#oaOidr Ou! jYfhka i,lkafka tys oelafjk
ksrAKdhl j,g wkqjh'1
   mqoa.,hdg hym; whym; l`ulaoehs f;dard fnzrd .ekSfuzoS w;S; w;aoelSuz mqrAjdorAY wdosh
Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsfjz' uSg wu;rj ;j;a huz huz idOl fuz iZoyd bjy,afldg .;yelsh'
tfy;a fuz w;r wu;r lsis|= idOlhlg jy,a jS hym; whym; jsksYaph fkdl<hq;`nj
ld,du iQ;@fhaoS biau;`fldg we;swkaou fuysoS isysm;alr .ekSu jeo.;afjz'ld,du iQ;@fhaoS
fm#oa.,slju iaffjrSj fuu ks.ukhg mqoa.,hdg t<eUsh yelsnj wjOdrKh fldgwe;'2
    fuu mqZM,a m@dfhda.sl uskquzoZvq Wmfhda.Sfldg f.k idr OrAu jsksYaphlrk nq|=oyu mqoa.,
wNsjDoaOshg iudc m@.;shg iuia; m@cdjf.a hym;g fya;`jkakdjQ idr OrAu rdYshla ms<s.kS'
mkais,aj, wka;rA.;j ;sfnkafka tn|= idrOrAu myls.m@dK>d;fhka je<lSu uQ<sl idr
OrAuhls lsis|= m@dKsfhl` >d;kh fkdl< hq;`h hkak fn#oaO b.ekajSuhs'3
   lsishuz fjk;a iuhjdohlska fuu OrAuh W.kajkjdkuz ;ukajykafiaf.a wkque;sh Bg
,efnknj Wkajykafia olajd isgs;s' wkai;` foh fkd.ekSu iduhg iqyo;djlg wfkHdkH
iyfhda.hg fnfyjska Wmldrjk idr OrAuhls'
   ;`kafjks is,amohg mokuzjS ;sfnkafka iudc cSjs;fha l`vdu tallh jk mjq,a cSjs;h
idulduSj ia:sridrj mj;ajdf.khdug Wmldrjk idrOrAuhls'uqidnia fovSu wdosfhka
je<lSu;a u;a|@jH Ndjs;hg f.d|=re fkdjSu;a mqoa.,hd yd iudc h w;r fukau m@.;shg
bjy,ajk idr OrAufhdah' mqoa., prAhdj yd neZ|=kq fiiq wxYj,g n,mdk fn#oaO idr OrAu
rdYshla we;'
  l,dfCI;@h yd iuznJOj idrOrAu f.kne,qj;a ridiajdoh yd iuznJO idrOrAu
f.kne,qj;a meyeos,sj fmfkkafka fuz ishZMu wxYhkays idrOrAu by;ska oelajQ kHdhd;aul
uskquzoKavg wkqj ieZ.jS we;s njhs'
     l,dj uZ.ska flfrkafka mqoa.,hd hym;g fhduqlrjSuhs'mqoa., ika;dkh wmjs;@lrk
wd;audrA:lduS nj fl@daOh oafjzYh rd.h ;`kSfldg mrdrA:h ohdj lreKdj WfmaCIdj
mqoa.,hd;`< we;slrjSuhs'fn#oaO idrOrAu uZ.ska ridiajdo kh oshqKqflfrkafka OdrAusl
jsfkdaohla myka ixfjz.hla N`la;sjsZoSug bv ie,eiajSuhs' wdrA:sl fCIa;@hg n,mdk idrOrAu
jqjo l@shd;auljkafka mqoa., yd iudc iqNisoaOsh we;sfldg mqoa.,hd yd iudch iqLs; uqos;
lsrSuhs'
   plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;@h l~goka; iQ;@h fuz nj ukdj meyeos,s lrhs' irAj idOdrK wdrA:sl
l@uhla nsys fldg cd;sl Okh yd ksIamdokh ishZMfokd w;r fnoS hkmrsos wdrA:slh
yev.eiajSug ;a iQrdlEu j<lajd Y@udNsudkh we;sfldg Y@uhg kshu we.hqula ,ndoSug;a
fn#oaO idrOrAu bjy,ajk nj b;d meyeos,s fjz'4


1 u. ks. 11"wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iq;a;"nq' c' uq' 132 msgq'hfoj Fjx rdyq, ldhluzux l;a;`ldfud

wfydis ;foj f; ldh luzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx nox ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud box fu
ldh luzux w;ljHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hh Wnh
jHdndOdh ms ixj;af;hH wl`I,x box ldh luzux |=laLqodhx |=laL jsmdlx
2 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq'c' uq'337-343 msgq hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj

cdfkhHd: nfuz Ouzud wl`i,d nfuz Ouzud idjcAcd nfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d
iudoska kd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:…t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud
wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh …….bfuz Ouzud l`I,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud ksZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfuz
Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:
              ;d
3 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c'uq'337-343 msgq mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dfNak wNsN~,qoafOd

mkdhx ld,dud f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;….|=gzfGd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d fodafiak
                                                       s
wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;…..uq<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk
                                             s
wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;s
4 oS. ks. 111"plalj;a;s iSykdo iq;a;"nq'c'uq'110-102 msgq mfKd k yka;nzfnd woskakx kdod;nznx

ldfuiq uspzPd k prs;nznd uqid k Ndis;nznd ucAcx k md;nznx h:dN~;x p N`Z[ac:d;s
                  prs
fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu ish,a,la iZoyd mdol jkafka fuz idr OrAuh fuz idrOrAu wdpdr
OrAuhkaf.a o< fmd|= iajrEmhhs'tu fmd|=ixl,am meyeos,sfldg js.@yfldg l@shdjg kefZ.k
whqre keZ.shhq;` whqre oelajSu yeZoskafjkafka wdpdr OrAu hkqfjks idr OrAu fmd|= uQ<sl
iajrEmhhs'wdpdr OrAu tys jsldYs; mqZM,a iajrEm hhs'wfkla w;g සාරධර්ම ps;a; ixl,am
f,i;a wdpdr Ou! tys iudc jsoHd;au l iajrEmh f,i;a js.@ylrkakg ms<sjk'fuysoS සාරධර්ම
yd wdpdr Ou!hkaf.a we;s wfkHdkH inZo;dfjzz ijrEmh iudc jsldYfhaoS w;sYhskau bjy,a
jkakla njg m;afjz'idudkHfhka TzkEu iudchla jsldYh jSfuzoS m<uqfjkau mtsjrA;khg
,lajkqfha සාරධර්ම ixl,amka fjhs'
   WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a jevsysgshkag ie,lSu W;`uz .`Khls'hkfuh fn#oaO idr
OrAuhls' jevsysgsfhda kuz ljryqo$ Tjqkag ie,lSu flfia l<hq;`o$ie<lsh hq;af;a wehs$wdosh
ms<snZo jsia;r whs;s jkafka wdpdr OrAu .Khghs fydZo us;`rka weiqrelsrSu hym;s hkak idr
OrAuhls'
   fydZo us;`rkaf.a ,CIK krl us;`rkaf.ka Tjqka fjka lr.kakd wkaou fydZo us;`rka weiqre
lsrSfuka ,nk m@;sM, wdosh b;d ishquzf,i js.@yfldg meyeos,slsrSfuka idr OrAuh wdpdr
OrAuhla njg m;alr.kq ,efnz' mqoa., cSjs;h fukau iudc cSjs;ho idrA:l lr.ekSug
iycSjkfhka lghq;`lr .ekSug fujeks kHdhd;aul OrAuhla uZ.ska Wmfoia wjYHh'
    tu ldrAhh flfrkafka idrOrAu uZ.sks' tfyhska cSjs;h yev.iajd.kakg idrOrAu
yZ|=kdf.k lghq;` lsrSu b;du jeo.;ah'jsfYaIfhkau ffoksl cSjs;fhaoS uqyqKmdkakgis|=jk
fkdfhl`;a m@Yak ksrdlrKhlr .ekSug fn#oaO idrOrAu Wmfhda.Slr .;yelsh'
WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a ;ukag .e<fmk nsrshla fidhd.ekSug ;uka w.hk idr OrAu
uZ.ska uZ. fmkajSula ,ensh hq;`h'1
  we;a;jYfhka u jsjyjSug wfmaCIdlrk fofofkl` fn#oaOhska jYfhka l<hq;af;a
fofokdjsiska w.hk idrOrAu .e<fmaohkak fidhdne,Suhs fuz w;ska i<ldnef,kl< fn#oaO
idr OrAu yZ|=kd .ekSu idr OrAu j,g fhda.H;dj hym;anj f;dard fnzrd .ekSu ta iZoyd
WmldrSjk nj fn#oaO ksrAKdhl fyj;a usKquzoZvq yZ|=kd.ekSu msKsi b;d wjYHnj meyeos,s
fjz'
     fn#oaO සාරධර්ම ms,snZoj idlpzPdlrk jsg fndfyda nyq,j lshefjk ixl,amhla jkqfha
mqZ[aZ[ iy l`i, ixl,amhhs'2fuys mqZ[aZ[ hkak idudkHjHjydrfhaoS msk hkqfjkao
yeZoskafjz'fndfydafokd is;kafka msk ke;skuz mqZ[aZ[h ms<snZoj yd l`Y,h ms<snZoj3 js.@yjqkq
iQ;@foaYkdfjka fjka jYfhka ;@smsglh;`< wka;rA .; jknjhs'tfia fyhska hfula mqZ[aZ[h yd
l`i,h .ek iZoyka lsrSfuysoS wjYHfhkau tu iQ;@ foaYkd muKlau Bg wod< lr.; hq;`h
hk        u;hoevsj      or;s'    ux.,iQ;@h"       ji,iQ;@h"jH.a>mcAciQ;@h"    isZ.df,dajdo
iQ;@h"wKkiQ;@h"mrdNjiQ;@h"lrKShfu;a;iQ;@h" fu;a;dksixiiQ;@h jeks iQ;@foaYkd taiZoyd
l,a;nd iQodkuzfldg ;ndf.k isgs;s'tf,iu wNS;j is;Sug Wmfoia|=ka iQ;@foaYkdjlaf,i
ld,duiQ;@ho iQodkuz fldg ;ndf.k isgskjd jskd bka mrsndysrjQ wfkla hula ld,duiQ;@fhys
wvx.`o keoao hkak.ek oek.ekSugj;a Wkka|=fkdfj;s'
   tnejska ta ;;ajh hgf;a hfula ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@yjkakdjQ mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,am4
ms,snZo Tng isf;kafka l`ulaoehs jsuiqfjd;a wksjdrAfhkau tawh lshkafka ld,du iQ;@fhys
tnkaola jsia;rlr fkdue;s njhs'ld,du iQ;@hys tu jpk ta wdldrfhkau fkdue;snj
we;a;ls'kuq;a nq|=kajykafiaf.a we;euz foaYkdjka msrslaiQl< huzlsisfohla jHxckjYfhka
fkdmjidwrA:jYfhka th jsYf,aIKhlr we;s wjia:djka nyq, jYfhka oel.; yelsjkq
we;'ld,du iQ;@h uekjska msrslaid ne,qjfyd;a tys wka;rA.; jkqfha uqZMukskau fn#oaO l`Y,

1 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' vS' c'ta' fyauka; l`udr"weia f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhd"fld<U" 1997"67 msgqj'
2 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj

cfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d
iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:d;s
3   tu
4   tu
ms<sfj; nj TzkEu flfkl`g meyeos,sfjz'fn#oaO l`Y, ms<sfjf;ys olakg ,efnkakdjQ jsfYaI
,CIKh jQ l,S tu l`Y, msMsfj; uq, ueo w. jYfhka ukdj foaYs;njhs fuu .e<mSu uQ<sl
fn#oaO kHdh jQ p;`rdrAh i;Hh ;`,u wka;rA.;h' TzkEu nqoaO foaYkdjla p;`rdrAh i;Hfhys
md ix.@y fldg oelajsh yelaf;a ta ksidh'
ld,dui Q;@hg fulS ;;ajh fmd|=h'ld,dui Q;@fhys oelafjk b.ekafjk b.ekajSuz tlska tl
m@fjzYfuka js.#yfldg ne,qjfyd;a ta yeu m@ua;`;hlau uqZMukskau p;`rdrAh i;Hfhka
mrsndysr fkdjk nj oel.; yelsh'
   ld,duiQ;@h pska;kh flaJ|@.; fldgf.k foaYkdlrw;snj we;a;h'kuq;a pska;kh
flaJ|@.; fldg.;a b;d jsYd, සාරධර්ම moaO;shlao fuz;`< wvx.`h'jsYd, jYfhka wdpdrOu!
wvx.`h'fuz wdldrfhkau ld,du iQ;@h;`< mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,amh wka;rA.;h'l`i,uQ, yd
wl`i,uQ, ms<snZoj fuys iDcqju oelafjz'fydZo"fkdfydZo"lu!M,"jsmdl"msk mqZ[a[h"mj ms<snZoj
iZoykafjzz' mxpYS, m@;smodj yd i;rn@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj ms<snZoj b;d oSrA> yd .eUqre
kHdhdkQl~, jsYaf,aIKhka wvx.`fjz'fuz ishZM foa l`i, yd mqZ[aZ[ ixl,amhg wka;rA.;jk
lreKqh'ld,du iQ;@h;`, wvx.` lreKq jrA.SlrK l@shdj,shlg ,lal<fyd;a tajd my;
oelafjk m@Odk fldgia ;`kg yd p;`rdrAh i;Hhh hg;g ix.Dys;jk nj oel.;
yelsh'tkuz
     1. w;ay<hq;` ksfYaOkSh m@ia;`;hka 1
     2. jevshhq;` m@;scdkkSh m@ia;`;hka 2
                                                     3
     3. iuia; l@shdj,sfhys wjidk m@;sM,h f,ihs

    1.               u   ieш

              fuz hg;g wh;ajkakdjQ ixl,amka jkdyS neyerlsrSfuka flfkl`;`< pska;kuh
mrsfYdaOkhla we;sjkakdjQ lreKqh' tajd my; iZoyka mrsos ix.@y fldg oelajSug yelshdj
we; tkuz
         1. oi jeoEreuz wka;.duS pska;k wOsldrhka (Negative Ten Othoraties) 4
         2. miamjq 5
         3. f;jeoEreuz wl`Y,uQ,hka 6

    2.    æÚ     u       яª

                jevsh hq;` hkafkys wrA:h kuz ;ukaf.a is;;`< jO!kh l< hq;`jQ l`Y,Ou!hkah'
fuu l`Y, Ou!hka jO!kh lsrSu ksid udkisl m@Ndiajrh u;`lr.; yelsh'is; W;am;a;sfhkau
mrsrsis|=nj;a neyerska tk wl`Y, ps;a; ixl,amhka ksid lsZMgg m;ajk nj nq|=iufhys iZoyka
jkafkah'isf;ys we;sjkakdjQ m@Ndiajr ;;ajhg fy;`jkakdjQ lreKq fudkjd oehs oelajSu fuhg
wh;ah' fuz hg;g wh;ajkakdjQ lreKq my; iZoyka mrsos ix.@y fldg oelajSug yelshdj we;
tkuz


1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq' bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd
wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:
2 tu bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc

jsyfrhHd:
3 tu wkjcAcd Nkaf;…jsZ[aZC|+miF:d Nkaf;….iu;a;d Nkaf; iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s

tajx fkd fyF: fyd;S;…i fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx wfjzr ps;af;d tajx wnHdmcACOps;af;da
                       s
tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfu p;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.f;d fydka;s
4 tu ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud…wkqiaifjzk…mruzmrdh…b;slsrdh…msgl iuzmodfkak…;lalfya;`… kh

fya;` ….wdldr mrsjs;laflk…..osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd….NnznrEm;dh…..iufKda fkd .rE;s
5 tu …mrshdoskak ps;af;d mdKuzms nka;s woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms

;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx ix fyd;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh |=laLdhd;s
6 tu mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dafNk… .fodafik….fudafyak… wNsN~f;d mrshdoskak ps;af;d
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter
Buddhist values 2.chapter

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44
4
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.14
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.14ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.14
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.14
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.9
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.9ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.9
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.9
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.8
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.8ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.8
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.8
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.6
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.5
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.5ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.5
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.5
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.4
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.4ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.4
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.4
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.1
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.1ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.1
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ.1
 
