-

1. * GB786129 (A)
Description: GB786129 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to the cooling of sintered and other loose solid
materials of industrial processes
Description of GB786129 (A)
PATENT SPECIFIC-Ar ON
786,129 ll J- ln'rsr,:-JAMES WILLIAM MEREDITH and ALBERT THOMAS
ROGERS.
Date of jili)nr Complete Specification: gay 18, 1956.
) A 1 pplication Date: Nork28, 1955No 34048 155.
I Complete Specification Publiahed: 3 oc 13 19,57.
Index at Acceptance-Classes 51 ( 2), B 7 B: and 78 ( 1), A 1 H 6.
International Classification:-F 65 g Cl Ob 022 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
PATENTS ACT, k 4 A SZEC: ICA:ON t SNO 76 ir 7 N accordance with the
De-,lsion of ->he peqncend' g Eamnens ccmcro t ller-Generadl da, ed
-hei r:werrt,yth'rrd day of Au St, 3901, thla has been amended under
Section 14 in the o-ng inetiat U Lr C 'c th-e Sp _at:
Page 4 l, delete lines 15 r-o 2 G inclusive.
Page 4 N line 2 'id delete:'a 7 cids ithe use of Page 4 line 22,
delete Page 4, line 23, delete limezhod of constz-cto-on being to, for
'nablee X read 'enablos;Page 4, &ifter l'ne 37, insert "We ar sugge 1
ng p gaseo or pr THE PATENT OFFICE:
20th October, i 96 i provl Ue Ue CL Lu LI lls p 1 i I Ula LUL lc
supporting surface of the trays or pans, and between such surface and
the bottom of the trays or pans, a number of conduits to which the
gaseous cooling medium has entry through apertures in such bottom, and
from which conduits the said medium has exit through lateral apertures
thereof into the space beneath said perforate surface in which space
material that falls through such perforate surface is capable of being
collected so that substantially it does not escape through the bottom
of the trays or pans.
pr.l e aware that louvres forming slots have been sted f or supporting
lumpy material for coolurposes using an anrztl-tepe na-:li con yor, us

2. cooling medium be-'ng supplied under suction essure toe -'e space
between the louvres l' -S 9867 S/z' /R '133 20,0 C/t 1 PL readilv
understood reference is directed by way of example to the accompanying
drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a diagrammatic central longitudinal
section of one form of apparatus according to the present
improvements:
Figure 2 a fragmentary transverse section on the line fl-Il of Figure
1 to a larger scale and partly broken away; Figure 3 a fragmentary
plan of the outward or upper flight of the apparatus shown in Figure 1
but to a larger scale and showing parts broken away; -1 k 4 _ Z>, z,.
9 k, 1 'Itz 1 ' ' PATENT SPEUFICATlON 786,:
Inventors:-JAMES WILLIAM MEREDITH and ALBERT THOMAS ROGERS.
t' Date of filing Complete Specification: May 18, 1956.
Application Date: Nov 28, 1955 No 34043155.
Complete Specification Publighed: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at Acceptance -Classes 51 ( 2), B 7 B; and 78 ( 1), A 1 H 6.
International Classification:-F 65 g Cl Ob C 22 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to the Cooling of Sintered Stai other Loose
Solid Materials of Industrial Processes.
We, HUNTINGTON HEBERLEIN AND COMPANY LIMITED, of Simon House, 28-29
Dover Street, London, W 1, a Company incorporated under the laws of
Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that
a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention comprises improvements relating to the cooling of
sintered and other loose solid material of industrial processes, for
example sintered ore and coke or other carbonaceous matter More
particularly, it is concerned with an improved apparatus, suitable for
the above purpose, which is of the kind comprising an endless movable
series of trays or pans which are apertured for passage of a gaseous
cooling medium into the lower part thereof and are fitted with a
perforate surface spaced above the bottom of the trays or pans for
supporting the solid material, and enabling it to be subjected to the
action of such medium, during movement of the said series in the
longitudinal direction.
According to the present invention, we provide beneath the perforate
materialsupporting surface of the trays or pans, and between such
surface and the bottom of the trays or pans, a number of conduits to
which the gaseous cooling medium has entry through apertures in such
bottom, and from which conduits the said medium has exit through
lateral apertures thereof into the space beneath said perforate
surface, in which space material that falls through such perforate

3. surface is capable of being collected so that substantially it does
not escape through the bottom of the trays or pans.
lPri' Suitably, the cooling-medium conduits in the trays or pans are
situated beneath imperforate regions interposed in the perforate
material-supporting surface and are arranged so as to provide
alongside them, beneath perforate regions of the aforesaid surface,
compartments in which material which may fall through such perforate
regions can be collected, the lateral apertures for exit of the
gaseous cooling medium from the said conduits being situated in the
wall of the conduits substantially immediately below the said surface.
Preferably, several of the cooling-medium conduits are embodied in any
of the trays or pans of the series and are extended lengthwise of the
series:and spaced apart from one another transversely of the series.
However, in appropriate cases, any of the trays or pans of the series
may have one or more of the cooling-medium conduits extending
transversely of the series, or disposed in an inclined setting, in
plan, with relation to the centre-line of such series.
Moreover, combinations of the several arrangements of the
cooling-medium conduits thus described may be employed.
In order to enable the invention to be readily understood, reference
is directed by way of example to the accompanying drawings, in
which:Figure 1 is a diagrammatic central longitudinal section of one
form of apparatus according to the present improvements; Figure 2 a
fragmentary transverse section on the line II-II of Figure 1 to a
larger scale and partly broken away; Figure 3 a fragmentary plan of
the outward or upper flight of the apparatus shown in Figure 1 but to
a larger scale and showing parts broken away; 129 Figure 4 a
fragmental section on the line IV-IV of Figure 2; Figure 5 an
elevation of one of the grate or grid sections of a tray or pan of the
apparatus; Figure 6 a plan of Figure 5; Figure 7 a section on the line
VII-VII of Figure 6; Figure 8 a section on the line VIII-VIII of
Figure 6; Figure 9 an elevation at the right-hand end of Figure 5;
Figure 10 a section on the line X-X of Figure 7; Figure 11 a view
similar to Figure 7 illustrating a modification of the grates or grids
of the trays or pans; Figure 12 a transverse section showing, more or
less diagrammatically, a modified construction of the apparatus;
Figure 13 a fragmentary longitudinal section illustrating, more or
less diagrammatically, another modified construction of apparatus;
Figure 14 a fragmentary plan, partly broken away, of the upper flight
of the apparatus shown in Figure 13; Figure 15 a fragmentary
longitudinal section illustrating a modification of the grate or grid
construction of the trays or pans; and Figure 16 a plan view depicting
another modified construction of the trays or pans.
According to Figures 1 to 4, the trays or pans 10, having vertical

4. sides 11, are carried by chains built up from pairs of pivotal links
12 and adapted to run on rails 13 by means of wheels 14 fitted at the
pivots 15 between the links The chains are endless and mounted on
sprockets or rollers 16 at the ends of the apparatus The several trays
or pans (hereinafter termed trays) of the series overlap one another
at sides and ends at 17 so that the arrangement is more or less of
equivalent nature to a troughed belt conveyor comprising an upper
operative flight and a lower return flight If desired, each tray 10
may be supported or reinforced beneath by cross bars 10 a welded to
the sides 11 At the bottom 18, the trays have their end edge parts
circularly curved archfashion where, at 17, they overlap the pivots
15, see Figure 4 Otherwise, the bottom of the trays is flat and has
apertures in the form a 5 of slots 19 at numerous places in lines
spaced apart from one another transversely of the trays It is at these
places that conduits 20 for conducting gaseous cooling medium (in this
case air) to grates or grids 21, constituting the perforate
materialsupporting surface of the trays, are situated.
There is a grate 21 for each tray extended from one upstanding side 11
to the other of the tray and made in six sections disposed side by
side Three sections only are seen on each tray in Figure 3, because
the righthand half of the grate is there shown removed to disclose the
tray construction beneath Each grate has sets of grate apertures 22
and, beneath an imperforate or 70 blank part 23, Figures 6 and 10,
each section of the grate is cast with a pair of depending vertical
parts 24 The latter space the flat part of the grate at a
predetermined short distance above the bottom of the trays and 75 form
side walls of the aforesaid coolingmedium conduits 20 which are
hereinafter termed air conduits These air conduits extend lengthwise
of the series of trays and in their side walls they have air exit aper
80 tures 25 lying immediately below the imperforate parts 23 of the
grate, see Figures 2, 4 and 10 The slots 19 in the bottom of the trays
serve for entry of air into the conduits.
Conveniently, the air conduits are closed at 85 their rear end by the
imperforate parts of a sloping rear portion 26 of the grate and at
their forward end by a vertical part 27, see Figures 4, 6, 7 and 9 On
the other hand, the spaces or compartments 28 (here oo inafter termed
compartments), which exist between the air conduits and beneath the
perforate parts of the grate, are open at the ends, the rear end
through the grate apertures 22 in the sloping portion 26 and the s,
forward end either fully open or, as shown, open below lateral web
parts 29 extending from the part 27 aforesaid, see Figures 5, 6, 8 and
9 The sections of the grate may also have similar lateral web parts 30
inter 100 mediate of their length see Figures 5, 6, 8 and 10 The grate
sections are secured to the bottom of the trays by bolts 31, the heads

5. 32 of which are engaged with recesses 33 in the side walls 24 of the
air conduits 105 The bottom 18 of the trays is also made in sections
which are laid side by side and fixed by bolts 34 to angle pieces 35
welded to the cross bars 10 a, see Fiaures 2 to 4 The trays in the
outward or upper flight of the 110 apparatus move over a cooling air
chamber 36, Figures 1 and 2, to which air is supplied under
appropriate pressure through the conduit 37 Alternatively, or in
addition, a suction hood may be provided over such 115 flight as will
be understood Suitable feed and discharge chutes or the like for
material to be treated, or the cooled material, as the case may be,
are provided at the ends of the said flight of the conveyor, as
indicated 120 respectively at 38 and 39 in Figure 1.
The apparatus thus described is appropriate for the cooling of hot
sinter discharged from a sintering machine In operation, the hot
sinter is fed at 38 to, and is carried 125 along in a layer of
suitable depth on, the trays of the upper flight of the apparatus.
During the travel of the sinter with this flight, air under pressure
from the cooling air chamber 36 passes into the air conduits 130
786,129 786,129 of the successive trays through the entry apertures 19
in the bottom 18 of the trays and is delivered laterally through the
exit slots 25 in the side walls 24 of these cona duits into the
compartments 28 between or on either side of the air conduits The air
then passes through the grate openings 22 and the open ends of said
compartments into, and is distributed through, the bed of material on
the trays of the operative flight.
Any relatively fine material which may fall through the grate openings
22 will collect in the compartments referred to and as these latter
are open forwardly, such material will discharge from the
compartments, along with the cooled material, as the trays pass one by
one over the sprockets or rollers 16 at the far end of the conveyor
Because the slots 25, in the side walls 24 of the air conduits 20 are
spaced above the bottom of the trays, the fine material collecting in
the said compartments is not likely to escape through the air conduits
and the slots 19 in the bottom of the trays and fall into the cooling
air chamber 36 with obvious difficulties of removal The grates 21,
likewise the air conduits 20, terminate at front and rear slightly
short of the arched overlapping parts of the bottom of the trays at 17
As a result, the surface for support of the material under treatment,
is somewhat of a castellated outline (Figure 4) so that, on the
operate flight of the conveyor, the material covers the open ends of
the compartments 28 The said arched overlapping parts of the bottom 18
of the trays assist suitable discharge of the cooled material at the
far end of the conveyor as will be understood By use of the apparatus
the temperature of the sinter can be reduced from about 6000 C.