1
11
1
 
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ
 

Buddhist values 2.chapter

  • 1. 02.පරිච්ෙඡ්දය ෙබෞද්ධ සංකල්ප විමර්ශනය Consideration of Buddhist Concepts ෙබෞද්ධ සංකල්ප යනුෙවන් අදහස් වනුෙය් කුමක් දැයි ෙම◌දී විමසීම වැදගත්ය. ි සංකල්ප ෙලස හැඳින්ෙවනුෙය් කිසියම් මානව සංඥාවක් සඳහා ලබාෙදන ෙපොදු සම්මුතියකි. ෙම් අනුව සංකල්පයක් සංස්කාරයක් ෙලසද හඳුනාගත හැක. මන්ද සංස්කරවලද සකස්කළ හා සම්මුති යන ලක්ෂණ ෙදක විද මාන බැවිනි. ෙම් අනුව කිසියම් මානව අදහසක් සංකල්පයක් ෙව්.ෙම්අනුව සංකල්පයක් යැයි පැවසූ විටම සිහිපත් වනුෙය් සකස් කරගන්නා ලද්දක් ෙලසයි. අනුන්ට සිදුකරන උපකාරය පෙරෝපකාරය ෙලස හැඳින්ෙව්. පෙරෝපකාරය සංකල්පයකි. එෙසේම එය සාරධර්මයක්ද ෙව්. මන්ද සංකල්පයක ලක්ෂණ ෙමන්ම සාරධර්මයක ලක්ෂණද එහි විද මාන බැවිනි. ෙම් අනුව ඕනෑම සංකල්පයක් සාරධර්මයක්ද වියහැක. එෙසේම එෙසේ ෙනොවිය හැකි සංකල්පයද තිෙබ්. මානව සිෙත් කිසියම් පුද්ගලෙයකු පිළිබඳව ඇති ෛවරය නිසා තරහ පිරිමසින ස්වභාවය පළිගැනීමයි.ෙම් පළිගැනීම වනාහී මානව සංකල්යකි. එෙහත් එය සාරධර්මයක් ෙනොෙව්. එය සෘණාත්මක සංකල්ප ගණෙය්ලා සැලෙක්. ෙමයට ෙහේතුව පළිගැනීම නිසා තමාට හා සමාජයට අනර්ථකාරී හැසිරීමක් දක්වා අදාල පුද්ගලයා ෙයොමුවිය හැකි ෙහයිනි.සෘණාත්මක සංකල්ප ෙබෞද්ධ දෘෂ්ටිෙකෝණය අනුව හැඳින්ෙවනුෙය් ෙකෙළස් යනුෙවනි. ෙකෙළස් ඇතිවන මූළ ෙහේතු පිළිබඳ බුදු දහම දක්වා ඇත.කිසියම් ගසක් හටගැනීම සිදුවනුෙය් ඒ ගෙසේ මුල් මඟිනි. ගසක ෙකොළ,අතු,ඉති සිඳ දැමූවද, එහි මුල ආරක්ෂිතව තිෙබනතාක් යළි යළිත් ඒ ගෙසේ පැළවීෙම් සම්භාවිතාව ෙහෝ ශක තාව අෙහෝසි ෙනොෙව්.එපරිදිම ෙකෙළස් ඇති වන නැතෙහොත් හටගන්වන ෙහේතු ඉවත්කරන තුරු ෙකෙළස්වල යළි යළිත් හටගැනීම සිදුෙව්.එය ෙකෙළස්වලට ෙහේතුවන මුල් නිරුපදිතව පැවතීම නිසාම සිදුෙව්. ෙකෙළස් යළි යළිත් හටගැනීමට ෙහේතුවන ෙකෙළස් මුල් තුනක් පිළිබඳව බුදු දහෙම් සාකච්ඡා ෙව්. එනම් ෙලෝභ, ද්ෙව්ෂ හා ෙමෝහ යන ෙකෙළස් මූල තුනයි. සියළුම ෙකෙළස් හටගැනීමට ෙමකී ෙකෙළස් මූල තුන ඉවහල්ෙව්.එය සිතින් ගලවා ඉවත් කරන ෙතක් සසර භව ගමන පැවතීමට ෙහේතුවන ෙකෙළස් යළි යළිත් ඇතිෙව්. ෙම් ෙකෙළස් නැමැති හුය ගලවා ඉවත්කිරීම සඳහා වූ අතිශය කමානූකූල හා සංවිධිත පිළිෙවලක් ද තිෙබ්. එය විදර්ශනා භාවනාවයි. එය තරමක් අසීරු නමුදු හුරු පුරුදු වූ විට මිහිරි හා පහසු භාවනා කමයක් ද ෙව්. එක් එක් පුද්ගලයාෙග් චරිත ස්වභාවය අනුව විදර්ශනා භාවනාව සිදුකල යුතු විවිධ කම තිෙබ්. තමාෙග් චරිතයට හා ගතිලක්ෂණවලට මනාව සැසෙඳන ෙයෝග ම කමය ෙතෝරාෙගන නිවැරදිව ගුරු ඇසුරක් මඟින් එහි නිරතවීම මඟින් කමානූකූලව ෙකෙළස් මූල් ගලවාහැර පවිත වූ සිතක් හිමිකර ගතහැක. බුදු දහමින් උපෙදස් ලබාෙදනුෙය්ද ඒ සඳහාය. fuhg by; m<uq mrspzfPAofhaoS meyeos,s we;s mrsos fn#oaO idr OrAu hkak ixl,amuh jQjls' boska ta ;;ajh ;`,oS thgo mokuz jQ huz ixl,am fjz kuz tjd w;sYhskau iQCIu foaj,aa jsh hq;`h'සාරධර්ම hkqo ixl,amuh jQjla nejska tlS ixl,amfhau l`vd wkqfldgia jYfhka my; iZoyka jk ixl,ammoaO;sh ie,lsh yelsh'wfkla w;g සාරධර්ම ixl,am iudc cSjs;fhaoS m@dfhda.slj l@shd jg kefZ.kafka flfiao$ hkak fuz uZ.ska ukdj ;yjqre jkq we;.fuys සාරධර්ම ixl,amhkaf.a wkq fldgia jYfhka olajd we;af;a fufia m@dfhda.sl cSjs;hg kZ.k ,o සාරධර්ම iudcuh jHjydrhkah. fjk;a f,ilska lsjfyd;a tla tla සාරධර්ම ixl,amhla yojf;a iy fud<fha l@shdldrSFjhg m;ajk wjia:dj fuz uZ.ska ksEms;hs.සාරධර්ම ms,snZoj fu;ruz ishquz jsYaf,aIKhla lsrSug fm<Uqfka fndfyda fokdjsiska fkdis;k me;a;la fj; wjOdkh fhduqlrjSu iZoydh'ld,du iQ;@h ms<snZoj rpkhjS ;sfnk Ydia;ShlD;Skays @ wjOdkh fhduqjS mej;`fka ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjSmej;`kd jQ ckm@sh isoaOdka;h jQ ksoyiapska;kh flfrysh'ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSu iZoyd miqnsuzjQ lreKq wkqj tfia Wml,amkhlsrSu idjoH fkdfj;;a"ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjk tlu foh pska;kksoyi muKla fkdfjz'fn#oaO සාරධර්ම ms<snZoj b;dmqZM,a js.@yhla o ld,du iQ;@fhys wka;rA.;fjz'
  • 2. ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjkakdjQ tlufoh pska;k ksoyi hehs .;fyd;a tujs.@yh taldfoaYsl js.@yhla muKlajkq we;s'th tfia jkafka ld,du iQ;@fhka js.@y flfrkakdjQ ixl,am nqoaOsuh yd prAhduh hk fldgia folla hgf;a bosrsm;ajk ksid;a"pska;k ksoyi hk සාරධර්ම ixl,amh wh;a jkafka bka nqoaOsuh(wdl,am)fldgi hg;g jk ksid;a wdfjzok(l`Y,;d)yd prAhduh(ufkda pd<l) fldgig wh;a සාරධර්ම ixl,am ms<snZoj tuZ.ska jsjrKh fkdjk ksid;ah'fuu miqnsu ie,ls,a,g f.k fuu mrAfhaIK ldrAhfhysoS W;aidy oefrkqfha ld,du iQ;@fhka jsjrKh flfrkakdjQ iuzmQrAK සාරධර්ම ixl,am moaO;sh jsYaf,aIK ldrAhh iZoyd fhdod.ekSugh' සාරධර්ම ixialD;sh yd olajk inZo;djfhys iajrEmh ms<snZoj oek.ekSu idrOrAuj, l@shd ldrSFjh wjfndOlsrSu iZoyd uy;afiaWmldrSfjz'1ta ta ixialD;shg සාරධර්ම jHdma; jkafka flfiao$ ixialD;Ska w;r සාරධර්ම yqjudrejkafka flfiao$ hk fuz lreKq flfrAwjfndaOhlska hq;`j lghq;` lsrSu සාරධර්ම wOHhfhysoS uy;afia jeo.;afjz'tla w;lska ld,du iQ;@h fn#oaO ixialD;sh;a" bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh;a hdflfrk yqhla f,i l@shd;auljQ Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ udkj jgskdluz ksrEmkh flfrkakdjQ wdlD;shla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ ksoyia pska;kh;a" m@cd;ka;@jdoSNdjh;a"wjsysxid;aul iajrEmh;a"i;rn@yau jsyrKhkays .enzjkakdjQ jsYajSh us;@;aj h ms<snZo oelau;a ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska fudkjg ksrEmKh flfrA'th pska;k wOsldrsh flaJ|@lr.;a n@dyauKiuzm@odhi;` lDr;ajh;a"hd.h hZ{h n,sns,s mQcduZ.ska fmkakquz lrk iFj>d;k wdrAh ixialD;shg jsreoaOjQ jHdmdrhlaf,i idrA:lj fm<.eiajQ whqre ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska fmkajdfohs'2 ld,du iQ;@fhkaa js.@yflfrkakdjQ nqoaOsmrsmdl.; fn#oaO idrOrAuf,i yeZoskafjkafka hglS ixl,am iuQyhlgh' fuu ixl,am iuQyh m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd prAhduh hk mqZM,a lafIa;@ ;`kla lrd jsyso hhs' fuu m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd prAhduh hk lafIa;@ ;`k mqrd jsysohkakdjQ fn#oaO idrOrAu my; oelafjk whqrska y|=kajd osh yelsh'3 1. mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y, ixl,am4 (Adipose & Clever Conceptions) 2. oi mqKH l@shd5 (Ten Adipose Actions) 3. wjsysxid6 (Non Violence) 4. wmamspzP;d7 Moderate / Ascctisism) 5. ika;`gzGs;d1 (Acceptance) 1 wOHdmk orAYk m@fjzYh"fykars jSrisxy"ksmqK tkagm@hsiia"kqf.af.dv"1993"117-132msgq' 2 w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h"uyd j.a. ld,duiq;a; nq'c'uq"337-343 msg, fLd fid i ld,dud wrshidjfld q tjx wfjr ps;af;d"tjx wnHdmcACOps;af;d"tjx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d"tjx jsiqoaOps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfu j;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.;d fydks;s' 3 w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h, ld,du iq;a;, nq.c.uq.338 msgqj, 4 tu hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd: 5 tu ifpz fLd mk w;a:s mfrd f,dfld w;a:s iqlg |+lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld Gdkuyx ldhiai fNaod mruzurKd iq.;sx i.a.x f,dlx WmamcAcsiaiduS;s whuiai mGfud wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyd;s ifpz fLd mk k;a:s mfrd f,dfld k;a:s iqlg |=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld bodyx osgzfGj Ouzfu wfjzrx wnHdmcACOx wkS>x iqLx w;adkx mrsyrduS;s whuiai |=;sfhd wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyda;s ifpz fLd mk lfrdf;d k lrshah;s mdmdx bodyx WNfhafkaj jsiqoaOx w;a;dkx iukqmiaiduS;s whuiai p;`;af:d wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyd;s I fLd fid Nkaf; wrshidjfld tajx wfpzrps;af;d tajx wnHdmcACOps;af;d tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;d ;iai ossgzfGj Ouzfu p;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.;d fydka;S;s o 6 tu i fpz fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx js.;ps.;dNscAfCOd js.;nHdmdfod wiuzuQ<afyd iuzmcdfkd m;siaif;d fu;a;d iy.f;k fpz;id fpz;id fm-lreKd iy.f;k fpz;id-uqos;d fm- id- iy.f;k fpz;id-WfmlaLdiy.f;k fpz;id talx osix Mrs;ajd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d id- p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOd ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmlaLd i.f;k fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;k wmamudfkak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk Mrs;ajd jsyr;s 7 tu wuQ<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk wkNsN~f;d wmrshdoskakps;af;d fkj wmrs mdKxNka;s k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms ;:;a:dh iudofma;s hx I fyd;s oS>x r;a;x ys;dh iqLdh;s
  • 3. 6. fi#kaorAhh m@sh;dj2 (Beauty Inclinution) 7. iqkuH nj3 (Sanatorium) 8. iajpzPkao;djh4 (Freedom of the Will / Free Will) 9. Ndjkdj yd iodpdrh5 ( Meditation & Moral) 10. iykYS,s;ajh6 (Toleration) hkqfjks. idr Ou!hkays iudcuh Ndjs;dj m@cdkk wdfjzok yd prAhd l`i,;d සාරධර්ම ixl,am 1 mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y, ixl,am wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla;jSu l`i,uQ< 2 oi mqZ[aZ[ l@shd wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla; jSu l`i,uQ< 3 wjsysxid i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h 4 wmamspzp;d i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h 5 ika;`gzGs;d i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h 6 fi#kaorAhh ms@h;dj wOsldrS pska;k jshqla;sh i;rn@yau jsyrK 7 iqkuHnj n@yau jsyrK l`i, uQ< mxpYS, m@;smodj 8 iajpzPkao;dj lu!jsmdlh ms<snZo isjqjeoEreuz kHdh 9 Ndjkdj yd iodpdrh i;r n@yau jsyrK l`i, uQ< mxpYS,h 10 iykYS,SFjh wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla; jSu by; iZoykal< ixl,am oyhu ld,du iQ;@fhys oel.;yel'tfukau jvd;a mqZM,a js.@yhla f,i th bosrsm;aj;sfnz'fuzksidu fuu iQ;@fhys idrOrAuSh jYfhka .eUqre orAYkhla wkdjrKh flfrA'kQ;k odrAYksljs.@yhkag wkqj huzlsis pska;khla orAYkhlaf,i yeZoskajshyelafla thg iqjsfYaISjk lreKqldr Kd iuzmQrAKjSfuka wk;`rejh'm<uqfldgu wod< pska;kh;`< huzlsis oelaula wvx.`jsh hq;`fiau wdpdr jsoHd;aul mCIfhka idrj;a miqnsula ta;`<jshhq;`uh'm@Odk jYfhka fulS lreKqfol wksjdrAhfhkau iuzmQrAKjsh hq;`uh'7 fndfydafofkla is;d isgskafka kQ;kfha b;d iS>@fhka m@p,s;jk huzhuz is;sjs,s u;su;dka;r fndfyduhla orAYkh keue;s jsIhg wh;ah lshdh'fldmuK nqoaOsf.daprjqj;a fuzjd fndfyduhla yq|= is;sjs,s yd u;s u;dka;r j,g muKla iSudjkafka tajfha fulS orAYkhla jSuiZoyd wjYH lrkakdjQ uQ<sl iq|=iqluzj,ska tlla jQ wdpdrjsoHd;aul mCIh tajd;`< uojYfhkaj;a olakg fkd,efnk nejsks'8 taw;ska ld,duiQ;@h fnfyjska nqoaOsuh yd wdpdrjsoHd;aul mCIfhka irAjiuzmQrAKh'uqZM nq|=oyfuysu yrh .enzjS we;a;dfia ie<lsh yelsh'b;du;a mqZM,a jsIh 1tu iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s$fkd jd$l:x jd fy;a: fyda;S;s$iu;a;d Nkaf; iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;kaa;s tajx fkd fy;a: fyda;Ss;s k 2w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h, uydj.a., nq.c.uq. 337-343 msgq. 3 tu w,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d f,dfNk-w|+gzfGd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fodafik- f,dfNk- ik- wuQ<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk fuys w,qoaO hkq fr#|@ fkdjQ hk wrA:hhs w|=gzG hkq kmqre fkdjQ hk wrA:hhs wuQ<ay hkq uq<dfkdjk iajNdjh we;s hkqhs isf;ys iqLkuHYS,S iajNdjhg ndOdldrS jkakdjQ uq<sl ffp;isl ix>gl ;`kl wjsoHudk;ajhu isf;ys meyenr iajNdjhg fya;`jknj fuhskafmfka 4 tu ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s 5 tu hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZ|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd: 6 tu w,x ys fjd ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x jspslspzPs;`x lxLkSfha p mk fjd Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd 7 us:Hdj jkaokdudk lrk mYapd;akQ;kjdoh, ta vS mS l,xiQrsh, Ydia;@Sh w;sfrAlh, isZMusK brsod tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 26 12 2004, 41 msgqj fld<U, 19. 12. 2004, 57 msgqj. 8 mYapd;akQ;kjdoh orAYk jsIfhka mrsndysr ixialD;sl m@mxphls, ta. vS. mS. l,xiQrsh Ydia;@Sh w;sfrAlh, isZMusK brsod, tlai;am@jD;a;m;@ iud.u, fld<U, 26 12 2004, 41 msgqj
  • 4. m:hka;`<oS ld,duiQ;@fhka bosrsm;aflfrkakdjQ pska;kh by;olajk,o ishZM fldkafoaisj,g wkq.;ju mrsmQrAK odrAYksl miq;,hla uZ.ska ksrEmKh fldg oelajSfuz yelshdj we;'1 wfkla w;g ld,duiQ;@fhys සාරධර්ම jsjrKhflfrkafka odrAYksl fukau ixialD;sl jgdmsgdj lska hq;` jh'fuys oelafjkakdjQ ld,du jeishka jdihlf<a b;djsjD; ixialD;sl rgdjla;snQ iudc mrsirhlh' tnejska Tjqka;`< fndfydafoa ms<snZo ksjeros jsksYaphlg t<eUsfha b;djsjD; udkislFj hlska hq;`j tafoams<sn Zoj lreKq ldrKd fidhdne,Sfuka wk;`rejh'2 fudjqkaf.a .u flaimq;a;h kuzjsh'fuho l`vd.ulafkdj f,dl`.ula fyj;a ks.uhlajsh'fmr ld,j, ks.uhla fmdvsmfya gjqula ;rug f,dl`jg mej;sks'ta tfiajQfha fjfiiskau .xbjqre jeks c,myiqj yd .ukamyiqj ;snqKq;ekaj,h'funZ|=jQ .ulg .Z.fomi isgskafkda /iafj;s'Tjqyq tnZ|= .ula fj<odugo uOHia:dkh lr.ks;s'3 uq,a ld,j,oS koSka weiqrefldg msysgqjk,o fujeks .uz koS.@du hkqfjka yZ|=kajk,oehso we;euzyq jsYajdi lr;s'fuzwkqj koS.@du kS.ujS thska ks.u hkjpkh iEfokakg we;ehs Tjqkaf.a woyihs' uq,oS fufia koSka whsfkau jdf.a we;sjQ fuz.uz jsfYaIh miqj koSka ke;s;ekaj, we;sjqK;a takuskau fyj;a ks.u yegshgu yeZoskajqknj fmfka'flaimq;;ho fuz whqrska m@lgjQ ks.uhls'4 flaimq;a;h msysgd ;snqfka fndfydafokd ks;r .ukd.ukfhys fhfok m@Odk udrA.hkaish,a, yuqjka kdjQ ia:dkhlh'tnejska fuz ia:dkh miqlr hkakdjQ fndfydafokdf.a jsjsO wd.usl yd odrAYksl u;su;dka ;r flaimq;a;fha jeishkag b;d iqmqre|= foanjg m;ajS ;snsKs'fuzksidu tayeu u;jdohlau ms<s.kafka;ake;s"neyerlrkafka;a ke;s uOHia: pska;khla flaimq;a;jeishka;`< iajNdjfhkau msysgd ;snqKs'5 flaimq;a; .uzjeishkajQ ld,duhka laI;@sh jxYslhkanj ufkdar:mQrKS (wx.`;a;r) wgzGl:dfjz iZoykafjz' lafI;@h fyj;a fL;a; hg wOsm;sj jsiQjka laI;@Sh jxYslfhdah' N~ush iuznJOfhka wOsm;sNdjh biQ,Qfjda laI;@sh jxYlfhdah'tfukau lDIslu!h yd rdcH md,kh iuznJOfhka mrsmd, klghq;`j, ksr;jSfuz j.lSu laI;@shhkayg mejrS;snsKs'6 Tjqyq wdoSl,ams; uyd iuzu; rcqf.a mgka mejf;kafkda fj;s'fuz uyd iuzu; rdcHFjh jkdyS m@cd;ka;@dka;@jdofha uq,au wjia:dj f,i ie<lshyelsh'uyd iuzu; rcq m;alr.kafka uyck;dj nejsks'tao Tyqf.a .`KOu! yd iq|=iqluz i<ldf.kh'7 nq|=kajykafia;a ld,duhkaf.a jxYhg"tkuz laI;@shjxYhg wh;a fjz. laI;@sh jxYslfhda fnfyjska pska;k ksoyi yd m@cd;ka;@jdoh .rel< whfj;s'8 fuzksid nq|=kajykafia ld,du jeishkaf.a udkisl miqnsu ms<snZo ukd wjfndaOhlska hq;`jisgSnjfmfka' tfukau fuz jxY iuznJOh ksid ld,du jeishkq;a nq|=kajykafia flfrys jevs f.#rjhlska yd wdorhlska hq;`j isgshdg ielhlake;' iajNdjfhkau ;uka;`< huzlsis wvqmdvqjla ;sfnk;eke;a;d;`< ta fya;`fjka jkySkudkh is;;`, ieZ.jS mj;shs'tfia wvqmdvqkuz ke;a;d;`, taySkudkh ke;s nejska jsjD;ukilska lghq;` lsrSfuz yelshdj mj;S'ld,duiQ;@fhys jxYfhka yd mruzmrdfjka 1 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi,ik;a fla. kdkdhlaldr,fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh,keosud,,foysj,, 2001, 21 msgqj 2 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi,ik;a fla. kdkdhlaldr,fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh,keosud,,foysj,, 2001, 2 msgqj 3 ld,du Ou!h, nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus, iuhjO!k fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1961 32 msgqj. 4 tu 5 tu 32-33 msg. q 6 tu 31 msgqj. 7 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h,n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysu,iuhjrAOk s fmd;ay,,fld<U,1986, 1 msgqj. 8 ld,du Ou!h, nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus, iuhjO!k fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1961, 31-32 msgq.
  • 5. wdksidu jspdrmQrAjl fkdjS hula ms,sfkd.kak hhs oelafjk ioyka uZ.skao meyeos,sjkafka nq|=r|=kqf.a fulS wvqmdvq jsrys;Ndjh ;`,skau mekkeZ.`kdjQ jsjD;Ndjhhs'1 ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh ;`< ls@hd;auljkakls.ixialD;sh hkak m@isoaO udkj jsoHd{fhl` jQ tvzjvz ghs,rA jsiska fufia ksrAjpkh lrkq,ensk.“Culture is that complex s whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society “ ghs,rAf.a fuz bx.@Sis mdGfhka ixialD;sh .ek lshfjk foa f;areuz .kakg th jsNd. lrn,uq.2 ghs,rA lshk yegshg ixialD;sh hkq “ixlSrAK tallhls.3”th lE,sj,g lvd jgyd .; fkdfya.4 TzkEu cd;shl ixialD;sh jsjsO wxYj,ska hq;` ksid ta wx. tlg tlajQjsg ixlSrAK jQjla njg m;afjhs.5 ghs,rA B <Z.g ixialD;shg huz huz jsjsO fldgia we;`,;a jQnj lshhs.6oekSu jsYajdi weoys,s l,dYs,am iodpdrh kS;sh pdrs;@ jdrs;@ uska iuyr tajdh.7B <Z.g <Z.g ghs,rA ixialD;shg wh;a wjfYaI wx. w;r ukqIHhdf.a fjk;a olaI;d fyda we;slr.;a mqre|= tla lrhs. by; lS oekSu wdoS wx.j,g wu;rj usksid ;ukajsiska we;slr.;a mqre|= yd oCI;d we;akuz tajdo ixialD;shg we;`,;a fjz.fuz ishZM wx. usksid jsiska my< lr.kq ,enqfjz ukqIH iudcfha idudcslfhl` jYfhks.8 fn#oaO ixialD;sh .;fyd;a thg huzhuz wx. Wmdx. tlajQfha fn#oaO pska;kfha wdNdIh ksidh'fn#oaO pska;kh;`< Y@uK iuzm@odhi;` huzhuz .`Kdx. we;'jsfYaIfhka lemS fmfkku ,CIKhkajQfha lsis|= wOsldrsuhn,hla fuz;`< olakg fkdjSu;a"iudkd;au;djh yd m@cd;ka;@jdoh .relsrSu;a"udkjflaJ|@Sh yd ukqIH;ajh uQ<slfldgf.k lghq;`lsrSu;a"hk lreKqh'ld,duiQ;@fh ys js.@yjkakdjQ b.ekajSuz ishquzj mrSCId lrne,SfuzoS uqZM ld,du iQ;@hu fn#oaO ixialD;sfhys levm;la f,i .;yelsnj fmfkkq we;'9 ghs,rA ixialD;shjs.@y l< wkaouksid ixialD;sl js.@yfha m@Odk wx. ;`kla biau;`fjkq wmg oel.; yelsh.bka m<uqjekak ld,h ms<snZo yeZ.Suhs.ixialD;sh tljru my<jk fohla fkdfjz. ld,dka;rhla ;siafia yev.eiafjuska tl;`fjuska h:d ;;ajhg m;a fjkakls.10fojkqj ixialD;sh hkq usksid jsiska bf.k.kq ,nkakls.;ukaf.a mrsirfha cSj;ajk l`vd orejd wjg ixialD;sh Wf.k.ksh.Wmam;a;sh ksidu ixialD;sh ms<snZo wjfndaOh flfkl`g fkd,efnhs.fya s th mrsirfh kau W.; hq;`h.B <Z.g jeo.;au ,CIKh kuz ixialD;sh wmf.a prAhdjka j,g u. fmkajSuhs.wm ljqre;a yeisfrkafka fuz prAhdjka wkqjh.ta prAhdjka nsys lrkqfha 1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h, n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysu,iuhjrAOk s fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1986, 1-3 msg. q 2 uqyqo f.dv .,kafka N~;fhla ksido$ Wmd,s iurisxy, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u, fld<U, 13. 02. 2005, 10 mssgqj. 3 tu 4 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 64 msgqj. 5 uqyqo f.dv .,kafka N~;fhla ksido$ Wmd,s iurisxy, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u, fld<U, 13. 02. 2005, 10 mssgqj. 6 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 64-65 msgq. 7 weoys,s yd j;a ms<sfj;a, whs. fla. fcAuzia ;rx. wxl 9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@xZ{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 80-81 msg. q 8 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz,wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 70-71 msg. q 9 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi, ik;a fla. kdkhlaldr. fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh, keosud,,foysj, 2001, 3 msgqj. 10 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 68-69 msg. q
  • 6. ixialD;shhs.wd.usl idr OrAu l@shd;aul lsrSfuzoS fufiayeisrsh hq;` hehs iuzu; prAhd rgdjla we;.wm fuh Wf.k .;af;a flfiao$wfma ixialD;sh ;`,sks'1 ixialD;sh ms,snZoj flgsfhka fyda hula mejiSu fuysoS jeo.;ajkqfha thl`ulaoehs jsoHd;au lj wrA:l:kh fkdfldg idudkH ckjHjydrfha we;s f;areuu.ska tayd ne|=kq Ydia;@ShjsIh lreKla meyeos,s lsrSu wiSre lreKla nejsks'idrOrAuhkq l`ulaoehs ksishdldrfhka jgyd.ekSug kuz ixialD;shla hkqfjka yeZoskafjka fka l`ulaoehs ksishdldrj f;areuz.ekSu jeo.;ah'2ld,du iQ;@h;`< .enzjkakdjQ idrOrAu ixl,amhkaf.a uQ,druzNh Ndr;fha bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha uq,a olajdu wE;g jsysfokakla nejz fmkajd fokafka fuu jsoHd;aul wrA:l:kh ;`< isgf.k lrkakdjQ Ydia;@Sh mrAfhaIKh ksis whqrska fufyhjSfuz yelshdj tuZ.ska ,efnk nejsks'3 ixialD;sh .ek jsjsO ksrAjpk we;;a" myiqj ;ld ghs,rA iemhq ksorAYkhla is; ;ndf.k ixialD;sh hkak fufia fldgiaj,g fnod f;areuz .;yelsh'4 1. ixialD;sh hkak ta ta wx. tlg tlajS tlg neZoS mj;akd ixlSrAK tallhls' 2. ixialD;sh bf.kSfuka jgyd.; hq;` fohls.ta ms<snZo wjfndaOh flfkl`g Wm;skau fkd,efnhs. tfia fyhska ixialD;sh “W.;ukd” fohls' 3. ixialD;sh ld,h ;`,ska jO!khg m;a fjhs'(fn#oaO ixialD;sh wjqre|= 2500lg jvd merKsh) 4. th mrsKduhg m;ajSfuzoS we;euz wx. yef,hs.fjk;a wx. iuyrjsg fjk;a ixialD;Ska ;`,ska Bg tla fjhs' 5. ixfla;j;a wrA: uZ.ska ixialD;sh m@cdj;`, iuQy cSjs;fhaoS jHx.drA:j;a fjhs.thska woyia jkafkaa Tjqka tys wrA: ixfla; uZ.ska jgyd .kakd njhs' flfkla u,a w;ska f.k nq|= ms<suhla fj; .ukalsrSu .;fyd;a w;ska f.khk u,a Tyq yeZo me<Zo isgsk wkaou hk .uk Tyqf.a wNsm@dh wmg wZ.jk ixfla;hkah' wfma ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk TzkEu wfhl`g Tyqf.a .ufka wrA:h jegfyhs' wrA:h ta ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk iEu fokd jsiskau fnod yod .ekSug mqZMjkalu f;areuz .ekSug mqZMjka lu fuys,d .efka' 6. ixialD;sh lD;Huh jkakg;a mqZMjk wj-lD;Huh jkakg;a mqZMjk' ta lshkafka ixialD;sfha wx.hka l@shdjg kef.k jsg bka iudcuh rgdj Yla;su;ajkakg;a bv we;'iudc rgdjg ydks jkakg;a bv we;' wms ishZM fokdu tl ;ekl ysZo Ndjkd lruq' fuz Ndjkdfjka wfma lKavdhu w;r iuznkaO;dj ;j ;j;a ;yjqre jkq we;' lD;Huh jYfhka th jev odhlh wfma lKavdh fuz yeZ.Suz iuyrjsg uska ;yjqre jqj;a u;ameka mdkh lsrSu ksid iudchg b;d ydkslr ;;ajhla u;`jkq fkdwkqudkh'th wjlD;Huh tlla yegshg wms yZ|=kajuq' mqZM,a wre;lska .;fyd;a iudchl ukqIHhd ms<snZo Tjqkaf.a prAhdrgdj ( yeisrSfuz ms,sfj<) yd iuznkaO ,sLs;^w,sLs; iEu fohlau ixialD;shg wh;a fjz'rgl ,sLs;^w,sLs; idys;Hh (ck Y@e;s) l,dYs,am uQrA;s jsYajdi weoys,s wd.uz pdrs;@ jdrs;@ wNspdrjsOs yd hd;`lrAu 1 Religious,Values and Peak Experience,H.Abraham Maslow,Penguine,1970. 2 ,, Do ,, . 3 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ{aZ{df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"1-8 msgq' 4 Primitive Culture,E.B.Tylor,John Murry,1871.ghs,r Ata ta iudcj, olakg ;snQ jsoHd;aul oshqKqjg wkql~,j mrsKduSh pska;kh yev.efiknj jsYajdi lf<ah. TzkEu ixialD;shl wjsoHd;aul ,CIKj,ska tu ixialD;shg .efkk cj;djf.a isl`uzme;`uzj, uq.aOnjo m@lgjkafka hehs olajhs. huz ixialD;shla oshqKq hehs ms<s.ekSug n,mdkqfha ck;djf.a ;rAldkQl~, nqoaOshhs.w;drAlsl wjsoHd;aul is;`uz me;`uz;`,ska nsys jkqfhao fkdoshqKq ;dCIKsl Ys,aml@uhs.kj mrsKdujdoS pska;kh js.@ylsrSu iZoyd ghs,rA jsiska yZ|=kajdfokq ,enQ ixl,am folls.tkuz ixikaokd;aul l@uh(Comparative method) yd ixialD;sl meje;au (Cultural Survival).
  • 7. we|=uz me<|=uz wdNrK yd |@jHd;aul ixialD;sl ;;ajh iudc ixia:d yd wdh;k wdoS iEu fohlau ixialD;sfha fldgia f,i .; yelsh'1 ixialD;sh lshkafka rcjrekaf.a cSjkrgdj muKla fkdjknj uska f;areuz.; yelsh' ck;dj f.au cSj;ajk rgdj fyda fudaia;rh ixialD;sh jkafkah' iuyr jsg wfma rfgz ixialD;sh .ek l:dlrkjsg iS.srs ps;@ nq|= ms<su wkqrdOmqr fmdf<dkakre kgnqka fmryerj,a wdoshmuKla ixialD;sh hehs weZ.fjhs' “ixialD;sl ;@sfldaKh” hk jpkfhka fldgq lrk ,o wfma merKs |@jHd;aul ixialD;sfha ksrAudK yd kgnqka ;ju;a olakg ,efnk m@foaYhhs' ixialD;sh lshkafka merKs iudcfhka b;srsjQ ksrAudK yd kgnqka hk wrA:h fu;ekoS biau;` fjhs' kuq;a we;a; jYfhkau ixialD;sfha cSjudk me;a; usksiqka cSj;ajk rgdj uSg jvd jeo.;a ixialD;sl wx.hls'2 merKs |@jHd;aul ixialD;sh merKs usksiqkaf.a Wkqkqka w;r mej;s iuznkaO;d fudkjdoehs wmg lshd fohs' ta b;srs jQ ixialD;sl odhdofhka merKs usksiqka .ek bf.k .ksuq' wo cSj;ajk wm yd merKs usksiqka w;r iuznkaO;dj we;s lrkafka Tjqka b;srs fldg .sh ta |@jHuh ixialD;shhs' tajd ixialD;sfha fldgia nj ienEh' kuq;a ixialD;sh Bg jvd m<,a wrA:hla we;a;ls' iudchl usksid cSj;ajk iuzmQrAK rgdju ixialD;sh jYfhka .efka'3 ixialD;sh jgyd .ekSug ;j;a fydZo udrA.hla kuz ixialD;shg wh;a fkdjkafka l`ulaoehs jgyd .ekSuhs' ixialD;sh .ek mj;akd m@Odk jeros u; folla fuysoS oelajSu b;d jeo.;a fjz' bka m<uqjekak kuz ixialD;sh hkq Wiia iudcfha lSm fofkl`g wh;a fyda nqoaOsu;`ka fyda ishquz l,d ridiajdoh yd iuznkaO fohla hehs l,amkd lsrSuh' ixialD;sh f,dl` usksiqkag fyda ;shqKq risl yeZ.Suz we;s usksiqkag muKla wh;a fohla fkdfjz' fuz iuZ.u ixialD;sh hkq iudchla i;` iEu fohlau wvx.` fohlehs is;Suo jerosh' we;a; jYfhkau ixialD;sh tla;rd wkaoul oekSu yd jsYajdi moaO;shls'4 ixialD;sh fuz wkaoug n,kjsg fldgia ;`klg fnod f;areuz .; yelsh'tkuz 1. w;aoelSuz yd සාරධර්ම u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh(Culture of Values) 2. l,d risl;ajh u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh(Culture of Arts) 3. පතිමානක ixialD;sh(Culture of Norms) hkqfjks' uska m<uqjekak jk w;aoelSuz u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh wmg wfma mrsirh ydiliajk l@u we;`,;a keK kqjK f.kjs;a fohs'fu;a;d ixl,amh Bg fydZo ksorAYkhls.wkdrAh ixialD;sh ;`, ishZM iFj j.!hd jsIfhys i;r n@yujsyrKh mokuz lrf.k fu;a;d iy.;j l@shdl< iudc hka;@K hla mej;sks'iudcfhys jsiQ iEu ;rd;srlu ck;dj b;d iuZ.s iuzmkakj l@shdl< nejska Tjqka w;r wNHka;r wdrjq,a fkdjsh'fuz ;Fjh wdrAhhkag wkdrAh ixialD;sh wdl@uKh lsrSug f,dl` myiqjla yd jdishla jQ w;r wjidkfhys wkdrAh ixialD;sh mSvdjg m;afldg ish n@yauK pska;k h Ndr;h mqrd m;``rjd yerSugo th rel`,la jsks'Y@uK iuzm@odhg miqnsuz jQfha wkdrAh ixialD;sh jQ fyhska wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys .enzjQ fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdIh Y@uK iuzm@odhhg fkduZoj ,ensks' tu iuzm@odh i;` huz huz wx. ndysr wkqldrlhka jYfhka miql,l wdrAh ixialD;sh mokuz lr.;a n@yauK iuzm@odh jsiskao wkq.ukh lrkq ,enqj;a tajdfhys ienE wka;rA.;h lsisosfkl n@yauK iuzm@odhg Wlyd.k fkdyels jQfha wdrAh ixialD;sh uqZM ukskau ffjrh >d;kh mokuz lr.;a;la nejsks'wdrAhhka hqoaOh wdl@uKh uxfld,a,lEu m@pKav yd ieyeisl@shd 1 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx. lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysu,;rx.-9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai s ldrshjiuz,wkq, uQ|@Kd,h,fld<U,1964, 65 msgqj. 2 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fi,a,smsj,ska fy<sjk iudc f;dr;`re, wdrA. nS. Tosrsisxy,nodod w;sfrAlh osjhsk,Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 17.03 .1999, 17 msgqj. 3 rsgs., jk wrK,iqiSud m@fndaOsk,fmfrArd nodod w;sfrAlh,osjhsk Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@ S iud.u,fld<U,26. 02. 2003, 1 msgqj. 4 Ydia;@Sh jsjsO;ajhg wdjvuq, laf,davz @en@sisfhda (l`rshrA iZ.rdfjka Wmqgd .ekqkls),isZMusK brsod,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 20. 02 .2005, 60 msgqj.