6. to about 1500 C, though obviously other limits may be provided for and
other materials than sinter cooled in the same or a similar form of
apparatus.
According to the modification shown in Figure 11, the rear end of the
grates has a vertical wall 40, instead of a sloping wall such as 26
aforesaid In other respects, the construction is similar to that shown
in Figure 7 and similar reference numerals are used.
In the apparatus shown in Figure 12, the air conduits 20 are provided
at the sides of the trays only and the exit openings or slots 25 for
the cooling air are confined to their inner-side wall 41, the
corresponding inlet openings 19 in the bottom 18 of the trays 10
adjacent the sides thereof There is only one compartment 28 between
the air conduits in each tray and cross bars, such as 42, may be
provided for supporting the grate sections The compartment 28 will be
open at the ends as before Two cooling air chambers 36 a are provided
which may be served by a bifurcated supply duct or by 65 separate
supply conduits 37 a.
In the apparatus illustrated in Figures 13 and 14, a single air
conduit 20 is emp)loye-d in each tray 10 and extends transversely of
the series of trays and right across the tray 70 The grates 21 as well
as the bottoms 18 of the trays are sectional as in Figures 2-4.
The inlet openings 19 to the air conduit of each tray, from a cooling
air chamber (not shown) arranged beneath the trays as 75 in Figure 1,
are similarly disposed transversely in the bottom 18 of the tray The
exit openings or slots 25 for the cooling air from the air conduit are
formed in the forward side wall 43 of such conduit The 80 rearward
side wall 44 of the air conduit is closed (i e unprovided with grate
apertures) although it forms a sloping rear end part of the grate 21
of the tray The grates thus have the grate apertures 22 only on the
for 85 ward side of the air conduit where the grate of each tray lies
over a single fines compartment 28 open at its forward end as will be
understood from Figure 13 If desired, instead of the air conduit being
a single 90 conduit extending right-across the trays as in Figures 13
and 14, several transverse air conduits may be provided for each tray
by 1 closing off the conduit portion of each section of the sectional
grate at the opposite 95 edges of the sections Each such transverse
air conduit would have its own single air inlet opening 19, single air
outlet opening 25, and single fines compartment 28 Of course, in the
construction shown in Figures 100 13 and 14, the single fines
compartment 28 could be divided by longitudinal partitions which could
be arranged to assist support of the forward part of the grates 21 on
the bottom of the trays 105 It will be apparent that other
constructions of apparatus comprising one or more of the cooling
medium conduits, and of the forwardly open fines collecting spaces or

7. comapartments, in the trays can be provided with 110 out departing
from the scope of the invention For instance, in one such construction
shown in Figure 15, the material-supporting grates 21 may be extended
forwardly as a series of spaced-apart fingers 45 These pro 115 vide a
comb-like extension of the grate which suitably is continuous from
side to side of the trays or pans Preferably, the fingers are spaced
apart a distance greater than the size of the largest pieces of
material that 120 fall through the grate itself and they may curve
slightly downwardly to their free end as shown This comb-like
extension facilitates discharge of the cooled material from the bed
while not interfering with the con 125 tinuity of the bed and the
desired cooling action A somewhat similar construction is seen at 45
in Figures 13 and 14 except that the fingers there are not curved
downwardly at their free end In another construction, the vertical
walls of the air conduit or conduits may be cast integrally with the
bottom of the trays, in which case the grates may be entirely flat
Lastly, a construction is illustrated in Figure 16, according to which
the air conduits 20 would run inclined to the sides of the trays Such
a construction may be applied so that, forwardly, the air conduits
incline inwardly or outwardly, or some incline inwardly and some
incline outwardly, with respect to the centre-line of the operative
flight of the apparatus.
We are aware that louvres forming slots have been suggested for
supporting lumpy material for cooling purposes using an apron-type
cooling conveyor, gaseous cooling medium being supplied under suction
or pressure to the space between the louvres.
The present invention avoids the use of louvred slots, a purpose of
this and of the method of construction being to enable three important
advantages to be obtained nameely:-( 1) to equalise the distribution,
over the area of the operative flight of the apparatus, of the
intensity of the stream of gaseous cooling medium, ( 2) to permit fine
agglomerated material to fall through the apertures in the grates and
be retained on the bottom of the trays, thereby effecting separation
thereof during cooling, and ( 3) to make the apparatus self cleaning
and thereby avoid clogging and interference, with the efficient
cooling effected by the apparatus, by the finer particles of
agglomerated material.
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8. * 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786130 (A)
Description: GB786130 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Removing and preventing coke formation in tubular heaters
Description of GB786130 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 13, 1955.
786,130 No 35725/55.
Application made in United States of America on Jan 27, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 32, E( 2:3 A).
International Classification:-Clog.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Removing and Preventing Coke Formation in Tubular Heaters We, Esso
RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, a Corporation duly organised and
existing under the Laws of the State of Delaware, United States of
America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to he
particularly described ill and by the following statement:The present
invention relates to an improved process for the vapour-phase thermal
cracking of normally-liquid hydrocarbons wherein the formation of coke
during passage of the hydrocarbon material through the tubes or coils
of a tubular heater or cracking coil is substantiallv avoided The
invention also relates to such a process wherein coke is removed
during continuation of the substantially normal flow of hydrocarbon
feed materials through a cracking coil system.
When hydrocarbon fluids are subjected to heating at elevated
temperatures in the presence of steam to secure thermal cracking in a
cracking coil furnace and similar heat exchangers, coke deposits tend
to form on the inner walls of the tubular members forming the furnace
coils to an extent which eventually requires that the apparatus be
taken out of service until the coke deposits are removed A variety of
methods for removal of such coke deposits have becen suggested In

9. addition to mechanical systems wherein the tube ends are opened and
the coke deposits removed by drilling or grinding, it has been
proposed that the coke deposits be removed by soaking in the presence
of boiling water followed by steaming and blowing with air while
applying heat externally of the tubes Chemical processes have also
been suggested as where the coke deposit is first impregnated with
sulfuric acid and thereafter subjected to the action of an alkali
carbonate solution to generate carbon dioxide gas within the
interstices of the deposit, and substantially by expansion of the
generated gas, causing removal of the 50 deposits adhering to the
inner walls of the cracking coil tubes.
Each of these methods has required that the normal function of the
furnace and coil or tubes for the cracking of hydro 55 carbon
materials be interrupted during the coke removal operation Such
interruption of on-stream time of the cracking coil, produces an
economic problem In addition, the coke removal processes previously 60
proposed have assumed the coke formation to be an inevitable result of
the cracking process, and therefore each has been directed to removal
of the coke after formation rather than through the preven-65 tion of
formation As a result, the gradual decreased efficiency of operation
of a cracking coil as coke formation progresses, has been an accepted
condition of operation 70 It is an object of the present invention to
provide for an improved process for the vapour-phase thermal cracking
of normallyliquid hydrocarbons in the presence of steam wherein the
initial formation of 75 coke deposits is inhibited It is a further
object of the invention to provide an improved process wherein coke
deposits, such as may have been formed in absence of the benefits of
the present disclosures,80 may be removed while continuing normal
operation of a steam cracking procedure.
Accordingly, the present invention comprises an improved process for
the vapourphase thermal cracking of a stream of 85 normally-liquid
hydrocarbons in the presence of steam wherein a solution of potassium
carbonate is injected into the stream of hydrocarbons at a point
upstream from the tubes or coils of the cracking 90 786,130 zone.
The invention may be more fully understood from the following
description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing,
wherein the flow path of a hydrocarbon feed material through an
apparatus for thermal cracking of such material in the presence of
steam is illustrated diagrammatically.
In the drawing, the numeral 1 designates a supply conduit leading from
a source of a hydrocarbon material employed as a feed stock to a
thermal cracking system, wherein cracking takes place in the presence
of injected steam The preheater 2 includes a convection heating
section 3 and a radiant heating section 4.