  • 8. Ndjs;hg .ksuska wkdrAhhka uZvskq,enQ nejsks'n@dysuK iuzm@odh;`,o ms<snsUqjQfha wdrAhhkaf.a fuu ldhsl yd udkisl jYfhka wkHhka fm<Sfuz ;;ajhhs'ldhsl mCIfhka fuu fm<Sfuz l@shdj,sh wd.usl uqyqKqj rska hd.h f,io udkisl mCIfhka fuu fm<Sfuz l@shdj,sh wd.usl uqyqKqjrska wOsldrSuh pska;k h f,io wrA: oelajsK'jrA;udk f.d,ShlrK l@shdj,sh;`,o ksrAudKjdoh mokuzlr.;a pska;k wOsldrsh yd fya;`M,Ou!h mokuzlr.;a ksoyia pska;kh w;r we;s jsjsO fjkialuz th ukdj wOHhkh lsrSu uZ.ska wmg jgyd .; yelsh'1 tys සාරධර්ම jYfhka oelafjkafka ixialD;sh;`< wvx.` mdruzmrsl jsYajdi yd l`i,;d f.dkak la mrmqfrka mrmqrg fkdkeiS yd fjkiafjuska meusKSuhs'2fn#oaO ixialD;sh;`< wvx.` oekqu yd l`i,;djhka f.dkak yqfola mdruzmrsl muKlajQjlafkdjknejskatyshuz jsYajjSh njlaolakg ,efnz'ksoiqkla jYfhka ld,du iQ;@fhys wvx.` b.ekajuz flfrka jsYo flfrkakdjQ S සාරධර්මhkays cd;s wd.uz l`, wdoS lsis|= iSudjlg fldgqfkdjkakdjQ iEufokdgu fmd|=fjz l@shd;aul lr hym;a M, fk,d.;yels wdldrfha b.ekajSula wka;rA.;h'3 risl;ajh ms<snZo ixialD;sh ksid wfma l,d lD;s ljs isx|= kdgH idys;H leghuz uQrA;s wdoS jsjsO l,djka nsys fjz' Y@S rdyq, ysushkaf.a ljS;ajh .ek l:dlrkjsg ck ljs .ek lshkjsg risl;ajh ms<snZo ixialD;sh wmg isysfjhs'4 ;`kafjkqj m@;sudk ixialD;sh kuz wmg‘fydZo’‘krl’.ek ta ms<snZo kS;srS;s prAhdjsOs lshd fok ixialD;shhs'TzkEu ixialD;shl funZ|= fydZo krl lshdoSfuz l@u we; OrAu;d .ek Tng l,ska lSfjuq' wm tla;rd wjia:djloS yeisrsh hq;` ms<sfj< OrAu;dj,ska ( m@;sudk; Norms ) meyeos,s fjz' fuz iudcSh OrAu;d (m@;sudk).ek m@lg udkj jsoHdZ{fhlajk f.@yeuz iuzkrA“Folk Ways” (ck prAhd)hkkuska .@J:hla rpkd lf<ah' “MORES” hk kuska yZ|=kajkq ,enQ fuz ckprAhd iudcfha OrAu;d (m@;sudk) wmg fufia yeisrSu hym;ah fufia yeisrSu whym;a hehs lshd fohs' OrAu;d (m@;sudk) yereKqjsg wmg wfma cSjs;fhaoS‘fydZo’ ‘krl’lshd wfma prAhdrgdj iudchg wjYHlrk uZ.g fhduq lrk ;j;a wx. we;' tajd .ek wmg miqj W.;yel fuysoS wjYHjkafka by; lS wx. ;`fkka ixialD;shla iukajs; jk nejz jgyd .ekSuh'5 ;ukaf.a Yla;sh wkH ixialD;Skag jvd Wiia hehs ie,lSu iuyrekaf.a isrs;ls' funZ|= ;elSulg iudc jsoHdj fyda udkj jsoHdj bv fkdfohs'ta ta ixialD;s jsjOFjfhka tlsfkld fjkiaj mj;shs' ;ukaf.a ixialD;sh muKla Wiiah is;d lghq;` lsrSu udkjflaJ|@Kjdoh (ETHNIOCENTRISM) jYfhka yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' ;j;a ixialD;shla fyda tys wx.foi n,k wm ta ixialD;sh fyda hglSwx. my;a tajd f,i i,lkafka kuz wm udkj flaJ|@KjdoSka njg m;afjhs' uska W.ekafjkafka lsishuz ixialD;shla ;j;a tllg l`ukdldr fhka fyda fjkiajSu usi Wiia fyda my;a f,i uqZMukskau ms<s.ekSu lsisfia;a l< fkdyels njhs'6 ixialD;sh ks;r fjkia fjhs.wkqrdOmqr ld,fha wmg ;snQ ixialD;sh fmdf<dkakrehq.h jk jsg iEfyk f,i fjkiajsh'7wo mj;akd ixialD;sh 19jk ishjfia wmg ;snQ ixialD;sfha 1 ikaksfjzok f.da,ShlrKh, iuka; fyar;a, Ydia;@Sh, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27 02. 2005, 57 msgqj. 2 cela,df.a jsixfhdackh, k,Ska iajdrsi, l;sld ixjdo irKsh,oskusK,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ a iud.u,fld<U 26. 02. 2005, 17 msgqj. 3 ld,duiQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a fla'kdkdhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"keosud,"foysj," 2001" 4 msgqj' 4 .srd ixfoaY jsjrKh"ixZ{dmkh"l`ur;`Z.` uqksoiqka"fla' ta'wdrshodi iy iud.u"fld<U"2506"2-22 msgq' 5 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"fld<U"1982" 3-8 msgq' 6 Sociology and Religion,Max Waber,London,1976,p.4 7 isxy, idys;Hfha iuzNjhg ;`vq|=ka we;euz fya;`"yqkaosrdfmd, r;kfcda;s ysus";rx."ixia' f;rsmeye fidaudkkao ysus"jrosfj, foajtlaLs; ysus yd vnz,shq mS fiakdkdhl"wkq, uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1962"26 msgqj'
  • 9. m@Odk ,CIKhhs.1th ljodj;a tlu ;ekl tlu wdldrhlska rZod fkdmj;shs' f,dalfha iEu ixialD;shla u fufia fjkilg Ndckh jQ Ndckhfjuska mj;sk wkd.;fhaoSo fjkia jkakdjQ foa fj;s' fufia fjkia jSfuzoS wkH ixialD;s j,ska huz huz foa Wlyd .ekSu yd tajd wfma ixialD;shg m@fjzYlr .ekSu idudkH ,CIKhhs'2 wkqrdOmqr ixialD;sfha iuyrjsg m@lgj fkdfmfkk yska|= fojsfoaj;djka ms<snZo jsYajdi fmdf<dkakre hq.fha olakg ,efnhs' yska|= fojs foaj;djka ms<snZo fuz weoys,s jsYajdi fldagzfgz hq.fhaoS o fld;ruz m@n,jSo hkak ta weoys,s jsYajdij,g m@n, f,i myr fouzka rps; nq|=.`Kd ,xldrh jeks .@ka:hlska fmfka'fuz weoys,s jsYajdi wmg wdfjzz fld;kskao$ yska|= ixialD;sfha we;s jsIaKq BYajr ld,s jeks fojsfoaj;djqka wo wfmau fojsjrekanjg m;ajSwe;' wfma mkai,aj, fuz fojs jrekaf.a foajd, we;' yska|= ixialD;sfha wx. wfma ixialD;shg tl;`jQ yegs uska jgyd .; yelsh'3 jsjsO ixialD;Skaf.ka meusfKk huzhuzwx. ;j;a ixialD;Ska;`,g we;`ZMjS ta ixialD;Skays uq,a nei .;a wx. njg m;ajSu idudkH OrAu;djls'4 iudc jsoHdj ixialD;Ska;`< mj;akd iqjsfYaIdx. ;`kla .ek iZoyka lrhs'wdjD; jsjD; yd |@jHd;aul wx. yegshg y|=kajk fuz ;`k .ekoek.ekSu wmg jeo.;ah' wdjD;(COVERT)ixialD;sh hkq ixialD;shl mj;akd woyia jsYajdi mqreIdrA:(idr Ou!)wdl,am hkdosh yd iuznJO jQ prAhdj kah'5fuz prAhdjkawkqj lghq;` lrk wdldrh wmg jsjD;j fkdfmfka'huzlsis wiykhg m;ajQfjl` foajrEmhla ,Z. ksYaYnzoj hosk whqre is;uq' ta ixialD;sh .ek fkdo;a wfhl`g fudyq fmfkkafka flfiao$ Tyqf.a isf;a we;s |=l ta |=l ke;slr.kak Tyq lrk wdhdpkh fojshka ms<snZo Tyqf.a yeZ.Su fuz ish,a, wdjD; ixialD;s hl ,CIKh' Tyqf.a yeisrSuz rgdfjz wrA:h Tyq lshk fohska Tyqf.a l@shdj,ska fyda Tyq i;` fuj,uzj,ska jgyd .ekSu wiSreh'6 ixialD;sfha fuz wdjD; iajNdjh f;areuz .ekSug kuz wm l,ska lSjdfia ta ixialD;sfha mj;akd 1 woyia (Conceptions) 2 jsYajdi(Cocksure) weoys,s(Belief) 3 idr OrAu(Values) 4 wdl,am (Attitudes) 5 iodpdrd;aul Ndjh(Morality) 6 m@;sudk (OrAu;d;Norms) ukdj wjfndaO lr.; hq;`h'7 fuzjd jgyd.;a jsg ta ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk whf.a prAhdj ms<snZo wdjD; iajNdjh fmfkakg mgka .kshs'idrOrAu ms<snZoj is|=flfrka kdjQ wOHhkhkaysoS ixialD;sfhys jsjsO me;slv ms<snZoj ukdj wjfndaOfldg ;snsh hq;`h.tjsg huz lsis idrOrAu ixl,amhl fyda ixl,amhka lSmhl n,mEu ixialD;sl fCIa;@fhys flfia jHdma;j mj;skafkaoehs mqZM,a jYfhka huzlsis ks.ukhlg meusKSug th jsYd, myiqjla fjhs.jsfYaIfhka ld,duiQ;@.; idrOrAu ms<snZoj fuysoS wOHhkh flfrk ksid thska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu uZ.ska Y@uK 1 jsoHdfjz yd ixialD;sfh jsfhda.h"ng@kavz ri,a (l`rshrA iZ.rdfjka Wmqgd .ekqkls)"Ydia;@Sh"brsod isZMusK" tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@iud.u"fld<U"06' 02' 2005" 57 msgqj' 2 nq|= ms<sufha wisrsh,vnz,sjz.tuz.mS.nS jsfcAfldak,Ydia;@Sh,brsod isZMusK,tlai;a m@jD;a;m;@ a iud.u,fld<U,06. 02. 2005, 57 msgqj. 3 ,xld b;sydih,cS. iS. Uekaosia, iSudiys; fld<U wefmd;slrSia iud.u,fld<U,1959,82-85 msg. q 4 ixialD;sl .egSu yd uOHu mka;sl nqoaOsh,wurodi jSrisxy,;rx.,ixia.f;rsmeye fidaudkkao ysus,jrosfj, foajrlaLs; ysus yd vnz,sh.mS.fiakdkdhl,wkq, uq|@Kd,h,fld<U,62-84 msgq. q 5 idulduS cSjs;hlg wjYH uqo,ao$ iqks,a udOj,isZMusK brsod,t;ai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27.02. 2005, 14 msgqj. 6 .@yfhda iy usksiai,c.;a udrisxy,isZMusK brsod,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27.02.2005,11 msgqj. 7 Sociological Perspective,Elychinoy,New York,1968,p 7.
  • 10. ixialD;sfhys l`uk wkHkH;dj hla ms<snsUq flfrkafkaoehs jgyd .ekSug fuuZ.ska jsYd, myiqjla ie,fihs. ld,duiQ;@h hkq Y@uK ixialD;sh ms<snsUq flfrk Y@uK ixialD;sfhysu lsishuz wlD;shla jeks h.tys .enzjQ ishZMu idrOrAu ksoyia pska;kh mdol lrf.k bosrsm;a fldg ;snSu uZ.ska Y@uK iuzm@odfhys flaJ|@Sh mrudorAYh n@dyauK pska;k wOsldrfhka usoSu uQrA;su;a lr olajhs. n@dyauK iuzm@odh pska;k wOsldrh mrudorAYh lrf.k mej;s w;r Y@uK iuzm@odh mrudorAYh lrf.k ;snqfka psska;k ksoyi nejsks tnejska n@dyauK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqjdjQ ishZMu idr OrAu Tjqka jsiska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqfjz fuu pska;k wOsldrh mdol lrf.kh.thg iudka;rj Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqjdjQ ishZMu idrOrAu Tjqka jsiska bosrs.ka lrkq ,enqfjz ksoyia pska;kh mdol lrf.kh. fuu wOHhkh uZ.ska W;aiy .efkkafka Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enQ idrOrAu pska;k ksoyi mdol lrf.k ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a jS we;s wdldrh ms<snZo mqZM,a js.@yhla is|= lsrSuhs.ta iZoyd ixialD;sfhys jsjsO me;slv ms<snZo idlpzPd lsrSu w;HjYH fohls ixialD;sfhys jsjsO jQ me;slv ms<snZoj idlpzPd lsrSu uZ.ska Y@uK ixialD;sh;a ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu;a tlsfkl flfia ;`,kh jkafkaoehs wjfndaOlr.ekSu myiq jkafkah.Y@uK ixialD;sh ;`< .enzj we;a;djQ idrOrAuhkays uQ<sl wdlD;shla ld,duiQ;@fhys .enzjk nj fmkajd oSu fuys wruqKhs.Y@uK iuzm@odh;`< .enzjk idrOrAu ;a ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu;a tlla jk muKg iudc jsoHd;aul ixorANfhka fuys we;s jgskdlu f;reuz .ekSug funZ|= ;`,kd;aul wOHhkhla is|=lsrSu w;HjYH jQjls. ‘jsjD; ixialD;sh’ f;areuz .ekSu t;ruz wudre ke;'iudc iuznJO;dj, oDYHudk wx. foi ne,Sfuka fuh jgyd .; yelsh' iudc jsoHdkQl~,kuz ;Fjh ldrAhh Ndrh OrAu;d yd ixia:d foi ne,Sfuka jsjD; prAhdjka wjfndaOlr .ekSug mqZMjka fjhs'1 usksiqka tlsfkld yuqjkjsg ta whf.a ;Jjhka iuznJO;d ms<snZoj n,mdhs'‘;;a;ajh’ fyda ‘;rd;sru’ ta weZo me<Zo we;s iegsfhka lrk jevj,ska yeisfrk iegsfhka jgyd.;yelsh' ;;a;ajh fyda ;rd;sru ta whg iudcfha ysus;ek ,nk f.#rjh lSrA;s m@idoh lshdfoh's ta ta ;;a;ajhkag iudcfha jsjsOmdrsf;daIK ,efnz'mdrsf;daIK (Reward) hkako fuu ;;ajh yd ;rd;sru ms<snZo ju jQjls'usksiqkaf.a ishZM yeisrSuz yd iuzm@odhka wkHhkaf.aa ;;a;ajh yd iuznJO fjhs' ussksiqka wkHhka flfrys olajk iuznJO;djka ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka fuz ;;a;ajh fyda ;rd;sru uZ.sks' |@jHuh yd |@jHuh fkdjk jrm@ido lsishuz flfkl`g ,efnkafka fuz ;;a;ajh ksidh' fuz ;;a;ajh <Z.g ixialD;sfha ldrAh Ndrh (Role) jeo.;afjz'.`rejrfhla fyda ,smslrefjla fyda uka;@Sjrfhla .;fyd;a tlS .`rejrhd ,smslrejd uka;@Sjrhd i;` tla;rd ldrAhNdrhla fjhs'ljqreka ,smslrejd .`rejrhd uka;@sjrhdjQj;a fuz ldrAhNdrh ta .`rejrhdg ,smslrejdg uka;@Sjrhdg tl yd iudkh'f.orl jqjo fuu iajNdjh oel.; yelsh' tys iajdusmqreIhd nsrsZo orejd i;` ldrAh Ndrhla fjhs'2 nq|=kajykafiaf.a foaYkd w;r iajdusmqreIhdf.a ldrAhNdrh jsfYaI wx.lSmhlska jsia;r lrkq,efnz' iajdusmqreIhd nsrsog lreKdjka; jshhq;`h'wjZ{dfkdl< hq;`h'wehg wjxljsh hq;`h' fjk;a ia;@Ska fkdme;sh hq;`h'f.or fodr iajduS;ajh wehg ,ndosh hq;`h'wehg wjYH weZ|=uz me<Z|=uz wdNrK wdosh iemhsh hq;`h' fuz ish,a, iajduzmqreIhdf.a ldrAhNdrh wmg fmkajdfok w;r nsrsZol f.a ldrAhNdrh fufia jsia;r fjz' nsrsZo ksjfia lghq;` ukdj ixjsOdkh l< hq;`h'iajdusmqreIhdf.a Z{d;Skag fydZoska ie,lshhq;`hs' iajdusmqreIhdg සudc jsoHdj,iqjskS;d .`Kfialr,fld<U,1994,4 msgqj. 1 iudc jsoHdj,iqjskS;d .`Kfialr,fld<U,1994,7 msgqj. 2
  • 11. wjxljshhq;`hs'(fjk;a iajdusmqreIfhla fkdme;Su) iajdusmqreIhdf.a Okh wdrCIdl< hq;`hs'l@shdYS,Sj wk,iaj lghq;` l,hq;`hs'1 iajdusmqreIhdf.a yd nsrsZof.a ‘ldrAhNdrh’ ukdj Tng uska jegfyhs' orefjl`f.a ldrAhNdrh o foudmshka yd orejka w;r iuznJO;d .ek ie,lSfuzoS fufia f;areuz .kq ,efnhs' orejd ;u foudmshka fmdaIKhl< hq;`hs'foudmshka fjkqfjka bgql< hq;` j;dj;a bgql< hq;`h' mruzmrdj f.k hdug ;udf.ao orejka we;sl< hq;`h' foudmshka i;` foam< kv;a;` whs;slr .ekSfuzoS hym;a udrA.hla wkq.ukh l< hq;`h' foudmsh wdoSka ush.shdg miq l<hq;` j;ams<sfj;a bIaGl< hq;`h'2 nq|=iufha n,mEu ksid iudc iuznJO;d ;`< mj;akd ‘ldrAhNdrhka’b;d meyeos,sj yd ir,j wE; w;S;fha isgu js.@ylrk ,oS'wfma iudch hym;a iudchla jQfha iudcfhaa cSj;ajk usksiqka fuzjsjsO ldrAh Ndrhka yrsyegs yZ|=kdf.k cSj;ajSug jEhuz lsrSu ksidh' ldrAhNdrhka yrsyegs bIaGlf<d;a bka ,efnk mdrsf;daIK w;r fuz cSjs;h yd iuznJO |@jHuh yd |@jHuh fkdjk mdrsf;daIKo urKskau;` hym;a cSjs;hla ,enSu ms<snZo mdrsf;daIKo fjhs'3 jsjD; prAhdj jsoydmdk B<Z. ,CIKh OrAu;dhs'(NORMS) hkq wfmaCIs; yeisrSuz rgd OrAu;d j,shhs' mkai,lg hkjsg mdjyka .,jhs.Wps;f,i ierfihs'yeisfrhs'fufia tla;rd wfmaCIs; wkaouska yeisrSu ‘OrAu;d’ wkq.ukh lsrSuls' funZ|= ta ta wjia:djkaysoS wfma yeisrSuz rgdj wfmaCIdlrK OrAu;d ke;sj wmg iudchla f.khd fkdyel' iudc ixia:dhkq B <Z.g iudcfha jsjD; prAhdjka wmg fmkajdfok wx.hls' iudcfha jsjsO mrudrA: bIaGlr .ekSug usksiqka jsiska fuz iudc ixia:d f.dvk.kq ,efnz'ukqIHhd ;`< uQ<sl wjYH;d /ila we;' tajd bIaG lr.ekSfuz mrudrA:fhka iudc ixia:d f.dv kefZ.a' mjq, wOHdmk ixia:dj wdrA:sl ixia:dj wd.usl ixia:dj yd foaYmd,k ixia:dj ukqIHhd jsiska f.dv kZ.k iudc ixia:d myhs'ld,duiQ;@h ;`, fmkajdfokq ,nkafka b;d udkqIsl mokula u; msysgd isg fuu iudc ixia:d my iuZ. jsOsu;aj fukau ksjerosj wka;rAl@shd lrkdldrh fjz ukqIH iuznJO;d fuz iudc ixia:d ;`<ska m@lg jkafkah'mjq,a ixia:dj ksoiqkla fldg .;yelsh'th ;`<ska msrsushd .eyeKsh w;r iuznJO;dj Z{d;Ska yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;dj nsrsZo yd ieushd w;r iuznJO;dj orejka yd foudmshka w;r iuznJO;dj Z{d;Ska yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;d j jrA.h l`,h cd;sh yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;dj wdoS ixlSrAK iuznJO;d rdYshla f.dvkefZ.a'4 |@jHuh ixialD;sh hkq ixialD;sh yd iuznJO jQ |@jHuh foaj,a ms<snZo tl;` lr.;a oekquhs' ukqIHhd f.a weZ|=uz me<|=uz fuj,uz WmlrK f.a fodr .DyNdKav ;dCIKsl WmlrK l,dYs,am idys;Hh hka;@iQ;@ wdoS yeu fohlau ms<snZo oekSu |@jHuh ixialD;shg wh;a jkafkah' hf:dala; oekSfuka f;drjQ ta |@jHuh NdKavh muKla ixialD;sh f,i fkd.efka'wE; w;S;fha cSj;ajQ wo olakg fkd,efnk usksia fldgif.a Yla;sh wm jsiska f.dv kZ.kq ,nkafka ta ixialD;sfhka wo wmg b;srsjQ |@jHuh fldgia wdY@fhks'iuyrjsg tawh .,a.`ydj, wekao ps;@hla folla wmg yuqjkqwe;' ta whf.a wdydrmdk msikakg fhdod.;a Ndckj, kIaGdjfYaI tlla folla mqrdjsoHd leKSuzj,oS fidhd.kakg mqZMjk'fuz wdldrfhka ta w;S; ixialD;sh tn|= ixialD;shla Wreu lr.;a mqoa.,hka mrsyrKh l< |@jHuh ixialD;sl fuj,uz NdKav ;`<ska f.dv kZ.d .;yelsh' ta |@jHuh fuj,uz NdKav wdoS ish,a, |@jHuh ixialD;sfha fldgia yegshg i,lkq ,efnz'5 1 oS. ks. 3 is.d,l iq;a;,nq.c.uq.,308 msgqj.ud;d ms;d osid mqnznd wdprshd olaLsKd osid mq;a;odrd osid mpzPd us;a;dupzpd p W;a;rd odi luzuldrd fhgzGd WoaIx iuKn@dyauKd t;d osid kuiafihH w,u;af;d l`f, .syS 2 oS. ks. 3 isZ.d,l iq;a;,nq.c.uq, 302 msgqj.l:Z{ap .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjfld Poaosid mgspzPdoS fyd;s 3 oS. ks. 3 isZ.d,l iq;a;, nq.c.uq,290 msgqj.hf;d fLd .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjliai p;a;dfrd luzu lsf,id mySKd fydka;s pl~ys Gfkys mdmx luzux k lfrd;s P p fYd.dkx wmdh uqLdks k fij;s fid tjx pqoaoimdmldm.f;d Poaosid mgspzPdos WNh f,dl jschdh mgsmkafkd fyd;ss fyd; 4 oS. ks. 3 is.d,l iq;a;, nq. c. uq, 302-308 msgq 5 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx.,lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus,;rx.,ixia.n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz"wkq, uq|@Kd,h"fld<U'1964 67 msgqj