10. Each section may contain a series of banked tubular members arranged
in groups In the drawing, the convection and radiant tubes are shown
at 5 and 6.
The supply conduit 1 is connected to one or more of the tubular
members 5 at the inlet of the convection section 3 The convection
tubes are in turn connected to the tubes 6 in the radiant section of
the preheater 2, in a conventional manner.
Where two or more groups of convection tubes are employed, a similar
number of groups of radiant tubes are disposed in the radiant section
of the preheater As indicated by the arrows in the drawing, flow
through the convection sections and radiant sections is in
countereurrent relation to flame travel from burners 7, and to travel
of the convection gases through the preheater In the preheater the
burners are provided in the roof of the radiant section, flames and
hot gases traveling downwardly through this section through and around
the tubes and then passing upwardly through the convection section The
hydrocarbon material is vaporized during passage through the tubes 5
and 6, the vapors being discharged from the uppermost tubes in the
radiant section by way of an outlet conduit 8, passed through a
conduit 10 and thence into a separator drum 11.
o Utnder certain circumstances, as where the initial feed stock is a
clean material completely vaporizable at the temperatures which mav
exist in the preheater furnace 2, the vapors discharge from the
radiant section of the furnace 2 by way of the outlet conduit 8 and
the conduit 10 may be passed directly into the convection section of
the cracking furnace 16 by way of the by-pass conduit 9 communieating
between the conduit 10 and the conduit 1 i 3 Valves are provided in
the conduits 10 and 9 and suitably located therein to permit either
employment of the separator or by-passing of the separator In the
separator drum 11, unvaporized portions of the feed material are
withdrawn through a bottom conduit 12 while the vapors are taken off
overhead by conduit 13 In the steam cracking system contemplated by
the present invention, steam is introduced 70 into the separator drum
in a lower portion thereof by conduit 14 Steam may also be introduced
into the overhead conduit 13 bev conduit 15.
The cracking operation is carried out 75 with the feed material in a
vapor phase in the coils or tubes of a conventional cracking coil
furnace In the drawing, the furnace is shown at 16 and includes a
conveetion section 17 and a radiant seetion 80 18 The first tubes or
coils 19 are disposed in the convection section of the furnace while
the second tubes or coils 20 are in the radiant section In addition to
the tubes 19 and 20, soaker tubes 21 may be pro 83 vided, disposed at
or just below the entrance to the convection section Also.
as mentioned with reference to the vaporizer coils 5 and 6 the

11. respective furnace tubes 19 and 20 may be arraned 9 go as groups
disposed in banks and the conduit 13 is then connected b manllifolding
to the respective groups Also, where the convection tubes are divided
into two or more groups, the tubes 19 in the radiant 93 section of the
furnace will be divided into a correspondiing number of groups, with
each convection group of tubes connected to a corresponding grou-p of
tubes in the radiant section Normally, the convection 100 tubes 19 are
arranged in the convection section to provide for countercurrent flow
of the hydrocarbon vapours with respect to the flow of combustion
gases, while in the radiant section provision is made for flow 105 of
the vapours through the radiant tubes in concurrent relation to flame
travel from the heating burners 22.
In the apparatus illustrated, the soaker tubes are connected to a
transfer line 32, 110 provision being made at or adjacent to the
connection to the transfer line 32 for the introduction of a
comparatively cool liquid material for the purpose of quenching vapors
issuing from the soaker tubes to a l 11 temperature below the cracking
temperature attained in the furnace, by means of a connection 33 The
transfer line '2 is in turn connected to a fractionating column 34
preferably at an intermediate 120 level therein Product draw-off
conduits 35, 36 and 37, communicate with the fractionating tower for
removal of produet fractions therefrom Also, an overheal conduit 38
provides for withdrawal of 125 uneondensed gases while the conduit 39
provides -for withdrawal of the fractionator bottoms In the apparatus
illustrated, the liquid material employed for quenchin Lcracked
products issuin f from the furnace 130 786,130 is supplied by
recycling a portion of a product fraction as through the conduit
eonnection 40 between the draw-off conduit 36 and the conduit 33 In
certain circumstances, the soaker tubes 21 may be omitted, in which
case the outlets of the radiant tubes 20 are connected directly to the
conduit 32.
According to the present invention, in a conventional svstem such as
described above, means are provided for the introduction of a solution
of potassium carbonate which has been found to reduce the formation of
carbon or coke in the conduits and connections forming a flow path
through the respective furnaces and opening into the fractionator for
the vaporized feed material The potassium carbonate solution may be
introduced into the system at one or more points along the flow path.
Such points of introduction are represented in the drawing by the
conduit connections 41, 42 and 43 The conduit connection 41 provides
for introduction of the potassium carbonate solution along with the
liquid feed entering the preheater furnace 2 by way of the line 1 The
connection 42 is made to the overhead conduit connection between the
separator drum 11 and the convection section furnace tubes 19, while