  • 12. |@jHuh ixialD;sh .ek l;d lrkjsg huz huz fidhd .ekSuz(DISCOVERY).ek wu;l l< fkdfya' m<uqfjkau .skaor fidhd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fidhd .ekSuls' |@jHuh ixialD;sh (oekSu) .skaor fidhd .ekSu ksid mshjr lSmhla bosrshg .sfhah' iudcfha mj;akd fohla h<s u;` fldg w,q;a jsosyg wrA:j;a lr.ekSu fun|= fidhd.ekSuz jYfhka i,lkq ,efnz'ksmojSuz (Inventions) hkq mj;akd fohla fufia my< lr .ekSug jvd w,q;ska hula ksrAudKh lr .ekSuh'ksmojSuz yd fidhd .ekSuz ksid usksia ixialD;ska n,j;a fjkialuzj,g Ndckh fjuska bosrshg hk wdldrh ukdj jgyd .kakg mqZMjk'1 ixialD;sh fmd|=jYfhka .;ajsg ;@sjsO ldrAhdj,shla bIaGlrhs' m<uq fjkau ixialD;sh ukqIHhdg ;udf.a mrsirhg wkqj iliajkakg bv,ndfohs' jrAIdj fkdue;s ld,fha c,h ,nd .kakg wfma me/kafkda jsYd, jejz ;ekQy' ta jejz j,ska ,enqk c,fhka jrAIdj fkdue;s ld,fha lDIslrAudka;fhys fh|=ky' Tjqka mrsirhg wkqj iliajQ yegs jejz j,ska msrS.sh wE; w;S;fha ixialD;sh n,kjsg fmfka'2 ixialD;sfha fofjks ldrAhh ukqIHhdg wkH ukqIHhka yd iqjfia cSj;ajSug WmdhudrA. yd l@u ilialroSuhs' usksyd .eyeksh jsjdyh yd mjq, jeks ixialD;sl Wml@u uZ.ska tl;`jSu .ek is;d n,kak' m@ckk wdYdj h:dldrfhka l@uj;aj l@shdjg keZ.Sug;a bka nsysjk orejka ksis whqreka fmdaIKhfldg jevs oshqKqlsrSug;a wdrCIdj fyda iqrCIs;nj mjq, yd jsjdy Wml@u uZ.ska ukqIHhdg ,efnz'3fuz ldrAhh jvd;a jsOsu;a whqrska bgqlr .ekSu msKsi mjq, keue;s l`vdu iudc ixia:dj ilialrf.k ;sfnz. ixialD;sfha ;`kafjks ldrAhh ;udfkdokakd f,dalhla .ek ukqIHhd jsYajdi yd weoys,s uZ.ska ms<sfh, lsrSuhs' cSj;aj isgshoS;a uereKdg miq;a ush.sh wh yd iuznJOjk ukqIHhd fkdokakd f,dalhla we;' iqj lrkakg ners wikSmhla ye|=Kqjsg wm lrkafka l`ulao$huzlsis weoys,s jsYajdi u; msysgd lghq;` lsrSuh' uska wmg ,efnk iekiSu yd ;Dma;sh b;d jsYd,h' urKh hkq l`ulaoehs okakd lsisfjla wmw;r ke;' i;ajhdg urKnsh yd iudk ;j;a nshlakuz ke;af;ah'kuq;a wd.u yd iuznJOjQ fuz weoys,s jsYajdi ;`<ska urKhg we;s nsh iEfyk |=rlg ;`rkajS cSjs;hg uqyK fokakg wmg bv,efnz'‘wd.u’ixialD;sh jsiska we;slrkq tla;rd ixia:djls'4 fn#oaOixialD;sh.ek mfhH!IKfhys fhfok jsoHdrA:Ska jsiska jsjsOixialD;s (Counter Culture) ms,snZo ;`<kd;aulj yeoErSu w.hlrkq,efnz' huzlsis ixialD;shl cSj;ajkakdjQ msrsila m@Odk ixialD;shg wkql~,;dj fkdolajuska tla;rd wiykhla ksid ta ixialD;shg m@;sjsreoaO ixialD;sh la wkqu; lrkqfka kuz ta msrsi jsfrdaO ixialD;shla we;a;ka njg 1 fuz m@;sixialrKj,g ienE lrA;D flfkla TzkE"YIS m@Nd;a rKisxy"l;sld ixjdo irKsh"oskusK tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"26' 02' 2005" 17 msgqj' 2 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fi,a ,smsj,ska fy,sjk iudc f;dr;`re"wdr'A nS' tosrsisxy"nodod w;sfrAlh"osjhsk"Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"17' 03' 1999"17 msgqj' 3 oS. ks. 3"w.a.Z{aZ{ iq;a;"nq' c' uq"158-160 msgq' fu:qkx Ouzux iudodh jsiqx luzukaf; mfhdfck;S;s fLd jdfigzGd fjiaid fjiaidfFjj wlaLrx Wmksnzn;a;x 4 Magic Science Religion and Other Essays,Bronislaw Malinowsi,London,Oxford Press,1948.fuu .@J:fhys wd.u wNspdr iy mqrdjD;a; ms<snZo udkj jsoHd;aul woyia wka;rA.;h'Coral Garden and their Magic : A Study of the methods billing the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobiand Island,Bronislaw Malinowsi,New York,American book Co.,1935.wd.u ue,sfkdjqialsf.a js.@yhg fhduqjQfha wd.fuz cSjs;h yd iuznJO iqjsfYaIs wjia:djka wkqidrfhks'fuu iqjsfYaIS wxY wd.usl cSjs;fhaoS b;d jeo.;a ;ekla orhs'tu iqjsfYaIS wxYkuz iudc taldnoaO;djhg ndOd muqKqjkakdjQ wNsfhda.d;aul jkakdjQ ps;a;fjz.Sh jYfhka mSvdldrS ;;ajhkah' iudch;`< we;sfjkakdjQ wd;;sh ffp;isl l,ne.Eksh ldkaidj wdoS ;;ajhka iudc cSjs;h jHdl~,;djhg m;alrkq ,nhs' fuu ;;ajhka tkuz jHdl~, ;;ajhka we;sjkakdjQ jsjsO wjia:d we; Wm; jevsjsh meusKSu jsjdyh urKh wdoS wjia:dj, yg.kakd cSjs;h ms<snZo wrAnqo fuysoS jsfYaI ;ekla .kS'ue,sfkdjqials ksrSCIKhl< wdldrhg iEu iudchlu fuz wkaoug vSjs;fha wrAnqoldrS wjia:djka jsjsO wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a jsiska jglrf.k mj;S' Tyqg wkqj urKh mqoa.,sl cSjs;fha nrm;, foordhdula we;slrkq,nhs' mqoa.,hka w;r mj;akd oevsiuznJOh ksid flfkl` ushhdfuka miqj uy;a ffp;isl luzmkhla we;sfjhs urKh iuznJOfhka we;sjk fujeks jHdl~, l,lsreKq ;Fjhka wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a uZ.ska iukh lr.ka kd nj ue,sfkdjqialsg fmkSf.dia we;'
  • 13. m;afjkafkah'fuySoS m@Odk ixialD;sfha yrh Tjqkajsiska m@;slafIam lrkakg mqZMjk'wefursldfjz‘ysms ixialD;sh’fujeks jsfrdaOS ixialD;shla nj lshfjz'Tjqka cSj;ajk iudcfha ishZMu yrhka m@;slafIaml< ysmsfhda w,q;aiudch la w,q;a yrhlawe;sj nsyslrkakg udkne,Qy'ta ksidu TjQyq jsfrdaO ixialD;shlg wh;ajQy' ‘ixialD;sh’ hk ixl,amh .ek l:dlrkjsg ‘WmixialD;sh’(Sub-Culture) .eko hula oek.ekSu jeo.;ah' jsYd, fyda m<,a ixialD;shl cSj;ajk fjkia jQ udos,shl cSjk rgdjla we;s fldgi Wm ixialD;shla we;swh jYfhka yZ|=kaj;s'iEu ixialD;shlgu wNHka;rsl jYfhka jsjsOd ldr prAhdjka we;s wfkaljsO iuQy wkaa;rA.;jwe;'taiuQyj,cSj;ajk wh tlsfkldg fnfyjska fjkia kjSk woyia yd prAhd we;a;kah'uy ixialD;sh;`< jsjsOdldrfhka mj;akd fujeks Wm ixialD;Ska /ila olakg ,efnz'huz ixialD;shla;`< olakg ,efnk Wm ixialD;sl ,CIK iEfyk m@udKhla uy ixialD;sfha tjka ,CIK yd ieifZoa kuz uy ixialD;sh;a Wm ixialD;sh;a w;r lsis|= .egSula yg fkd.kshs' iuyrjsgl Wm ixialD;Ska f.ka uyixialD;shg lsisu ;rAckhla fyda wNsfhda.hla ke;s wjia:d olakg we;' Wm ixialD;shla f.dv kefZ.kjsg ;ukagu jsfYaI NdId js,dYhla OrAu;d (m@;sudk) fyda idrOrAu yd cSjkrgdjla(iodpdrphH!d) f.dvkZ.d.ekSug bv we;.wdrAh ixialD;sh ;`< fyda wkdrAh ixialD;sh;`< ;j;a Wm ixialD;s lSmhla olakg we;' jsfrdaOS ixialD;sho Wm ixialD;s j.!fhau tlafldgils' fjkilg we;af;a jsfrdaOSixialD;sh m@Odk ixialD;sh iuZ. tlg cSj;a fkdjSuhs'th uy ixialD;sh iuZ. W.@f,i .efghs'iuyrjsg tnZ|= jsfrdaOS ixialD;shl jHjydr jkni wkHhkag f;areuz.; fkdyelsh' taidudcslfhda muKla ta ni jgyd .ks;s'Tjqyq YdrSrsl ydks is|=lsrSuz w.hlr;s'wmrdOlsrSug nshla fkdolajk w;r th ;u ixialD;sfha wx.hla njg m;alr .ks;s'1 ixialD;sl ,e.au (Cultural Lag) hk ixl,amh fuysoS jeo.;afjz'ixialD;shliuyr wx. bj;aj fjkiajS jrAOkhjk w;r ;j;a wx.fjkiafkdjS ta wdldrfhkau mj;Skuz t;ek we;af;a ixialD;sl,e.auls' ixialD;sl ,e.au mj;skafka fuz wxY flfrysh'ixialD;shl ,e.au ms<snZo isoaOdka;h bosrsm;alf,a js,shuz wea T.anrAka (Wilium F. Ogburn) keue;s iudc jsoHdZ{hdh'fuz wkqj T.anrA.a fuys ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<snZo ksoiqkla fn#oaO ixialD;sh weiqrska js.@y lrhs' ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<snZo ksorAYkhla T.anrA.a jsiska fmkajdoS we;af;a wdrAh ixialD;sh fyj;a ffjosl ixialD;sh uZ.ska fufyhjkq ,enQ n@yauK iuzm@odh;a wkdrAh fyj;a m@;sffjosl iuzm@odh uZ.ska fufyhjkq ,enQ Y@uK iuzm@odh;a weiqrsks'wdrAh ixialD;sh Ndr;fhys ia:dms; jkafka wkdrAh ixialD;sh Ndr;fhys ld,hla ;siafia mej;shdg miqjh tuksid wdrAhhkag wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys huz huz ixialD;sldx. hgm;a lr ;u ixialD;sh Ndrlfhys ia:dms; lrkakg iEfyk igkla lrkakg is|=jsh fuz hgf;a fN#;slj yd wOHd;ausl jYfhka wkdrAhhka mrhd Tjqka uevmj;ajdf.k lghq;` lrkakg wdrAhhka W;aiy l<;a wdrAhhkag wkdrAhhkaj uqZMukskau uev meje;ajsh fkdyels jsh iajNdjfhkau idulduS iduh b;d w.hl< wkdrAhhka f,day Ndjs;fhka wdhqO yd WmlrK wdosfhka wdrAhhkag jvd ;dCIKh w;ska bosrsfhka isgS ixialD;shla jqj;a rgj,a wdl@uKh lruska >d;kh ffjrh msrS tfy;a f,day Ndjs;h wdhqO yd WmlrK Ndjs;h w;ska wkdrAhhkag jvd b;du;a fkdoshqKq ;dCIKh Ndjs;h w;ska my< ugzgul issgs wkdrAhhkag wdrAhh ixialD;sh fN#;sl jYfhka wdl@uKh fldg uy;a jskdYhla is|=lsrSu wiSre lreKla fkdjSh 2 wfkla w;g wkdrAh ixialD;sh oshqKq k.r ie,iquzl@u jdrsudrA. l@u .ukd.uk myiqluz jdhqiukh l< ldur iys; uy,a f.dvke.s,s oshqKq c,k, moaO;shlska iukajs; ikSmdrCIl 1 udkj jsoHdfjz ,dxlSh m;`, jsksjsos fofk;"pska;l udrisxy"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"13' 02' 2005" 58 msgqj' 2 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964" 5 msgqj'
  • 14. jeisls,s leisls,s moaO;s iys; b;du;a iqfLdamfNda.S cSjs;hla .;l< kd.rsl ixialD;shla jsh ta lsis|= myiqlula fkd,;a wdrAh ixialD;sh ;ekska ;ekg huska rgj,a wdl@uKfhys fh|=kq .@duSh iNH;ajh flaJ|@ lr.kakd,o fkdoshqKq ixialD;shla jsh 1miql,l wdrAhhka wkdrAhh ixialD;sh md.df.k ish ixialD;sh oshqKq lr.ekSfuz wNs,dIfhka wkdrAh ixilD;sfhys .enzj we;a;djQ huz huz ixialD;sldx. ish ixialD;shg wjfYdaIKh lr.;a;o wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys tajd yg.ekSug fya;`j jQ uQ<sl m@Njhka ksjeosj .@yKh lr.kakg wiu;ajSu fya;`fjka tajd ixialD;sl ,e.aula f,i osiajsks fuz fol w;r tn|= fjkila we;af;a ‘ixialD;sl ,e.au’ksidh'T.anrAka fuysoS |=gqfjz wdrAh ixialD;sh;`, wkdrAh ixialD;sldx.hkays fkd.e,fmknj jk ixialD;sl,e.au ms<snZo b;djeo.;a ksorAYkhls' fn#oaO ixialD;sh .ek wOHhkh lrkakdjQ mrAfhaIlhska ;j;a jeo.;a ixl,amhlajk ixialD;sl ifudaOdkh (Cultual Intergration).ek oek.; hq;`h'ixialD;shl we;`<;ajk jsjsO wxf.damdx. jk oCI;d jsYajdi weoys,s pdrs;@ jdrs;@ OrAu;d(m@;sudk) yd mqreIdrA:(idr OrAu) prAhdjka (iodpdr yeisrSuz) wdoS fuz ish,a, ljodj;a tlsfklg fjkiaj ;ksj mej;sh hq;` fkdfjz'2 tajd ixialD;sfha wjfYaI wx. iuZ. tlajkaj neZoS mj;S'fufia tnZ|= wxf.damdx. tlajkaj neZos mej;Su ta ixialD;sfha jrAOkhg b;djeo.;ah' m@d.a-lrAudka;uh fyda iduzm@odhsl iudcj, l`vd iuQyj,ska ta iudc iukajs;jQ ksid ixialD;sfha jsjsO wx. ukdj tlg neZoS ;snsKs'3 ixialD;sl jsirKh (Diffusion) hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ;ukag wd.ka;`l ixialD;sh lska huz huz wx. ;ukaf.a ixialD;shg meusK thg tldnoaO jkakdjQ wdldrhhs'4 jsirKh iuyrjsg rglg b;d jdisodhl l@shdj,shla jkq we;.tx.,ka;fha ldrAusl jsma,jh jrAOkh jQfha lrAudka; jsma,jfha wx. uq,isg w;a oel fhda.HjQ;a wfhda.HjQ;a iEu wxYhlau w;ayod ne,Sfuks' crAuksh lrAudka; jsma,jfha idrj;a wx. tx.,ka; w;aoelSuz ;`<ska f.k ;u rfgz oshqKqjg fhdod .;af;a jsirKfha m@;sM,hla f,ih' tx.,ka;h w;ayodn,d idrA:ljqkq wx. muKla ;u rfgz lghq;` iZoyd fhdod .ekSug crAukshg yelsjsh'/,ama ,skagka keue;s udkjjsoHdZ{hd mjik wkaoug TzkEu ixialD;shlg ishhg wkQjla wx. jsirKh ksid ,enqKq tajdh' ta ixialD;sfhau Wm; ,nd my<jk wx. we;af;a ishhg oyhla muKh' fn#oaO ixialD;sh .ek ys;k TzkEu wfhl`g fuh fld;ruz i;Hhlaoehs jegfykq we;'bkaoshd kq ixialD;sj,ska wmg fl;ruz wdNdIhla ,ensKso$fn#oaO ixialD;sh fnfyjskau yev.eyqfka fn#oaO idr OrAu ;`<sks' fn#oaO idr OrAu ,xldjg meusKsfha Ndr; fn#oaO ixialD;sh;`<sks' miq.sh wjqre|= fooyia mkaiSh;`< wfma fn#oaO ixialD;sh Ndr; fn#oaO ixialD;sfhkq;a fjk rgj, fn#oaO ixialD;sj,skq;a iY@slf,i fmdfydr,nd jsirKh jQ wkaou ms<snZo l;dka;rh b;d jsps;@ cklh'5 ixialD;sl iuzmrAlh(Acculturation) kuska y|=kajk ;j;a ixl,amhla we;'6huzlsis |=rAj, iuQyhla fyda iudchla n,j;aixialD;shl fyda iudchl n,mEu hg;g flfia fyda wdjsg n,j;a ixialD;sfha wx. ,CIK |=rAj, ixialD;shlg n,md Bg tla fjhs'fuh ixialD;sl 1 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964 5-7 msgq' 2 uyfmdf<dfjz h:drA:h iy fojshkaf.a iuzm@odh".`Kisrs jSriQrsh"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"13' 02' 2005"57 msgqj' 3 Action Theory and Human Conditions,Talcott Parsons,New York,Free Press,1978.ge,afldgz A mdikaia wjOdrKh l< wkaoug fm@df;ia;ka;@ l@sia;shdks yd hqfojz hk wd.uzj,ska ,enqKq w.hka yd yrhkaf.ka wefursldkq iudch talrdYs jS we;'tu tlai;ajSu;`, wd;au jskh yd fm#oa.,slFjh ;oskau olakg we;' lf;da,sl jqj;a fm@df;ia;ka;@jqj;a hqfouzjqj;a Tjqka wefursklajdoSkah wefursldkqjdoh(Americanism) f.dvkeZ.Sug wjYH idrOrAu yd yrhka jsjsOdldrjQ wd.uz jsiska imhd oS we;' 4 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' jS' cS' ta' fyauka; l`udr"weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhd"fld<U 1997"26 msgqj' 5 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyaf;a mZ[aZ[df,dal ysu"weuz' vS'.~Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"72 msgqj' 6 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka'jS'cS'ta'fyauka; l`udr"weia'f.dvf.a iy iud.u"fld<U"1997"28 msgqj'
  • 15. iuzmrAlh kuska yeZoskafjz'1 jsirKfhaoS ixialD;sh huz huz foa iafjzpzPdfjka b,a,d .kshs'2 fuyssoS th ndysr n,mEula ksid is|=fjhs' jsirKh fukau ixialD;sl iuzmrAlho is|=jkafka tla;rd wkaoul prKhla wkqqjh' jsirKhg fyda iuzmrAlhg m;a jkakdjQ ixialD;shla wks;a ixialD;sfhka iEu fohlau ta iZoyd f;dard fkd.kshs'3 wkdrAh ixialD;sfhka wdrAh ixialD;sh flf;la ixialD;sldx. wjfYdaIKh lr.;a;;a wkdrAh ixialD;sl i;`jQ pska;k ksoyi yd i;r n@yaujsyrKh u; mokuzjQ wjsysxidj wjfYdaI Kh lr.;af;a ke;' ixialD;sl iuzmrAlfhaoSo mj;akd iajNdjh fuhuh |=rAj, ixialD;sldx. iys; iudch m@n, ixialD;sldx. iys; iudcfha oshqKq;u ixialD;sldx. ,nd .kakg WkJ|=jkq we;'m@n, fkdjk wfkla wx. f;dard.kafka huz huz uQ,OrAu wkqj jrKSh l@uhlgh' ffjosl ixialD;sh uZ.ska m@;sffjosl ixlD;sfhys ;snqKq iuyr wx. ffjosl ixialD;shg tlalr.;a w;r iuyr wx. w;ayer oukq ,ensks'i;r n@yau jsyrKh mdollr.;a fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo bka|= ksuzk jdiSkaf.a wdl,amh fkd;el~ ffjoslfhda hd.fhys fhfouska m@dK>d;fhys ksr;fjuskau tauZ.skau fudaCIh me;Suo fujeks is|=jSuls'4 m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh i;`jQ iu:OHdk l@u Ndjs;fhka wgiuj;a Wmojd jkfhys fjfik bis kdu fhka ffjosl iQ;@hkays lshefjk wIaGiudm;a;s ,dNS ;jqia fldgzGdYhla .eko wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hkays mjd ;ks ;ksju jsoiqka jvd nqoaO;ajhg m;aj yqol,dj jsiQ mfianq|=jre ms<snZojo lshefjz'5fuu mfiys nq|=jre m@;sffjosl fyj;a bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha fYa@IaGFjh fudkjg lshdmdk ms<sUsnq fjz'ffjosl iQ;@hkays fndfyda fihska fujeks nq|=jre yZ|=kajd we;af;a uqks hk kdufhks'6 fuu uqksjre wyiska .ukalrknj ffjoslhka olajdwe;af;a bjish fkdfyk BrAIHdjlska nj tlS iZoykays .enzjk fidamdydih wkqj fmfka'wx.Sri hk fh|=u nq|=jre yeZoskajSu iZoyd jHjydr lrk,o b;dmqrdK jpkhls'nq|=kajykafia yeZoskajSu msKsi mdrsNdIsl mohlaf,i Ndjs;dlrk fuu jpkh ffjosl iQ;@hka ys uqksjre yeZoskajSu msKsiu jHjydrlr ;sfnz'7fuu uqksjre b;d ksyZvjQ osjshla .;l< Y@uK fldgilanjo olajd ;sfnz' isoaOdrA: fndai;dkka jykafiaf.a Wm; is|=jk wjia:dfjys mjd ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrfhla cSjudkju jevisgSnj iZoykaj we;'fndOsiFjhka jykafia Wmkanj oek.;a Wkajykafia ;ukaf.a wdhqYla;sh wjikanj oekf.k msrsksjs nj fmd; mf;ys iZoykafjz'8 fu#k j@;h fyj;a uqksj; ffjosl iudchg m@jsYaGjQfha fulS uqksjrekaf.a wNHka;riajrEmh ndysrska wkqqlrKh lrkakg ffjoslhka W;aiqljSu;a iuZ.h'bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfhys .enzjkakdjQ by; olajk ,o wdOHd;ausl oshqKqjg bjy,a jQfha Tjqka w;r m@p,s;j mej;s fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdIh Tjqka fkduZoj ,nd.;a nejsks.uqksj;9 fyj;a 1 The Family Among the American Aborigin:A Sociological Study,B Malinowski,London University Press,London,1913 2 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHdj m@fjzYh"tka' jS'cS' fyauka; l`udr"weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"28 msgqj' 3 Magic,Science Religion and Other Essays,B Malinowski,London Unicersity Press,London, 1965 4 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964" 34 msgqj' 5 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysus"iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1986" 11 msgqj' 6 iD.afjzoh"flaiS iqla;h"136'uqkfhd jd;rYkd msYx.d jif; u,d uq 7 The Golden Bouh:A Study Magic and Religion,Sir James George Frazer,Vol 12,London Press,London,1911-1915 ffjoslhka w:!jka fjzoh yeZoskajSu iZoyd wx.Sri hk moh mjd jHjydrhg f.k we;af;a thg .re lsrSug jvd th tla;rd whqrlska Wmydid;aulj ie,lSug nejz fmfka'tu fjzofhysu jevodhl uka;@lshkakka w:!jka hk kdufhkao wjevodhl uka;@ lshkakka wx.Sri hk mofhka yeZoskajSfuka by; olajk,o woyi ;yjqrefjz' 8 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1986"11 msgqj' fuu ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrhkajykafia rc.ykqjr bis.s,s mjzfjys jsiQ nj;a ;ukaf.a wdhqld,h ksujSfuka miq ysuj;f;ys uydm@md; mrAj;hg jev msrsksjs nj;a iZoykafjz' 9 uydksoafoai md,s" nq' c' uq" 82 msgqj'