12. the third connection 43 is made to the inlet of the radiant tubes 20
in cracking furnace 16 Each of the conduit connections 41, 42 and 43
is provided for communication with a supply conduit 44 including a
pump 45 for introducing the solution Although it is contemplated that
potassium carbonate may be introduced into the flow path at more than
one point alternately or simultaneously, it is preferred that such
introduction be accomplished at the entrance of the cracking furnace
by connection 42 and overhead conduit 13 Also, while the connection 42
is provided to be fed by pump 45 in supply conduit 44, the potassium
carbonate solution may be alternately introduced with the steam
through the conduit by the employment of a steam injector 46 connected
in the conduit 15 and to supply conduit 44 by line 47.
In a conventional steam cracking operation, a cracking feed stock
selected from hydrocarbon materials such as heavy naphtha, kerosene or
gas oil is fed into the preheater furnace 2 through feed conduit 1 and
thence into the separator 11 by means of heating coils 5 and 6,
conduit connection 8 and conduit 10 Depending upon the nature of the
feed stock, the material passing through the conduit 1 is raised from
a temperature at the inlet in the range of from 1001 F to 500 OF, to a
temperature at the outlet of the furnace 2 in the range of from 6000 F
to 9000 F.
In the separator 11, those fractions not vaporized in the furnace 2
are removed as bottoms through the line 12 Although not shown, this
material may be recyeled or removed from the system for special 70
treatment Steam added to the separator by connection 14 tends to
increase the partial pressure of the feed material facilitating
vaporization of the preheated material The combined vapors from the 75
separator drum 11 then pass by way of the conduit 13 into the
convection section 17 of the cracking furnace 16 and through the tubes
19 therein Conventionally additional steam is introduced into the 80
vapor transfer line 13 intermediate the separator drum and the inlet
of the convection tubes 19 in section 17.
In passing through the cracking coil furnace 16, the vapors from the
separator 85 drum 11 are subjected to elevated temperatures in the
cracking range and depending on the initial feed stock in the range of
from about 10500 F, to about 18000 F The pressures employed in such 90
a system may range from the lowest pressure feasible to maintain
adequate flow through the system to substantially elevated pressures
In the tubes in the cracking coil furnace itself, the inlet 95
pressures conventionally may be in the range of from the pressure
substantially adequate to produce flow, to about p s i g and higher
Conventional preferred inlet pressures and outlet tem 100 peratures in
the cracking coil are in the range of from about 50 p s i g to about p
s i g and from about 12000 F to about 14001 F Passing from the

13. cracking coil furnace by way of the conduit 32 the 105 cracked vapors
are introduced into a fractionator tower 34 In the fractionator, the
vapors are fractionated and condensed in stages upwardly through the
tower 34; various fractions are thereby obtained 11 O which are
removed at intervals upwardly through the tower by product draw-off
lines 35, 36 and 37 The heavier most readily condejisable portions of
the vapor stream are removed as bottoms from the 115 tower 34 by
conduit 39, while the substantially uncondensed and uncondensable
vapors or gases are removed overhead through the conduit 38 In order
to avoid continuance of the cracking reaction 120 during passage
through the conduit 32, it is customary to quench the vapor stream
therein by introducing a cooler liquid material through line 33 It is
also conventional to supply this quenching liquid 125 from a selected
product stream or streams withdrawn from the fractionator A provision
for a typical recycle quench is shown in the drawing by the conduit
connection 40 between conduit 36 and 130 conduit 33.
In an operation such as described above, difficulty is frequently
experienced as a result of the formation and deposit of coke on the
inner walls of the crackhiil-r coil tube such as the indicated tubes
19, 20 and 21 These deposits may eventually substantially plug these
tubes forming the cracking coil requiring the system to be shut down
while the deposits are removed by such methods as have been previously
referred to Valuable production time is thus lost In addition, if the
deposits form within the tubes, the tubes tend to overheat, resulting
in rapid deterioration of the metal and also in reduction of operatin
efficiency As a result of operating according to the present
invention, the original formation of carbon may be reduced with a
consequent extension of on-stream time for the system Also, where the
method according to the present invention has not been employed
initially in the cracking operation, removal of tube deposits and coke
may be accomplished effectively.
It has been found that by the injection of small amounts of potassium
carbonate at one or more points in the flow path for the feed
materials or their vapors, initial formation of coke deposits may be
inhibited or substantial removal of previouslv formed deposits may be
accomplished As shown in the drawing, the potassium carbonate is
introduced with the feed stoek into the conduit 1 by means of conduit
41, into the vapor line 13 from the separator 11 by means of the
conduit 42, and b)v means of the connection 43 into the inlet of the
coils 20 in the radiant section 18 of the crack-ing coil furnace 16.
Any convenient system for introducing the inhibitor material may be
employed in the apparatus as illustrated It is contemplated that the
material will be introduced as a solution of potassium carbonate and
preferably as an aqueous solutio-n as by means of pump 45 and

14. discharge conduit X 4 Also represented in the drawing' is a
supplementary or alternative system for the introduction of a
potassium carbonate solution Siuch a system is represented as a steam
injector 46 in the steam conduit connection 13 whereby a potassium
carhonate solution may be drawn irom the line 44 through the conduit
connection 47.
Preferably the solution is prepared and introduced into the system in
such a fashion as to accomplish a concentration of potassium carbonate
in the range of fronm aboust 20 to about 40 parts by weight per
million parts of the liquid feed stock initially fed into the system,
although the proportion may be in the range of from about 5 to 100
parts per million 65 As a specific example of an operation according
to the present invention a cracking coil feed stock comprising -as oil
was passed through the preheater furnace 2 by way of the conduits 1,)
and 6 at the 70 rate of about 393 i 00 lbis per hour, the temperature
of the feed stock at the inlet to the convection coil section 5 was
about 4500 F, and was at a pressure of 130 pounds per square inch
gauge In the pre 75 heater furnace, the incoming feed stock was raised
to a temperature of 800 F, at the outlet of the coils 6 After
separation in the drum 11, the overhead vapors were passed by line 13
N to the inlet of convection 80 tubes 19 in the cracking coil furnace
16.
Steam was introduced into the system through connections 14 and 1 3 to
the extent of a total of about 9,000 pounds per hour of which the
major portion or 85 7 a 3 %-80 % was introduced b)y conduit 13.
The temperature of the vapors entering the coils 19 w-as about 7601 F
At the same time an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate was
introduced into the 90 conduit 13 by conduit connection 42 This
solution consisted of potassiumn carbonate, in the proportion of 1 %,
by weight in water and the solution was introduced into the conduit 13
at a rate of 13 gallons per 95 hour providing a percentage
introduction of 0 32 wt % of solution on the feed stock at the feed
rate of 9 00 lbs per hour.
At this rate, the proportion of potassium carbonate injected to the
feed stock was 100 about 32 parts per million In this example, the
introduction of the aqueous solution of potassium carbonate was
commenced after the system had been operated in a conventional manner
without the 105 introduction of potassium carbonate, for a period of
about seven months and just prior to what would have been the normal
or conventional cut-off time for the decolking operation By
inspection, the tubes 110 in furnace 16 had indicated a number of hot
spots, and several tubes had shown sigulis of extreme overheating In
addition, the pressure drop tlhrough the system fronm the inlet line
13 to the outlet of the 115 conduit 32 had increased from a coil

15. pressure drop of about 43 to 35 pounds per square inch gauge to a
pressure drop of 66.7 pounds per square inch gauge, indieating that
the coils were heavily coked 120 Operation of the system with
injection of the aqueous potassium carbonate solution as described
above was continued for a period of over fifteen days During that
time, the following table indicates the 125 improved operation
obtained during the treatment period, shlowing averaged data for two
coil circuits:
786,130.
786,130 TABLE L
POTASSIUM CARBONATE DEC Oi(ING TEST Pressures, Psig.
Day Time Coil Inlet PressureCoil Outlet Pressure Delta P 1 8:00 A M 83
5 16 8 66 7 (Just prior to start of test) 2 9:00 A M 81 17 4 63 6 3
8:30 A M 79 5 17 3 62 2 4 9:00 A M 78 18 60 0 8 8:00 A M 75 18 57 0 9
9:30 A M 77 5 19 58 5 8:30 A M 77 5 18 5 59 0 9:00 A M, 75 5 11:00 A M
76 5 11 8:30 A M 77 5 18 5 59 0 8:00 A M 81 20 5 60 5 Before changing
circuit flow to equalize radiant outlet temperature.
a After changing circuit flow to equalize radiant outlet temperature.
In addition to the improved operation as shown by the foregoing table,
visual inspection also indicated improved conditions in the cracking
coil tubes This was particularly noticeable in that the tubes in the
radiant section 18 of the furnace 16 visibly darkened during the test
indicating that coke deposits had been removed from the tubes Also,
when after the test had been completed, the tubes were opened for
inspection, the tubes in the radiant section were found to be cleaner
than normal with coke formation within the tubes ranging from no more
than an extremely thin film at the inlet of the tubes to a deposit
about 1/4 " in thickness at the outlet This deposit compares favorably
with deposits found in conventional operation wherein they would range
up to a substantially completely blocked condition at the outlet The
reduction of coke took place also in the convection tubes 19 as well
as in the soaker tubes 21 Considerable amounts of loose coke in pieces
ranging up to the circumference of the tubes and about 4 " in length
were also found at the outlet of the tubes in the radiant section as
well as in the return bends and in the soaker tubes indicating that
the action of the injected potassium carbonate solution had not only
inhibited the formation of additional coke deposits, but had also
acted to destroy deposits previously formed.
This example shows the particular utility of using substantial
anmounts of potassium carbonate, within the range of about 20-40 ppm,
to overcome severe coking In this aspect of the invention, periodic
injection of such quantities of potassium carbonate may be employed,
for example, on a monthly or bimonthly basis.
Alternatively, however, somewhat smaller amounts of potassium

16. carbonate may be continuously injected In this case amounts of about
5-10 ppm may be employed so as to inhibit coke formation 65
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* GB786131 (A)
Description: GB786131 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in tubeless tyre
Description of GB786131 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE544015 (A)
BE544015 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7863131 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Dec 28,
1955.
No 37099/55.
Application made in United States of America on March 3, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Nov 13, 1957.

17. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 2 ( 6), P 2 A, P 2 C( 11: 13 B), P 2
D(IA: 1 B), P 2 (K 7: T 2 A), P 7 A, P 7 C( 11: 13 B), P 7 D(IB: 2 A
1), P 7 (K 2: T 2 A); and 144 ( 2), C 3 B 9.
International Classification: -B 62 g CO 8 d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements, in Tubeless Tyre We, UNITED STATES RUBBER COMPANY, Of
Rockefeller Center, 1230, Avenue of the Americas, New York, State of
New York, United States of America, a corporation organized and
existing under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by ithe following
statement: -
This invention relates to an improved pneumatic tire of the tubeless
type, and more particularlv it relates to a tubeless tire embodying an
air-retaining liner of unusual effectiveness.
The invention is based on the employment in the liner of butadiene:
styrene copolymer containing an unusually high proportion of styrene.
In the manufacture of tubeless tires it has proven to be unusually
difficult to provide the tire with a satisfactory air-retaining liner
on the interior surface of the tire carcass The liner is required to
be at once tenaciously adherent to the carcass and capable of
retaining air to a far greater extent than the usual rubber
compositions utilized in the carcass.
These two requirements have been, up to the present time, largely
contradictory, that is, it has not been possible to furnish a liner
material that would simultaneously fulfil both requirements to the
extent necessary The problem is complicated by the fact that the liner
must also have sufficient toughness and strength to resist injury when
the tire is being mounted or used, and it must resist cracking under
the influence of continual flexing to which it is subjected in service
Also, in the raw state the liner preferably must possess sufficient "
building tack " to permit it to be built into the tire without any
tendency toward undesirable separation or displacement of the parts
either prior or subsequent to vulcanization of the tire The numerous
liner compositions which have been devised by those skilled in this
art in an effort to meet these requirements leave much to be desired.
Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to provide
an improved tubeless tire liner capable of ameliorating the foregoing
50 difficulties.
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the
accompanying drawing, the single figure of which represents in
transverse cross-section a tubeless tire embodying 55 the invention.
Referring to the drawing, the tire depicted therein comprises a

18. vulcanizable rubber tread overlying a carcass 11 made of a plurality
of plies of rubberized tire fabric, which are 60 wrapped around
inextensible bead members 12 contained in the rim-engaging portions of
the tire The carcass rubber may be composed of a natural rubber
composition or it may be composed of GR-S synthetic rubber, that is,
65 the rubbery copolymer of butadiene and styrene having a styrene
content of about 24 % The carcass may also be based on mixtures of
Hevea rubber and GR-S The inner surface of the carcass is provided
with a cover 70 ing layer or liner 13 that is formulated in a manner
that will be described below, and that serves to retain the air within
the tire casing.
End portions of the liner may extend around the beads of the tire to
the exterior surface 14 75 thereof, or the beads may be surfaced with
other suitable rubber compositions The interior crown surface of the
liner preferably has applied thereto a layer 15 of plastic
puncture-sealing material that serves to plug 80 any holes formed in
the event that the tread and carcass are accidentally punctured by
nails or other objects.
The various parts of the tire structure, including the liner and the
puncture-sealing 85 layer, may be assembled in proper relation in
accordance with known tire-building practices, usually by assembling
the parts in the form of an essentially flat band on a tirebuilding
drum The band is removed from 90 the building drum and shaped into
toroidal form, either with the aid of the usual shaping box and curing
bag, or the band is inserted directly into the type of vulcanizing
press containing an integral curing bag and adapted to shape the band
into tire form automatically as the mold is closed The tire casing is
thereafter vulcanized in the finally desired shape in the mold The
liner may also be applied to the tire carcass after the unvulcanized
band has been removed from the tire-building drum and before the
shaping operation In either case the liner is assembled with the
carcass while both the carcass stock and the liner stock are in a raw,
unvulcanized condition, and the liner is vulcanized in place on the
carcass in the course of the molding operation.
The liner of the invention is based on a butadiene-styrene copolymer
characterized by unusually high styrene content, viz, a styrene
content of at least 40 % It has been found that liner compositions
based on the butadiene-styrene copolymer containing the specdfled
unusually high proportion of styrene have excellent air-retention that
is greater than the air-retention of Hevea rubber or of ordinary GR-S
containing about 23 5 % styrene.
A preferred liner of the invention is comprised of a blend of from 20
to 50 parts of Hevea rubber and correspondingly from 80 to parts of a
butadiene-styrene copolymer containing from 40 % to 80 % of