  • 16. fu#kj@;fhys wNsjDoaOsh msKsi fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Ndjs;dj ms<snZoj fjku yeoErSula l<hq;` ;rugu th mqZM,ah.m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh ;`< uqks ixl,amh jHdma;j mej;ssk. s we;af;kau fuh wffjosl ixl,amhls.fuz fya;`j ksidu ffjoslfhda uqks ixl,amhg ffjrl<y.f,#lsl cSjs;hg m@shl< nuqfKda wOHd;au .fjzIKfhys ksr;jQ uqksjrekag oafjzIl<y. kQ;k iudch .ek l,amkdlrkjsg jdKscFjh (Commercialization) ksid is|=jk ixialD ;sl fjkiajSu flfrys fndfyda mrAfhaIlhkaf.a WkJ|=j fhduqjS ;sfnz'ngysr lrAudka;uh iudcj, n,mEu ksid wjfYaI rgj, fuz fjki is|=jkafka h'wfma iudcfha fuz ndysr n,mEu ksid is|=jk ixialD;sl fjkialuz l,amkdlr ne,Su jeo.;ah'1m@n, ckikaksfjzok udOHjk mqj;am; iskudj rEmjdysksh yd fmd|= oekajSuz l@u ksid jdKscFjh wfma f.a we;`,gu meusK we;' jdKscuh yqjudreju; wo iEufohlau rZodmj;S' jdKscuh yqjudrejg uq,a;ek ,efnk jsg wrA: l@uh iuZ. uqZM uy;a iudc l@uho jsmrAhdihg m;afjhs' w;S;fhaoS tla;rd wkaoulska fuh is|=jknj wu;l fkd l<hq;`h' pSk mrAishka .@Sl frdau wrdns msksishkajre yd ysJ|=jre jdKscuh l@shdj,Ska uZ.ska bosrshgwd wdosu cd;Ska jQy'wo fjkilg we;af;a ta jdKscuh l@shdj,shg jvd ikaksfjzok wdos fhka m@n, njg m;ajQ lrAudka;uh l@shdj,sh iy oshqKqjQ ;dCIKh yd iuznJO jdKscuh ixialD;shla f,dalfha iEu rglu ixialD;Skag wNsfhda. lsrSuh' ixialD;sh .ek l:dl< /,ama ,skagka wmg jeo.;a ixl,am;`kla y|=kajd |=kafkah' jsYajuh (Universals) ixialD;sl pdrs;@ bka m<uqjekakh.fuz pdrs;@ jsYajuhjkafka tajd f,dalfha iEu cd;shlgu fmd|=jQksidh' B<Z.g ,skagka l:dlf<a jsl,am pdrs;@(Alernatives).ekh Y@uK ixialD ;sfhys yd n@yauK ixialD;sfhys ixialD;sl pdrs;@ i,ldne,sh yelsh'fuz wdldrfhka ixialD;sl pdrs;@ f;dard .ekSfuka jHjydrhg ths.;`kafjksj jsfYaI ixialD;sl pdrs;@ (Specialities) we;' n@dyauK ixialD;sfhys m@dK>d;h hd.h kuska iudc.; lr;sfnz' fuz ixialD;sl pdrs;@ wxYh Tjqkag jsfYaI jQjls.Y@uK ixialD;sfhys wkHhka iuZ. iyfhda.fhka iuZ.sfhka cSj;ajSu wjsysxidj fu;a;d ixl,amh fyda i;rn@yau jsyrKh kuska iudc.; lr;sfnz fuz ixialD;sl pdrs;@h Tjqkag iqjsfYaIS jQjls fuz wdldrfhka huzlsis jsfYaI iuQyhlaiuZ. iuznJOjQ ixialD;sl pdrs;@hla we;akuz th jsfYaI ixialD;sl pdrs;@j,g wh;ah'2 by; oelafjk wdldrfhka ixialD;sh iuznJOfhka jsia;r lsrSug is|=jQfha idrOrAu ljrdld rfhka ixialD;sh flfrA n,mdkq ,nkafkaoehs wjfndO jSu iZoydh'fndfydajsg idudkH jHjydrfhaoS සාරධර්මo ixialD;shg iuznJOlr සාරධර්ම"iodpdrh yd ixialD;sh hkjpk;`fkka woyiajkafka tlu wrA:hnj fndfydafokd Wml,amkh lr;s'fuzksidh ukqIHw.hkaf.a is|=jkfjkiajSu ixialD;sfha is|=jk msrsySulaf,i Tjqkajsiska wF:!l:khlrkq ,nkafka' fuzksid ixialD;sh yd සාරධර්ම3 hkjpkfol iudkdrA:fhys,d fmd|= ck iudch ;`< Ndjs;d flfrA'mqrdKfha bkaoshdfjz ;snQ wkdrAh ixialD;sh bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh f,i yeoskafjz'Tjqka iajfoaYsl ck;djhs'Y@uK iuzm@odh mejf;kafka fulS wkdrAh ixialD;sh flaJ|@fldgf.khs' wdl@uKslhska jYfhka neyerska meusKs msrsi jQfha wdrAh ixialD;shg wh;a ck;djhs' n@dyauK iuzm@odh mejf;kafka fulS wdrAh ixialD;sh flaJ|@fldgf.khs'4 w;S;fhaoS wkdrAh ixialD;sh kuska yeZoskafjk iajfoaYsl ixialD;sh yd wdrAhkdufhka yeZoskafjk jsfoaYsl ixialD;sh w;r is|=jkakdjQ .egqu ksid wkdrAh ixialD;sh hgm;aj f.dia wdrAh ixialD;sh m@n,Fjhg m;a jsh'fuu .egqu is|=jk wjia:djjk jsg wkdrAh ixialD;sh 1 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' jS' cS' ta'fyaul`udr"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"1997" 92 msgqj' 2 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1994" 41 msgqj' 3 tu 58 msgqj' 4 ffjosl idys;Hh"fcA' ;s,lisrs"iSudiys; tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"1958"110 msgqj'
  • 17. l,dYs,am";dCIKh" cSjkm@;smodj wdoS ixialD;s hlg wh;aiEu wx.hlau mdfya fnfyjska oshqKq;Fjhl mej;sks'1 kuq;a wdrAh ixialD;sh tys iEu ixialD;sl wx.hlskau wkdrAh ixialD;shg fojkjk ugzgulska mej;`ks'kuq;a wdrAh ixialD;sh rgj,a wdl@uKh lsrSu ;ukaf.a cSjkm@;smodj lr.;aixialD;shla jQnejska hqoaO Yla;sh w;ska wkdrAh ixialD;shg jvd bosrsfhka isgSu Tjqkag wkdrAh ixialD;sh ish .@yKhg k;`lr.ekSug fkduZo msgsjy,lajsh'wkdrAhfhda jkdyS udkqIslFjfhkao iEu .;s.`K hlskau wdrAhhkag jvd b;d bosrsfhka isgS fnfyjska YsIaG iuzmkak ukqIHfldgzGdYhla jsh' wkdrAh hkaf.a cSjk m@;smodj f.dvkeZ.S ;snqfKa lDIslu!h flaJ|@ fldg f.k nejska iEfyk ;ruz jsfjslh o ,enkq nejska l,dYs,am" pska;kh fuz jk jsg f,dalfha YsIagiuzmkak wkalsis|= ixialD;sh la w;am;a lrf.k fkdisgS ;ruz jsYd, oshqKq;;ajhlg m;ajS;snsks'2 wdrAh ixialD;sh miqnsuz lr.kakd,o n@dyauK pska;kh W;aiqljQfha usksidf.a is;Sfuz Yla;sh fudgfldg oeuSughs'thg fya;`j pska;k Yla;sh Wiia;,hlg meusKshfyd;a wksjdrAhfhkau ;ukaf.a ixialD;sh m@;sfCIamjk ;;ajhlg m;ajS ;ukaf.a idudcsl ;;ajh yd n,h ke;sjS hknj fudjqka jgyd f.k isgSnejsks'hd.h"hZ{h yd n,sns,smQcd uZ.ska >d;kixialD;shla;`< ffjrh"iudch mx;sjYfhka fnod md,khlsrSuuZ.ska l<lsrSujmqrjuska lghq;`lsrSu fudjqkaf.a l@shdms,sfj; jsh'fuz ;;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSu Wfoid wdjD; udislFjhlska lghq;`lsrSug usksid fhduqlrjSu"ndysr wOsldrSuh n,hka3 uZ.ska pska;k ksoyi md,khlsrSu iZoyd wd.usl b.ekajSuz fhdod.ekSu n@dyauK pska;kfha m@Odk,CIK jsh' fuu oevs iudc urAOkldrS ;;ajh fkdbjiQ wkdrAh ixialD;sfha ksoyiapska;;hska n@dyauK b.ekajSuz ksrAoh f,i jspdrhg ,lalrkakg jsh'fuz ld,h jkjsg tnZ|= ksoyia pska;lhska ih fofkl` Y@uK iuzm@odh ;`,ska we;sjS uy;a m@isoaOshg m;ajS ;snsKs'fudjqka IgzYdia;Djre kdufhka yeZoskajSug wm mqre|=jS isgsuq'tl, iudc ixialD;sl jd;djrKh fuz whqrska mj;soaoSh wkdrAh ixialD;sh ;`,skau Y@uK iuzm@odh ;`,skau mekkeZ.`kdjQ fYaIaG Ydia;Dkajykafia jk nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz iudchmqrd jHdma;jS hkafka'4 wfkl`;a Y@uK iduzm@odhslhskaf.a b.ekajSuzfukau nq|=rcdKkajykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz o flaJ|@.; jkafka ksoyiapska;kh msnsojSu yrydh'wfk;`;a IgzYdia;Djreka yqfola n@dyauK b.ekajSuzj,g jsreoaOj hdfuka muKla yd tu b.ekajSuzj, fodia oelajSfuka muKla ish lghq;a; yudrl< w;r ta fya;`jka tu wd.usl b.ekajSuz wiuzmQrAK tajdjsh'irAjiuzmQrAK cSjk m@;smodjla tauZ.ska yZ|=kajdfkd|=ks'5 kuq;a nq|=rcdkkajykafif.a b.ekajSuz n@dyauK b.ekajSuz jsfjspkh lruska muKla fkdkej;S" tajdg ish wrA:l:k bosrsm;a lsrSug;a"ta wrA:l:k jsoHd;aul pska;khla u; msysgdisg bosrsm;a lsrSug;a"tjd irAj iuzmQrAKf,i yd w;sYh m@dfhda.sl ;;ajhkaf.ka hqla;j l@shdjg keZ.Sug;a" mrsmQrAK cSjk m@;smodj la bosrsm;alsrSug;a"hk fulS ishZMlghq;` idrA:l 1 tu 126 msgqj' 2 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"10 msgqj' 3 w. ks. iv,w;a;ldr iq;a;"nq' c' uq" 94 msgqj'udyx n@dyauK tjx jdosx tjx osgzGsx woaoixjd wiafid isxjd l:xys kdu ihx wNslalukaf;d ihx mgslalukaf;d tjx jlaL;s kF:s w;a;ldfr kF:s mrldfr;s 4 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq't: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzm rdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;la flk ud ls osgzGs ksCOdklaL;shd ud NnznrEm;d h ud iufKd fkd .rE;s 5 tu ld,duiQ;@h;`< oijsO wOsldrhka m@;sfCIamfhka muKla fkdkej;S mxpYS, m@;smodj ;@sjsO l`Y, yd wl`Y, uQ,hka I;r n@yau jsyrK lu!M, jsmdl ms<snZo i;rjeoE/uz kh jsNd.hla tf,dj fukau fuf,dj jYfhka udkisl iykh Wodlr.kafka flfiao"udkisl YsCIKh we;slr.ekSug;a fm#reI jO!kh msKsi ;a bjy,ajkakdjQ WmfoaYkd;aul ufkdjsYaf,aIKSh isoaOdka; yd iudc jsoHd;aul oDIaGsfldaKfhka tajd Wmfhda.sjk whqre ms<snZoj jsYd, oekquz moaO;shla wka;rA.;h'
  • 18. lr.ekSug Wps; udkisl miqnsula fyj;a jsjD; udkisl ugzgula f.dvkeZ.Sug;a fhduqjS ;snsKs'1 fuz uZ.ska wdrAh ixialD;sfha .enzjQ w;sYh wudkqIsl wx.fjkia lr,Sug;a"fmd|=idrOrAuSh pska; khlg ck;dj fhduqlrjSug;a nq|=r|=kag yelsjsh'ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska moku jefgkqfha tnZ|= idr OrAu pska;khlghs'2we;a;jYfhkau ld,duiQ;@fhys .enzjkqfha wkdrAh pska;kfha Wiia m@cd;ka;@Sh ,CIKhs'tfukau Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ woSk pska;k OSrFjh uQrA;su;a lrkakdjQ udkqIsl ,CIK ld,du iQ;@h;`< .enzfjz' NsCIQkajykafia,dyg iajNdjfhka WreujkakdjQ pska;kOSrFjh ,enqfka fujeks iQ;@foaYkd Wkajykafia,d jsiska ksrka;rfhkau mrsYS,kh l< ksidh'3 pska;kfha ldrAhNdrh ixialD;sh osYd.; lrjSuhs'4Bg idr OrAu iodpdr yeisrSuz iudc m@;sudk (OrAu;d) wjYH m@;H iuzm;a;sfhka Wmldr flfrA' ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh;`< l@shd;au l jkaklanejz fuz idlpzPdj wdruzNfhaoSu mejiqfjus'fn#oaO ixialD;sho tfiauh'th fn#oaO hkqfjka jsfYaI fldgolajkafka nq|= oyfuys olajk yr moaO;shg wkqj iliajS we;s ksidh' tnejska fn#oaO idr OrAu hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hd ;`<;a iudch;`<;a m@dfhda.slnjg m;al< hq;`hehs nqoaO foaYkdfjka fmkajd ;sfnk yr moaO;shhs' ta yr moaO;shg wkqj cSjs;h yev.iajd .ekSu fn#oaO iodpdrhhs' tuksid idr OrAu ms<snZo idlpzPd fjzoS fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu iuznJOlr.ekSu wksjdrAhfhkau is|=jsh hq;`fjhs' fn#oaO iodpdr OrAuhkaf.ka f;drj idrOrAu fyda fn#oaO ixialD;shla .ek l;dl< fkdyelsh'tfukau fn#oaO සාරධර්ම ms<snZoj idlpzPdfjzoS jsjD; udkisl iajNdjhl wka;rA.; Wmfhda.SNdjh .eko i<ld ne,Su jeo.;ah'wdjD; ukilska i;Hh oelsh fkdyels nejsks'5 wdpdr jsoHdj fyj;a wdpdrOrAu idudkHfhka i<lkq ,nkafka udkj .;smej;`uz mrudrA: wNsm@dhhka cSjkl@u iy ixia:d hk fuzjdfhys,d lrkq,nk we.hquz ms<snZo jsurAYkhla jYfhks' ienjskau lsishuz ck iudchl wdpdrjsoHd;aul we.hquzhkq ljfrAo$ tajd jHjydrhg m;ajwe;af;a ukao$hklreKq fidhd nef,kqfha iudcSh jsoHdj uZ.sks' tlS jsIhhkays l@ufjzohka wkqj hdfuka lsishuz jsfYaI ck iudchlg ixialD;sl lKavdhuzj,g wd.usl moaO;shg wh;a wdpdrOrAuh wdkqN~;sl jYfhkaf.k yeoErsh yelsfjhs' ;j;a w;lska n,kl,ays wdpdrOrAuh hkq iodpdrd;aul m@Z{ma;sh jYfhka wrA:h yd iodpdrd;aul we.hqu ms<snZo uskquzoZvq iuznJOfhka we;euz fmd|=m@Yakj ,g ms<s;`reiemhSug h;akorK odrAYksl jsurAYk l@uhla f,io yeZoskajsh yelsh'6 odrAYksl wdpdr jsoHdj iuznJOfhka we;s m@fjzY fol w;frys fjkila iuld,Sk orAYkfhys oelafjz' m<uq m@fjzYfha oelafjkqfha udkj l@shdjkag wh;a iodpdrd;aul we.hquz iuznJO yrs jeros fydZo krl hq;` whq;` hk fuzjd w;r mj;sk uQ<sl fjkialuz ljfrAoehs yZ|=kd.ekSug h;ak orkakdjQ m@dudKsl jsurAYk jsOshls'7 fojk m@fjzYh jkqfha wOs wdpdrOu!h kuska yZ|=kajk jsYaf,aYSh yd ;drAlslwOHhk l@uhla i<ld ne,Sfuks.fuysoS is|=flfrkqfha iodpdrh yd iuznJO mohkays wrA: meyeos,slsrSu iodpdr ixl,am js.@ylsrSu iy wdpdrd;aul NdIhkaj, wvx.` ;drAlsl ,CIK jsia;r lsrSu iZoyd h;ak oerSuhs'8 1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq 2 tu 3 tu 4 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1994" 58 msgqj' 5 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq 6 ixialD;sh yd iudch"wkqrdO fifkjsr;ak"f,alayjqia bkafjiagzukagz iud.u"fld<U"1971"14-54 msgq' 7 us:Hdj jkaokdudk lrk mYapd;akQ;kjdoh"ta' vS' m'S l,iQrsh"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;m;@ iud.u"fld<U"19' 12' 2004 "57 msgqj' 8 tu
  • 19. fn#oaO orAYkfhys tk wdpdr jsoHd;aul ixorANh ngysr odrAYkslhska jsiska bosrsm;a lrk by;lS m@fjzYu; oevsj msysgd js.@yl< fkdyelsjqjo ta yeu oDIaGs fldKhlau wkqj iodpdrd;aul jYfhka fnfyjska jeo.;ajQ woyia fn#oaO pska;kh;`< we;,`;ajk nj lsj yelshs'1 iodpdrd;aul pska;kh ms<snZo b;sydifhys nq|=oyu psria:dhsfukau w;suy;a jQ jeo.;alulska hq;` fufyhla bgql<yels pska;khla nj meyeos,sh' nq|=oyfuys wdruzNl jljdkqfjys fukau miq ld,Sk jO!kfh ysoSo wdpdrjsoHd;aul WkJ|=j tys uq,a;ekla f.k ;sfnz' fnfyjskau fmdaIs; wre;a nr iodpdrd;aul jpk ud,djlska ie|=uz,oaols' nq|=oyu iodpdrh ms<snZo jsYsIaG m@udKslmokula tys we;sw;r iodpdrodY!kslhkag yd iodpdrixl,amhkaf.a jO!khflfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrk whg w;sYhskau jeo.;a jk u;jdohkao tys we;`<;afjz'2 Ndr;Sh pska;k b;sydih jsuiSfuzoS fmfkkafka iodpdrd;aul m@;sixialrKjHdmdrhl iajrEm fhka nq|= oyu l@shdlr we;snjhs' l@s mQ 6jk ishjfiys Ndr;fhys mej;s Y@uK yd n@dyauKhk WNh iuzm@odhhkaf.a us:HdjsYajdi j;ams<sfj;a yd hd.fydau lrkakkag tfrysj nq|=iufhys iodpdruh jsfjzpk iDcqju t,a, jsh'3 pSk yd gsfngz uQ,dY@hkays iqrCIs;j mj;sk fjk;a fn#oaO iuzm@odhhka yd iudka;rjQ f:arjdo .@J:dj<shg wh;a iq;@ msgldka;rA.; OrAu lreKq foi wjOdkh fhduqlrkjsg nq|=oyfuys wdpdr jsoHd;auljk m@;sYaGdmkh lsrSu iZoyd we;s jsYajikSh uQ<dY@hla jYfhka tu Ou! lreKq ie<lsh yelsfjz' fn#oaO wdpdrOrAu moaO;sfhys ms<s.kq ,nk uQ<sl woyia f,dalh ms<snZo fn#oaO oDIaGsh;a h:diajNdjh ms<snZo fn#oaO kHdh;a iuZ. iuSmj neZoS mj;S'4 nq|=oyfuz ksrAfoaY flfrk cSjk ud.!h jkdyS ukqIH iajNdjh yd jsYajfhys fukau ukqIH brKfuys iajNdjhka ms<snZojo tys ms<s.ekSu jsYajdi flfrka ygf.k we;' tla;rd wdldrhl we.hSuzYS,S yd m@dfhda.sl lshuka fn#oaO OrAu .@J:;`< we;`<;afjz' tlS m@ldYk udkj l@shd yd prAhd Ndjs;hka yd cSjs; .;siajNdjhka ;lafiarelsrSu we;euz udkisl .`KOu! j.dlr .ekSu iZoyd ksrAfoaYlsrSu iZoyd huz wdldr hl jsYsIaG cSjk ksIaGdjla lrd mqoa.,hka fhduqlsrSu yd iuznJOh'5 fn#oaO wdpdr OrAufhys idr OrAuhkays ixorANh f.dvkZ.kq ,nkafka fulSm@dfhda.sl lshuka udrAfhks' nq|=oyfuz we;`,;a mru ksIaGdj m@udK yd wka;rA ksIaGdjlska hq;` wx. lSmhlska iZoyka jqkq YdlaId;a lrK hlska iukajs;h hkak fn#oaO b.ekajSuhs'jsuqla;shhkq |=l fyj;a w;Dma;slr ;;ajfhka mqoa.,hd uqojd.ekSuhs'ta jf.au jsuqla;shhkq tla;rd wjfndaOhls m@;sfjzOhls'ksielju fuz;`< wdpdrjsoHd;aul jgskdluz .enzj mj;S'6 fuys fulS m@;sfjzOh iuzudZZ{dK fyj;a ksjeros oekqu m@Z{dj h:dN~;Z{dK oiaikh fyj;a ixialdr OrAuhkaf.a h:diajNdjh ms<snZo oekqu fyj;a m@;sfjzOhhs.fuz wjia:dj jkjsg mqoa.,hd iodpdr mrsmQrAK Fjhg m;ajS yudrh'7 ta jkdyS ry;a mqoa.,fhl`f,i yeZoskajsh yels ;;ajhg m;aflfrk mqoa., fm#reIfha we;sjkakdjQ iodpdr mrsjrA;khla fjz'8 |=laL ksfrdaOh m@drm@dma;sh m@Z{dj ,enSu hk fuz ish,a, 1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq' 2 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,"1997 51 msgqj' 3 tu 21 msgqj' 4 tu m@ia;djkdj xv-xvii msgq' 5 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh"j,afmd< rdyq, ysus"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997" 126 msgqj' 6 tu 25 msgqj' 7 u. ks. 111" uydp;a;drSxil iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 218 msgqj' iuzud osgzGiai NslaLfjz iuzud ixlmafmd mfyd;s iuzud ixlmamiai iuzud jdpd mfyd;s iuzud jdpiai iuzud luzukaf;d mfyd;ss iuzud luzuka;iai iuzud wdcSfjd mfyd;s …iuzud Z[dKiai iuzud jsuq;a;s mfyd;s 8 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh"j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997"60 msgqj'