19. copolymerized styrene It has been found that such blends provide the
required building tack, with the result that the liner adheres well to
a raw carcass of Hevea rubber or GR-S or blends thereof, and good
adhesion is also achieved and maintained in the finally vulcanized
assembly At the same time, it has been found that such blends, in
which the butadienestyrene copolymer contains the specified
proportions of styrene, not only have excellent air-retention but also
provide good physical properties in the cured condition.
Particularly preferred blends contain about 35-45 parts of Hevea
rubber and correspondingly about 65-55 parts of the high-styrene
copolymer, containing about 43-60 % styrene.
Good results are also obtainable when additional elastomeric materials
are included in the liner blend A particularly suitable additional
elastomer for this purpose is that represented by the type of
synthetic rubber known as butyl rubber (low-temperature copolymerizate
of an isoolefin such as isobtuylene with 0 5 to 10 % of a conjugated
diolefin such as isoprene) The added butyl ruber may take the form of
butyl rubber reclaim If desired the butyl rubber may first be modified
by reacting it chemically with a limited amount of a curing agent,
such as dinitrosobenzene, as disclosed, for example, in our
Specification No 746,727 Liner compositions of this kind are based on
at least 20 parts (up to 100 parts) of the high styrene copolymer The
Hevea rubber usually amounts to 25 to 50 parts The other elastomer
such as butyl rubber usually amounts to 20 to 60 parts, and may be
used in addition to or as a substitute for the Hevea rubber,
especially when the butyl rubber is reclaimed or chemically modified
These figures are based on a total of 100 parts elastomer Particularly
advantageous liner compositions contain 100 parts ofl elastomer made
up of about 20 to 40 parts of the butadiene: high styrene copolymer
rubber, about 25 to 40 parts of Hevea rubber, and about 40 to 50 parts
of butyl rubber hydrocarbon.
The liner composition may also include carbon black in amount of from
about 20 to parts, as well as conventional vulcanizing and other
compounding ingredients, in the usual amounts Other fillers or
pigments may also be used in place of or in addition to carbon black
Where a light or brightcolored liner is desired, precipitated hydrated
silica is a particularly suitable material for use as a filler in the
amount indicated.
Cements or adhesives may be employed to aid in adhering the liner to
other parts of the tire assembly Building tack and adhesive qualities
are imparted to the liner composition by the above-nmentioned
additional elastomers, especially Hevea rubber Butyl rubber reclaim
also has a beneficial effect on the adhesive qualities.
EXAMPLE I 95

20. In a typical example of a liner composition formulated in accordance
with the invention, we us& 60 parts of butadiene-styrene copolymer
containing 46 % styrene, blended with 40 parts of Hevea rubber, and 40
parts of carbon 100 black This stock is further compounded to make the
following composition:Butadiene-styrene copolymer ( 46 % styrene) 60
Hevea rubber 40 105 Carbon black 40 Stearic acid 1 Zinc oxide 3
2-mercaptobenzothiazole 1 Di Dhenylguanidine 0 2 110 Sulfur 2 This
stock after vulcanization is several times as good as Hevea rubber in
air-retention, and almost twice as good as regular GR-S, a
butadiene-styrene copolymer containing about 115 23.5 % styrene It
also has much better building tack than regular GR-S, and has good
adhesion to a tire carcass stock This mixture has excellent
high-temperature properties; for example, the tensile strength at 2120
F is 12 C 1770 pounds per square inch.
Even better air-retention can be obtained by using 20 parts of Hevea
rubber and 80 parts of a butadiene-sty Tene copolymer containing 46 %o
styrene This mixture, with 40 parts of 125 carbon black, was 5 7 times
as air-retentive as Hevea rubber containing carbon black.
EXAMPLE II
The following compositions further illustrate the invention: 13 C
786,131 786,131 Ingredients Parts by Weight 1 2 3 4 5
Butadiene-styrene rubber containing 46 % styrene 28 5 28 5 20 20 75
Smoked sheet 28 5 28 5 40 40 50 Butyl rubber 43 0 43 0 40 40 25 Butyl
rubber reclaim 75 Reaction-product of diethylene glycol and
cyclohexcnyltrichlorosilane ( 1) 1 5 "Hi-Sil " (Registered Trade Mark)
silica ( 2) "Spheron 6 " (Registered Trade Mark) carbon black 40 40
"Philblack 0 " carbon black 40 "Pelletex " (Registered Trade Mark)
carbon black 60 "Kadox" zinc oxide -3 3 3 3 5 Stearic acid 1 1 1 1 2
Pine tar 15 Mercaptobenzothiazole 0 2 0 2 1 5 0 5 0 6
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide 1 0 1 0 Diphenylguanidine 0 1 Sulfur 2 0
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 ( 1) The use of this material in conjunction with
precipitated hydrated silica pigment is disclosed in our Specification
No 714,121.
( 2) Commercial form of precipitated hydrated silica described in our
Specification No.
715,244 After being cured, these compositions had the following
properties:1 2 3 4 5 Tear strength at 2120 F, lbs /0 1 inch 0 6 1 3 9
6 Air-retention relative to Hevea as 1 8 7 7 0 3 1 3 2 3 2 Initial
adhesion to carcass stock, lbs /inch 2 6 0 4 14 0 2 0 6 0 1.4 Adhesion
after aging in Geer oven 4 0 0 2 6 0 1 0 4 0 0.6 EXAMPLE III II, liner
stocks were formulated from the In the same manner as in Examples I
and following elastomers: Elastomer Parts by Weight 6 7 8 9 10 11
Butadiene-styrene rubber containing 46 % stvrene 60 60 60 100 100 100
Hevea rubber 40 40 40 Butyl reclaim 100 100 Modified butyl ( 1) 55 55