  • 20. ish,a, iyNd.S fyj;a tljsg is|=jk isoaOSkah'nq|=oyfuys ksrAjdKdjfndaOh f,iska jsia;rlrkafka fulS ;@sjsOwx.hkaf.ka hqla; mrudrA: uh wOs.uhhs'1 fuz W;alDIaG ;;ajh YdlaId;alsrSu mokuz lrf.k nq|=iufhys ish,qu idr OrAu yd m@;sudk f.dvkeZ.S we;' iS,"iudOs"m@Z{d"wkspzp"|=laL"wkd;au"lrAuh"fya;`M,jdoh jeks uQ<sl b.ekajSuz mokuz lrf.k fn#oaO idr OrAu yd m@;sudk f.dvkeZ.S we;snj fmfka'2 nq|=oyu iodpdrd;aul l@shd yd prAhd iZoyd we;euz l@shd udrA. ksrAfoaYlrkjd muKla fkdj iodpdr jsksYaphka yd meKjSuz tla;rd |=rlg ;rAlkhlsrSfuys,do WkJ|=fjz' iodpdrd;aul m@Yak iuznJOfhka jQ uQ<sl ;rAlk iajrEmhg WodyrK jYfhka bosrsm;al, yels jeo.;a ksoiqka lSmhlau merKs iQ;@ OrAu;`< olakg ,efnz fuz w;rska ld,du iQ;@h jeo.;a tlls'3 flaimq;a; .uzjeis ld,du kuska yeZoskafjk ck fldgila fj; nq|=rcdKkajykafia jevul<jsg Tjqkaf.a m@Odk meusKs,a, jQfha ;ukafj; meusfKk fkdfhl`;a Y@uK n@dyauKhska tlsfklg yd;amiskau fjkia iodpdrd;aul Wmfoia kHdh bosrsm;a lrkq ,nk njhs' fufia bosrsm;alrk jsixjdoS Wmfoiaj,ska ;uka ms<s.; hq;af;a ldf.a l`uk WmfoaYhoehs ;SrKhla lr.; fkdyelsj wkaoukaoj isgsknj Tjqyq lshd isgshy'4 fuz .egZMj weiQ nq|=rcdKkajykafia fun|= jd;djrKhla;`< Tjqkaf.a jspslspzPdj idOdrK nj mejiQy' nq|=rcdKkajykafia mr;ka;@ jQ iodpdr ix.@yhla bj;,eug Wmfoia |=kaw;r Tjqkaf.a ;rAl nqoaOsh weiqfrka yrs fyda jeros ;SrKh lsrSug Wmia:uzNlfjz hehs Wkajykafia is;~ iaj;ka;@ jQ iodpdr usKquz oKavla bosrsm;a lr;s'5 fuz wjia:dfjz Wka jykafia tjlg mej;s iodpdr jsksYaphka(ks.ukhka) yd iuznJO m@;sIaGdjka 10la m@;sfCImlr;s' iodpdrd;aul yd Z{dKjsNd.d;aul oDIaGsfldaKfhka n,kjsgoS fuu iQ;@fha f,dl` jeo.;a lula mj;S' fuysoS Wkajykafia m@;sfCIml< m@;sIaGd 10kuz wkqiaijh fyj;a Y@jKfhka mej;tk woyia"(ud wkqiaifjzk) mdruzmrslj mej;tk woyia"(ud mruzmrd h) fm<fmd;a iuzm@odfhka mejf;k woyia"(ud msgliuzmodfkak) fufiajS,q hkqfjka lgskalg mejf;k woyia"(ud b;slsrdh) ;rAlf.dapr jQ lreKq"(ud ;lal fya;`) tla;rd wdldrhl Y@e;sh fyj;a wOsldrh u; mokuzjQ Y@uKhkajykafia wmf.a .re lghq;a f;ls hkak u; nei.;a woyia" (iufKda fkd .re) u;`msgska n,dnei.kakd,o kHdhd;aul ks.uk"(ud kh fya;`) fuh fuz wdldrhhs ixl,amkslj t<eUqkq ks.uk"(ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak) NjH fyj;a is|=jshyels hehs Wml,ams; woyia"‘iuzNdjs;dj’ hkqfjka jsoHd;aulj t<Ush yels ks.uk mjd fuhg wvxZ.`h' (ud nnzN rEm;dh) l,a;shd ;uka nei f.k isgsk oDIaGsjdohg .e,fmk woyia"(ud oDIaGskscA COdklaL;a;shd) hk lreKq 10hs'6fulS lreKq 10 Tiafia t<Ush yelsjkakdjQ ks.uk wod< jsIh m@ia;`;h ksisf,i jsurAYkh lsrSulska f;drj wiuzmQrAK f,i t<fUk ks.uk nejska"nq|=rcdKka jykafia by;lS lreKq 10hu if;HCIK l@shdj,sfhys ,d fkdiq|=iq nj 1 w. ks. 1" ld,duiq;a;" fn#' iuz" ixia' 638 msgqj"" hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfu Ouzud wl`I,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;a w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd: 2 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997" 65 msgqj' 3 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq' 4 ld,du Ou!h" nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus" iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h" 1961" 33 msgqj' 5 tu' 6 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msg' t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk q ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkk ud ;lal fya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
  • 21. mejiQy' ;jo if;HCIK l@shdj,sfhys,d ;ud jsiskau yrs jeros l`ulaoehs ;ukau oek.;.la we;snj fuysoS nq|=rcdKka jykafia jod<y'1 ld,dufhks usksfil`;`< f,daNh yg.;a l,ays f;ms l`ula is;jqo$th yg.kqfha Tyqf.a hym; iZoydo iajduSkS ydksh iZoydh' ;jo ld,dufhks usksfil` f,daN iy.;j f,daNfhka nrs;jQ l,ayS m@dK>d; fkdlrhso$wkqka oE fkd.kSo$mrodr fiajkfha fkdfhfoao$uqidnia fkdlshdo$ os.`l,la wkrA:jg yd |=lg m;ajsh yels l@shdjka lrd wkHhka jqjo fkdmuKqjdo$iajduSkS" Nd.Hj;`ka jykai fyf;fuz ta ish,a, lrhs' fuysoS nq|=rcdKkajykafia oafjzYh yd fudayh iuznJOfhkao fulS lreKq kej; olaj;s'2 fuu lreKq meyeos,s lsrSu wjidkfhaoS f,daN fodai fuday ffp;isl OrAuhka iodpdrd;aul jYfhka ifodia .;snjo tajd |=rskau |=r,sh hq;`njo ld,dufhda jgyd .ks;s'tfiau Tjqyq tu wl`Y,hka kqjKe;s whjsiska jrAcs; nj;a tn|= prs; iajNdjhka f.ka fufyhjkq ,en lghq;` lsrSu |=lg muqKqjk nj;a wjfndaO lr.ks;s' flfiaj;`|= iaj;ka;@j iodpdrd;aul ks.ukhkag t<USfuzoS nqoaOsu;`ka jsiska wjYHfhkau ie<lsh hq;` m@;sIaGdjla mj;sk nj nq|=rcdKkajykafia l,amkd l<y'3 fun|= nqoaOsu;`ka jsiska wkq.ukh lsrSug ;SrKh lrkq ,nk l@shdj,sh uZ.ska we;sjkakdjQ i;`g fyda fkdi;`g flfrys Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;`fjz'ucACOsu ksldfha ndyS;sl iy wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@hkag wkqj flfkl` jsiska huzlsis l@shdjla yrs fyda jerosf,i ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS"tu l@shdfjz jsmdl i;H fyda NjH jYfhka ldrlhdg fiau l@shdjg f.d|=rejk mqoa.,hd flfryso n,mdk wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;` nj wjOdrKh fldg we;'4 lsishuz l@shdjla lsrSug fmr ;uka lrkakg hk l@shdfjz iajrEmh;a bka huz huz M, jsmdlhka lrd muqKqjkakdjQ m@jK;d ms<snZoj;a flfkl`g l,a;nd is;sh yelshs'fuysoS ;ukaf.a fukau uyck;djf.ao w;aoelSuz mokuzlr.; yelsfjz'5 fya;`M, kHhdhg wkqj md,kh jkakdjQ f,dlhl udkj l@shdjkao fya;`M, iuznJO;djg we;`<;afjz' iajdOSk jqj;a ksh;jdos jqj;a f;dard.ekSu ms<snZo m@Yakh mfil ;snshoS iuyr l@shd;`< huz wdldrhl m@;sjsmdl yg.ekajSfuz l@usl m@jK;djla mj;sk nj oelsh yelshs'ta ksid huz wjia:djl l@shdjla lsrSug ;SrKh lsrSug fmr tu l@shdfjka Woa.;jsh yels m@;sM,h fufkys lrk f,i nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;u Y@djlhkag Wmfoia |=kay'6 l@shdjla lrkakg fmrd;`j l@shdj lrk w;r;`frAoS l@shdj ksujQ miqj hk wjia:d ;`fkaoS thska Woa.; jshyels M,jsmdl ms<snZoj iqmrSCIdldrS jSug W.kajdwe;' mqoa.,hd lrk l@shdj Tyqg;a furudg;a WNh mCIhgu;a ydkslr m@;sM, Wod lrkjdkuzz th wl`Y, l@shdjla hehs fm#reIh ySk lrk l@shdjla hehs ;SrKh l<hq;`fjz' uSg m@;smCIj ;uka lrk l@shdj 1 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msg'q hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfu Ouzud wkjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd: 2 tu ,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dfNk wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakpsf;d mdKuzms yka;s woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruz;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx ix fyd;s oS> r;a;x iudofma wys;dh |=laLdhd;s 3 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 337-343 msgq ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud bfu Ouzud l`i,djd wl`i,djd;s$wl`i,d Nkaf; idjcAcd jd wkjcAcd jd;s$ idcAcd Njkaf; jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;djd jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d jd;s$jssZ[aZC|+.rys;d Nkaf; j 4 u. ks. 11wuzngzGsld rdyqf,dajdo iq;a; nq c uq 132 msgqj hfoj Fjx rdyq, ldh luzux l;a;`ldfud wfydis ;foj f;ldh luzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx box ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud nox fu ldh luzux w;laldjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdms ixj;af;hH WNh jHndOdh ms ixj;af;hH ixj;a wl`I,x boc ldh luzux |=laLqodhx |=laL jsmdlx 5 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; n# iuz ixia 534 msgqj k;a:s f,dafl rfydkdu mdmluzux ml`nznf;d w;`;d f; mqrsi cdkd;s ipzpx jdhosjd uqid 6 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 377-343 msgq ;x lx uxZ[a[: ld,dud bfuz Ouzud l`i,djd wl`i,djd;s$wl`i,d Nkaf;a idjcAcd wkjcAcdjd;s$idjcAcd Nkaf; jsZ[aZC|+.rys;djd jsZ[aZC|+mamiF:djd;s$jsZ[aC|+.rys;d Nkaf;
  • 22. ;ukag;a furudg;a WNh mdrAYjhgu;a bIaG m@;sM, Wodlrk tlla kuz ta l`Y,lrAuhla yegshg;a 1 fm#reIhjO!kh lrkakla yegshg;a ;SrKhl< yelsfjz' by;ksoiqk uZ.ska meye os,sj fmkShk lreKla kuz iodpdrd;aul m@ixidj hqla;shqla; nj oela jSfuzoS tys m@;sjsmdl .ek ie,lSu wjYHnj fmkajd fohs'ta ksid iodpdrd;aul ;rAlkfha oS fn#oaO wdpdr OrAuh m@;sM,d;auljdoS wdl,amhg wkql~,jk nj lsjyels hehs uydpdrAh mS nS fm@auisrs iZoyka lrhs' fn#oaO m@;sM,d;auljdoS wdl,amh jsiska l,hq;` yd fkdl,hq;` l`ulaoehs ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS l@shdfjz CIKslnj fukau os.` ld,Sk m@;sM, flfryso wjOdkh fhduqflfrA'jsfYaIfhka mqoa., l@shdjka tys lu!M, wkqj w.hk ;ekaysoS ta iZoyd ydkslr fkdjshyels wkaouflfrys nq|=rcdKkajykafia ishwjOdkh fhduq lr;s'2 f;fuz ;udg fodIdfrdamKhlrk wdldrfha l@shdjkaysfhoSu(wF:dms wF:dkx Wmjo;s) fuh ngysr oY!kfha l;dlrk iodpdrd;aul yDoh YdCIshg iudkh'fuysoS wmf.a wjOdkhg fhduq jshhq;` ;j;a jeo.;a nqoaO foaYkdjla we;'“kF:s f,dfl rfyd kdu mdmluzux ml`nzn;s wF:d;s mqrsi cdkdNs ipzpx hosjd uqid”( mskaj; Tn oek.kak uu lrmq foa we;a;o fndreo lsh,d)'3 huzlsis mqoa.,fhl` ;ukacSj;ajk iudcfha kqjKe;a;kaf.a .rANdjg,lajk huz l@shdjla lrhskuz (wkqjscAcjsZ[aZ[ .ryx;s);u iudch;`<u Tyq ms<sl`<g ,lafjz lrKSh iQ;@fhyso fuz woyiu oelafjz (jsZ[aZC|+ mfr WmjfohHqx)' ;jo huziudchl iodpdrd;auljYfhka.rAys;jQl@shd ;ykuzflfrk kS;s rS;so tajd lvlsrSug jsreoaOj iuzu;jQ ovqjuz moaO;shlao ;snsh yelsh' tfy;a tn|= l@shdjkaf.a jsmdl uZ.ska we;sjk idrAj;@sl nj;a fkdfmfka' we;euz iqjsfYaI prAhdjkaysoS idjoHnj ms<snZo yeZ.Suz ksh;ju yg fkd.kakg bv ;sfnz' huz jrola lsrSfuzoS flfkl`;`< jro ms<snZo yeZ.Sfuka fm,Su fyda f;fuz ;udg fodaIdfrdamKhla lr.ekSu fnfyjska rZod mj;skafka flfkl` ork iodpdrckl wdl,amh u;hs' fuh idudcsl ffk;sl m@foaYhg wod,h' fuu wjia:dfjzoS wx.`;a;r ksldfha ;sl ksmd;fha iZoyka lrk wdOsmf;hH Ou! ;`k ms<snZojo wjOdk fhka ie,ls,a, fhduqlsrSu jeo.;ah' fuu wdOsmf;hH Ou! ;`kkuz w;a;dOsmf;hH"f,daldOsmf;hH yd Ouzud Osmf;hH hkakhs'4 fuuwdOsmf;hH Ou!;`k fn#oaO idr OrAuhkaf.a moku yegshg ms<s.; yelsfjz'iodpdrd;aul l@shd weZ.hSug ,lalsrSfuzoSo fuzTiafia lreKq i,ldnef,a'5yeu iudchlau iudchlau yeu kS;smoaO;shlau tlu wdldrfha ls@hdj tlu f,iska fy,dolskafka fyda tajdg tlu wkaouska oZvqjuz kshu lrkafka fyda ke;'nq|=rcdKkajykafia jsiska wl`i, jYfhka i,lk ,o we;euz l@shdjka idjoHhehs fkdi,lkakd jQ ck iudc mj;sknj wmg is;d.; yelshs'tfyhska tn|= iudcj, ta l@shdj,g n,mdk ffk;sl iajrEmfha fyda iudc.rAys; iajrEmfha fyda oZvqjuz fkdfhfokq we;' flfiaj;`|= nq|=rcdKkajykafia wjOdkh fhduqlrk ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla we;'thkuz f,dal iuzu;h u;fkdj iajNdjOrAufha olakgwe;s fya;`M, kHdh hkau; mokuzjQ kHdhu OrAuhka f,i i,lk lreKqh' fuhska woyia lrkafka fjklsisjlaa fkdj lrAu kHdhhuhs' nq|=oyug wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a u;`Njhg mjd n,mdk lrAuh yd tys M,jsmdl w;r iuznJOhla we;'6 1 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; fn# iuz ixia 530 msgqj wdroaO fLd fu jsrshx Njsiai;s fid w;a;dkxfpj wOsm;sx lrsFjdwl`i,x mcy;s l`i,x Ndfj;s idjcAcx mcy;s wkjcAcx Ndfj;s iqoaOx w;a;dkx mrsyr;s box jqpap;s NslaLfj w;a;dOsmf;hHx 2 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; fn# iuz ixia 528 msgqj ;SKsudks NslaLfj wOsmf;hHdks l;udks;SKs$ l;udks w;a;dOsmf;hHx f,daldOsmf;hHx OuzudOsm f;hHx 3 tu 534 msgqj 4 tu 528 msgqj 5 tu 6 w. ks. iv ksnzfnzOsl iq;a; nq c uq 208 msgqj l;fudp NslaLfj luzudkx ksodk iuzNfjd Miaifid NslaLfj luzudkx ksodk iuzNfjd
  • 23. foajjdoS wd.uzj, mru fojsfhl` jsiska ksrAus; yd md,s; jsYajfha h:d ms<sfj< ms<s.kakd mrsosu nq|= oyfuys lrAujsmdlh uZ.ska md,kh ijsZ{dkl meje;aul h:d mgsmdgshla we;ehs ms<s.efka'1 fuh h:d N~;fhys iajNdjh ms<snZoj fn#oaO ms<s.ekSuls' iodpdr jsfYaI;d oelajSfuzoS nq|=oyu prAhdfjz m@;sM,j,g m@uqLia:dkh foknj l,skao iZoyka lf<uq' nq|=oyfuys iZoykajk mqkrANj iuznJO b.ekajSu yd jsYajdih mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdrd;aul yeisrSuz osrs.ekajSu iZoyd jeo.;afjz'tfia jkafka l`ula ksido usksia yeisrSuzj, jevs fldgila wd;audrA:h uZ.ska jsksYaphjk fyhsks' urKskau;` huz wdldrhl meje;aula ke;hk WpzfPAojdoS woyi nq|=oyu jsiska i,lkq ,nka fka mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdr cSjs;h j.lSuz rys; iajNdjhlg m;alsrSug ;`vqfokakla yegshghs'2 mqoa., l@shdjl jgskdlu wkqj ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS nq|=oyu jeo.;a lreKq folla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrjhs' 1. wfmaCIs; l@shdj iDcqj fyda jl@j ksjk yd iuznJOjkafkao yd th flfkl`f.a ixidrsl meje;afuz;;ajh wNsjO!kh lrkafkao hkakhs'3 fn#oaO wdpdr Ou!hlu!h yd ms<snZo b.ekajSu yd iuznJOjkafka uskafojeks lreK wkqjhs.lu!ho fuysoS mokuz lr.kS' 2. mqoa., yd f,dal iajNdjh ms<snZoj iduzm@odhsl u;s u;dka;r m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=oyu ta fjkqjg mgspzp iuqmamdo Ou!h4 fyj;a fya;`M,jdoh bosrsm;alrhs' usksia j.!hdf.a talSh Ndjh;a usksidf.a iajdOSk;;ajh;a pska;k ksoyi;a nq|=oyuska ;yjqre flfrA'mqoa.,hd yd iudch w;r mj;sk wfkHdkH neZoSuzyd n,mEuz biau;` fldg fmkajk nq|=oyu mqoa., wNsjDoaOshg iudch;a iudc wNsjDoaOshg mqoa.,hd;a wfkHdkH jYfhka n,mdk wkaou WmldrSjk wdldrh jsoyd olajhs'taksid mqoa., iudc WNhmdrAYjfhau iudk wNsjDoaOshg fhd.H jk wdldrfha idr OrAu moaO;shla ilialsrSug nq|=oyu uZ.fmkajhs' rd. oafjzI fuday hk mqoa., fm@arK ;`fkka usksid fufyhjkq ,enqjo usksid iajpzPJo;dj fhka hq;` nj nq|=oyu fmkajdfohs' jsl,am follska fyda jevs .Kklska tlla f;dard .ekSugo fydZo krl f;dard fnzrd .ekSugo usksidg yelshdj we;hk mokuu; nq|=oyu msysgdmj;S' usksid f.a iajdOSkFjh;a pska;k ksoyi;a ms<s.ekSu uZ.ska fuz moku jvd;a wjOdrKhfldg nq|=oyu olajdisgS'5 iajpzPJo;djla fkdue;skuz usksidg |=lska usZoSug iirska tf;rjSug yelshdjla ,efnkafka ke;' fn#oaO සාරධර්ම f;dard fnzrd .ekSfuzoS usksidi;` fuzyelshdj Wmfhda.Slr .ekSug nq|=oyu wkqn,fohs' fn#oaO සාරධර්ම .ek yZ|=kd.ekSfuzoS tys moku .ek jsuiSu msKsi Wmfhda.Slr.;hq;` uskquzoZvq nq|=oyfuz bosrsm;a flfrA'6 wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@fha fuz .ek idlpzPd flfrknj uSg by;o idlpzPdfldg we;'ta wkqj fn#oaO idr OrAuj,g moku jS we;af;a l`i,dl`i, ixl,amhhs';ud we;`ZM ishZM 1 w. ks. iv ksnzfnzOsl iq;a; nq c uq 208 msgqj fpz;kdyx NslaLfj luzux jodus fp;hs;ajd luzux lfrd;s ldfhk jdpdh ukid 2 u. ks. 11 ud,qxlH mq;a; iq;a; nq c uq 158 msgqj kF:s oskakx kF:shsgzGx jF:s yq;x jF:s iqlg |=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld jF:s whx f,dfld kF:s mfrd f,dfld kF:sud;d kF:s ms;d k:s i;a;d f,dfld Uzmmdl;sld kF:s f,dfl iuKn@dysuKd iuzu.a.;d iuzud,gsmkakd fh buZ[ap f,dalx mrZ[ap f,dalx ihx wNsZ[aZ[d ipzPslFjd mfjoka;s 3 i. ks. 11 k.r iq;a; nq c uq 166 tjfuj ljdyx NslaLfj woaoix mqrdKx u.a.x mqrdKx u.a.x mqrdKZ[acix mqnznflys iuzud iuznqoafOys wkqhd;x l;fudp fid NslaLfj mqrdK u.af.d mqrdKZ[acfid mqnznflys iuzud iuznqoafOys wkqhdf;d whfuj wrsfhd wgzGx.sfld u.af.d 4 u. ks. 1 uyd;Kayd ixLh iq;a; nq c uq 616 msgqj wjscAcdh;afjj wfii jsrd. ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdOd jsZ[aZ[dK ksfrdfOd jsZ[aZ[dK ksfrdOd kdurEm ksfrdfOd…… .cd;s ksfrdOd crdurK fidl mrsfoj |=laL fodukiaiqmdhdid ksrecACOka;s 5 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq'c' uq'337-338 msgq hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cfhhHd: bfu Ouzud wl`I,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+ .rysld bfu Ouzud iu;a;d wl` iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud mcfyHd: 6 tu' t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkk ud ;lal fy;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;la flk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
  • 24. fokdgu hym; msKsi fya;`jk foh muKla fn#oaOidr Ou! jYfhka i,lkafka tys oelafjk ksrAKdhl j,g wkqjh'1 mqoa.,hdg hym; whym; l`ulaoehs f;dard fnzrd .ekSfuzoS w;S; w;aoelSuz mqrAjdorAY wdosh Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsfjz' uSg wu;rj ;j;a huz huz idOl fuz iZoyd bjy,afldg .;yelsh' tfy;a fuz w;r wu;r lsis|= idOlhlg jy,a jS hym; whym; jsksYaph fkdl<hq;`nj ld,du iQ;@fhaoS biau;`fldg we;swkaou fuysoS isysm;alr .ekSu jeo.;afjz'ld,du iQ;@fhaoS fm#oa.,slju iaffjrSj fuu ks.ukhg mqoa.,hdg t<eUsh yelsnj wjOdrKh fldgwe;'2 fuu mqZM,a m@dfhda.sl uskquzoZvq Wmfhda.Sfldg f.k idr OrAu jsksYaphlrk nq|=oyu mqoa., wNsjDoaOshg iudc m@.;shg iuia; m@cdjf.a hym;g fya;`jkakdjQ idr OrAu rdYshla ms<s.kS' mkais,aj, wka;rA.;j ;sfnkafka tn|= idrOrAu myls.m@dK>d;fhka je<lSu uQ<sl idr OrAuhls lsis|= m@dKsfhl` >d;kh fkdl< hq;`h hkak fn#oaO b.ekajSuhs'3 lsishuz fjk;a iuhjdohlska fuu OrAuh W.kajkjdkuz ;ukajykafiaf.a wkque;sh Bg ,efnknj Wkajykafia olajd isgs;s' wkai;` foh fkd.ekSu iduhg iqyo;djlg wfkHdkH iyfhda.hg fnfyjska Wmldrjk idr OrAuhls' ;`kafjks is,amohg mokuzjS ;sfnkafka iudc cSjs;fha l`vdu tallh jk mjq,a cSjs;h idulduSj ia:sridrj mj;ajdf.khdug Wmldrjk idrOrAuhls'uqidnia fovSu wdosfhka je<lSu;a u;a|@jH Ndjs;hg f.d|=re fkdjSu;a mqoa.,hd yd iudc h w;r fukau m@.;shg bjy,ajk idr OrAufhdah' mqoa., prAhdj yd neZ|=kq fiiq wxYj,g n,mdk fn#oaO idr OrAu rdYshla we;' l,dfCI;@h yd iuznJOj idrOrAu f.kne,qj;a ridiajdoh yd iuznJO idrOrAu f.kne,qj;a meyeos,sj fmfkkafka fuz ishZMu wxYhkays idrOrAu by;ska oelajQ kHdhd;aul uskquzoKavg wkqj ieZ.jS we;s njhs' l,dj uZ.ska flfrkafka mqoa.,hd hym;g fhduqlrjSuhs'mqoa., ika;dkh wmjs;@lrk wd;audrA:lduS nj fl@daOh oafjzYh rd.h ;`kSfldg mrdrA:h ohdj lreKdj WfmaCIdj mqoa.,hd;`< we;slrjSuhs'fn#oaO idrOrAu uZ.ska ridiajdo kh oshqKqflfrkafka OdrAusl jsfkdaohla myka ixfjz.hla N`la;sjsZoSug bv ie,eiajSuhs' wdrA:sl fCIa;@hg n,mdk idrOrAu jqjo l@shd;auljkafka mqoa., yd iudc iqNisoaOsh we;sfldg mqoa.,hd yd iudch iqLs; uqos; lsrSuhs' plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;@h l~goka; iQ;@h fuz nj ukdj meyeos,s lrhs' irAj idOdrK wdrA:sl l@uhla nsys fldg cd;sl Okh yd ksIamdokh ishZMfokd w;r fnoS hkmrsos wdrA:slh yev.eiajSug ;a iQrdlEu j<lajd Y@udNsudkh we;sfldg Y@uhg kshu we.hqula ,ndoSug;a fn#oaO idrOrAu bjy,ajk nj b;d meyeos,s fjz'4 1 u. ks. 11"wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iq;a;"nq' c' uq' 132 msgq'hfoj Fjx rdyq, ldhluzux l;a;`ldfud wfydis ;foj f; ldh luzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx nox ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud box fu ldh luzux w;ljHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hh Wnh jHdndOdh ms ixj;af;hH wl`I,x box ldh luzux |=laLqodhx |=laL jsmdlx 2 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq'c' uq'337-343 msgq hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: nfuz Ouzud wl`i,d nfuz Ouzud idjcAcd nfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoska kd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:…t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh …….bfuz Ouzud l`I,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud ksZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd: ;d 3 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c'uq'337-343 msgq mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dfNak wNsN~,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;….|=gzfGd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d fodafiak s wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;…..uq<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk s wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;s 4 oS. ks. 111"plalj;a;s iSykdo iq;a;"nq'c'uq'110-102 msgq mfKd k yka;nzfnd woskakx kdod;nznx ldfuiq uspzPd k prs;nznd uqid k Ndis;nznd ucAcx k md;nznx h:dN~;x p N`Z[ac:d;s prs
  • 25. fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu ish,a,la iZoyd mdol jkafka fuz idr OrAuh fuz idrOrAu wdpdr OrAuhkaf.a o< fmd|= iajrEmhhs'tu fmd|=ixl,am meyeos,sfldg js.@yfldg l@shdjg kefZ.k whqre keZ.shhq;` whqre oelajSu yeZoskafjkafka wdpdr OrAu hkqfjks idr OrAu fmd|= uQ<sl iajrEmhhs'wdpdr OrAu tys jsldYs; mqZM,a iajrEm hhs'wfkla w;g සාරධර්ම ps;a; ixl,am f,i;a wdpdr Ou! tys iudc jsoHd;au l iajrEmh f,i;a js.@ylrkakg ms<sjk'fuysoS සාරධර්ම yd wdpdr Ou!hkaf.a we;s wfkHdkH inZo;dfjzz ijrEmh iudc jsldYfhaoS w;sYhskau bjy,a jkakla njg m;afjz'idudkHfhka TzkEu iudchla jsldYh jSfuzoS m<uqfjkau mtsjrA;khg ,lajkqfha සාරධර්ම ixl,amka fjhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a jevsysgshkag ie,lSu W;`uz .`Khls'hkfuh fn#oaO idr OrAuhls' jevsysgsfhda kuz ljryqo$ Tjqkag ie,lSu flfia l<hq;`o$ie<lsh hq;af;a wehs$wdosh ms<snZo jsia;r whs;s jkafka wdpdr OrAu .Khghs fydZo us;`rka weiqrelsrSu hym;s hkak idr OrAuhls' fydZo us;`rkaf.a ,CIK krl us;`rkaf.ka Tjqka fjka lr.kakd wkaou fydZo us;`rka weiqre lsrSfuka ,nk m@;sM, wdosh b;d ishquzf,i js.@yfldg meyeos,slsrSfuka idr OrAuh wdpdr OrAuhla njg m;alr.kq ,efnz' mqoa., cSjs;h fukau iudc cSjs;ho idrA:l lr.ekSug iycSjkfhka lghq;`lr .ekSug fujeks kHdhd;aul OrAuhla uZ.ska Wmfoia wjYHh' tu ldrAhh flfrkafka idrOrAu uZ.sks' tfyhska cSjs;h yev.iajd.kakg idrOrAu yZ|=kdf.k lghq;` lsrSu b;du jeo.;ah'jsfYaIfhkau ffoksl cSjs;fhaoS uqyqKmdkakgis|=jk fkdfhl`;a m@Yak ksrdlrKhlr .ekSug fn#oaO idrOrAu Wmfhda.Slr .;yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a ;ukag .e<fmk nsrshla fidhd.ekSug ;uka w.hk idr OrAu uZ.ska uZ. fmkajSula ,ensh hq;`h'1 we;a;jYfhka u jsjyjSug wfmaCIdlrk fofofkl` fn#oaOhska jYfhka l<hq;af;a fofokdjsiska w.hk idrOrAu .e<fmaohkak fidhdne,Suhs fuz w;ska i<ldnef,kl< fn#oaO idr OrAu yZ|=kd .ekSu idr OrAu j,g fhda.H;dj hym;anj f;dard fnzrd .ekSu ta iZoyd WmldrSjk nj fn#oaO ksrAKdhl fyj;a usKquzoZvq yZ|=kd.ekSu msKsi b;d wjYHnj meyeos,s fjz' fn#oaO සාරධර්ම ms,snZoj idlpzPdlrk jsg fndfyda nyq,j lshefjk ixl,amhla jkqfha mqZ[aZ[ iy l`i, ixl,amhhs'2fuys mqZ[aZ[ hkak idudkHjHjydrfhaoS msk hkqfjkao yeZoskafjz'fndfydafokd is;kafka msk ke;skuz mqZ[aZ[h ms<snZoj yd l`Y,h ms<snZoj3 js.@yjqkq iQ;@foaYkdfjka fjka jYfhka ;@smsglh;`< wka;rA .; jknjhs'tfia fyhska hfula mqZ[aZ[h yd l`i,h .ek iZoyka lsrSfuysoS wjYHfhkau tu iQ;@ foaYkd muKlau Bg wod< lr.; hq;`h hk u;hoevsj or;s' ux.,iQ;@h" ji,iQ;@h"jH.a>mcAciQ;@h" isZ.df,dajdo iQ;@h"wKkiQ;@h"mrdNjiQ;@h"lrKShfu;a;iQ;@h" fu;a;dksixiiQ;@h jeks iQ;@foaYkd taiZoyd l,a;nd iQodkuzfldg ;ndf.k isgs;s'tf,iu wNS;j is;Sug Wmfoia|=ka iQ;@foaYkdjlaf,i ld,duiQ;@ho iQodkuz fldg ;ndf.k isgskjd jskd bka mrsndysrjQ wfkla hula ld,duiQ;@fhys wvx.`o keoao hkak.ek oek.ekSugj;a Wkka|=fkdfj;s' tnejska ta ;;ajh hgf;a hfula ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@yjkakdjQ mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,am4 ms,snZo Tng isf;kafka l`ulaoehs jsuiqfjd;a wksjdrAfhkau tawh lshkafka ld,du iQ;@fhys tnkaola jsia;rlr fkdue;s njhs'ld,du iQ;@hys tu jpk ta wdldrfhkau fkdue;snj we;a;ls'kuq;a nq|=kajykafiaf.a we;euz foaYkdjka msrslaiQl< huzlsisfohla jHxckjYfhka fkdmjidwrA:jYfhka th jsYf,aIKhlr we;s wjia:djka nyq, jYfhka oel.; yelsjkq we;'ld,du iQ;@h uekjska msrslaid ne,qjfyd;a tys wka;rA.; jkqfha uqZMukskau fn#oaO l`Y, 1 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' vS' c'ta' fyauka; l`udr"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhd"fld<U" 1997"67 msgqj' 2 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:d;s 3 tu 4 tu
  • 26. ms<sfj; nj TzkEu flfkl`g meyeos,sfjz'fn#oaO l`Y, ms<sfjf;ys olakg ,efnkakdjQ jsfYaI ,CIKh jQ l,S tu l`Y, msMsfj; uq, ueo w. jYfhka ukdj foaYs;njhs fuu .e<mSu uQ<sl fn#oaO kHdh jQ p;`rdrAh i;Hh ;`,u wka;rA.;h' TzkEu nqoaO foaYkdjla p;`rdrAh i;Hfhys md ix.@y fldg oelajsh yelaf;a ta ksidh' ld,dui Q;@hg fulS ;;ajh fmd|=h'ld,dui Q;@fhys oelafjk b.ekafjk b.ekajSuz tlska tl m@fjzYfuka js.#yfldg ne,qjfyd;a ta yeu m@ua;`;hlau uqZMukskau p;`rdrAh i;Hfhka mrsndysr fkdjk nj oel.; yelsh' ld,duiQ;@h pska;kh flaJ|@.; fldgf.k foaYkdlrw;snj we;a;h'kuq;a pska;kh flaJ|@.; fldg.;a b;d jsYd, සාරධර්ම moaO;shlao fuz;`< wvx.`h'jsYd, jYfhka wdpdrOu! wvx.`h'fuz wdldrfhkau ld,du iQ;@h;`< mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,amh wka;rA.;h'l`i,uQ, yd wl`i,uQ, ms<snZoj fuys iDcqju oelafjz'fydZo"fkdfydZo"lu!M,"jsmdl"msk mqZ[a[h"mj ms<snZoj iZoykafjzz' mxpYS, m@;smodj yd i;rn@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj ms<snZoj b;d oSrA> yd .eUqre kHdhdkQl~, jsYaf,aIKhka wvx.`fjz'fuz ishZM foa l`i, yd mqZ[aZ[ ixl,amhg wka;rA.;jk lreKqh'ld,du iQ;@h;`, wvx.` lreKq jrA.SlrK l@shdj,shlg ,lal<fyd;a tajd my; oelafjk m@Odk fldgia ;`kg yd p;`rdrAh i;Hhh hg;g ix.Dys;jk nj oel.; yelsh'tkuz 1. w;ay<hq;` ksfYaOkSh m@ia;`;hka 1 2. jevshhq;` m@;scdkkSh m@ia;`;hka 2 3 3. iuia; l@shdj,sfhys wjidk m@;sM,h f,ihs 1. u ieш fuz hg;g wh;ajkakdjQ ixl,amka jkdyS neyerlsrSfuka flfkl`;`< pska;kuh mrsfYdaOkhla we;sjkakdjQ lreKqh' tajd my; iZoyka mrsos ix.@y fldg oelajSug yelshdj we; tkuz 1. oi jeoEreuz wka;.duS pska;k wOsldrhka (Negative Ten Othoraties) 4 2. miamjq 5 3. f;jeoEreuz wl`Y,uQ,hka 6 2. æÚ u яª jevsh hq;` hkafkys wrA:h kuz ;ukaf.a is;;`< jO!kh l< hq;`jQ l`Y,Ou!hkah' fuu l`Y, Ou!hka jO!kh lsrSu ksid udkisl m@Ndiajrh u;`lr.; yelsh'is; W;am;a;sfhkau mrsrsis|=nj;a neyerska tk wl`Y, ps;a; ixl,amhka ksid lsZMgg m;ajk nj nq|=iufhys iZoyka jkafkah'isf;ys we;sjkakdjQ m@Ndiajr ;;ajhg fy;`jkakdjQ lreKq fudkjd oehs oelajSu fuhg wh;ah' fuz hg;g wh;ajkakdjQ lreKq my; iZoyka mrsos ix.@y fldg oelajSug yelshdj we; tkuz 1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq' bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd: 2 tu bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd: 3 tu wkjcAcd Nkaf;…jsZ[aZC|+miF:d Nkaf;….iu;a;d Nkaf; iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s tajx fkd fyF: fyd;S;…i fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx wfjzr ps;af;d tajx wnHdmcACOps;af;da s tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfu p;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.f;d fydka;s 4 tu ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud…wkqiaifjzk…mruzmrdh…b;slsrdh…msgl iuzmodfkak…;lalfya;`… kh fya;` ….wdldr mrsjs;laflk…..osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd….NnznrEm;dh…..iufKda fkd .rE;s 5 tu …mrshdoskak ps;af;d mdKuzms nka;s woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx ix fyd;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh |=laLdhd;s 6 tu mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dafNk… .fodafik….fudafyak… wNsN~f;d mrshdoskak ps;af;d