21. ( 1) Butyl rubber reacted with a small amount of dinitrosobenzene as
disclosed in our Specification No 746,727 The relative air-retentions
of these stocks after cure were as follows: 6 7 8 9 10 11
Air-retention relative to Hevea as 100 % 100 179 181 173 238 312 A
principal advantage of the present pre at some point in the carcass a
composition of ferred liner composition is that no special the
invention is present in the form of a lining bonding layer is required
between the air or enclosing envelope extending completely retaining
layer and the carcass The composi circumferentially of the tire and
running across 65 tion may be utilized by skim coating the com the
crown of the tire from one bead area to the position directly upon the
fabric surface of the other to serve as a barrier against diffusion of
band ply of the carcass If desired, one or air Since the preferred
compositions adhere more of the various fabric plies of the carcass,
well directly to the tire cord fabric (ordinarily including not only
the band ply but the ply or treated with the usual adhesive based on
latex 70 plies underlying the band ply, may be surfaced and resin) or
to the other rubber stocks on one or both sides with liner
compositions employed in the tire, unusual latitude in the of the
invention, the essential point being that placing of the liner
composition is possible.
Because of its excellent physical properties, the liner composition is
capable of performing not only the air-retaining function, but also
the usual functions of tire carcass stock, and therefore it may
replace all or part of such tire carcass stock in on the tire fabric.
A particularly unexpected and critical feature of the invention lies
in the selection of a butadiene: styrene rubber containing the
specified high proportion of styrene, which is far greater than the
styrene content of GR-S rubber as usually employed in pneumatic tires.
Without such high styrene content in the butadiene: styrene copolymer
component of the liner composition, the new results of the invention
are not attainable In particular, the desired air-retention is not
achieved with the low-styrene copolymer, such as ordinary GR-S.
Preferred liner compositions of the inven tion may be described in
terms of their overall content of styrene as supplied by the
butadiene: styrene copolymer containing 40-80 % styrene Thus, blends
of the butadiene:
high-styrene copolymer with natural rubber and/or butyl rubber reclaim
advantageously contain combined styrene in amount of at least 10-20 %
as a lower limit, up to some % as a typical upper limit, based on the
total weight of the polymers If the butadiene: high-styrene copolymer
is employed alone the typically rubber form of this copolymer
containing not more than 60 % styrene is used.

22. * Sitemap
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* GB786132 (A)
Description: GB786132 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of trouser fly units
Description of GB786132 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
CH335618 (A)
CH335618 (A) less
Translate this text into Tooltip
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Translate this text into
The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: G'EOR'GE WALDES Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification: Jan 3, 1956.
No 150/56.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 44, BE 4 E; and 112, G 2 A 1 B.
International Classification:-A 44 b D 05 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements, in or relating to the Manufacture of Trouser Fly Units

23. We, WALD Es Ko H-I-NOOR INC, of 4716, Austel Place, Long Island 'City
1, New York, United States of America, a corporation organized and
existing under the laws of the State of New York, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to 'be particularly described in and 'by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to the manufacture of jouser fly units, each
unit comprising a slide fastener stringer.
In the manufacture of zipper closures for trouser fly openings, it was
earlier the usual practice to sew a complete zipper of the required
length to a pair of fly strips which had been previously cut to
desired length and to the required curvature at their crotch ends.
To overcome the numerous handling and relatively time-consuming
operations involved, in the prior practice, it was later proposed to
separately attach each of the zipper stringers to its fly strip by
feeding successive lengths of a continuous zipper stringer, i e a
stringer devoid of element-free spaces characterizing the conventional
slide fastener stringer, from a roll or spool on to a preformed fly
strip, thereupon sewing said parts together, and finally cutting the
stringer to the length of the preformed fly strip While improving the
earlier procedure to some extent, the latter procedure nevertheless
also involved considerable handling of the fly strips both in their
preforming and in properly relating them to the continuous zipper
stringer for the subsequent sewing and final cutting operations.
With a view to providing a method of attaching zipper closures to the
fly strips of a trouser fly closure, which is simpler, faster and more
economical in its practice than' the prior methods as outlined in the
foregoing, the present invention consists in a method of manufacturing
trouser fly units, which comprises the steps of progressively
associating a continuous slide fastener stringer with a strip of fly
lPrice ' material, securing said stringer and fly strip together in a
continuous operation, and severing fly units of the required length
from the combined stringer and fly strip S O Preferably, the stringer
and fly strip are secured together by, sewing Simultaneously with the
severing operation 'the adjacent end edges of two succeeding fly units
may be formed of which one is curved as required 55 at the crotch end
of the respective fly unit.
The continuous slide fastener stringer and the strip of fly material
may be arranged in roll formation, said stringer and strip of fly
material, being drawn together at a constant 60 rate and in such
manner that they are disposed in superimposed and laterally offset
relation, the stringer and strip' of fly material' being progressively
secured together in a continuous operation and, the combined stringer

24. and strip 65 of fly material being caused to move in a linear path,
the severing operation being performed during the movement of the
combined stringer and strip of fly material along said path,
Alternatively, the stringer and the strip 70 of fly material may be
drawn at a continuous rate from' the respective sources of supply, the
said stringer and' strip of fly material being brought into
superimposed and laterally offset relation and being progressively
secured to 75 gether, fly units of the required length being severed
from the combined stringer and strip of fly material from the end,
thereof while the same is in motion.
To make the invention clearly understood 80 reference will now be made
to the accompanying drawings which are given by way of example and in
which: Fig 1 generally illustrates the manner in which the zipper
stringer is continuously 85 assembled with and attached to the fly
strip, and the combined stringer and, fly strip is thereupon fed to a
cutting device functioning to sever complete fly units from the
combined stringer and fly strip advancing thereto, the 90 view
illustrating the method followed in forming the right-side fly units;
and 786 A 132 Fig 2, is a view illustrating the same method of
assembly, attachment and severance employed in the production of the
opposite or left-side trouser fly units, the view additionally
illustrating a complete left-side fly unit severed from the combined
zipper stringer and fly strip advancing to the cutting device.
Referring to Fig 1, reference numeral 10 designates a reel or spool on
which is wound an indeterminate length of fly strip material 11 and
which is subsequently to be cut into lengths suitable for use as the
fly strip of a trouser fly Spaced from but operatively related to the
spool 10 is another reel or spool 12 on which is wound an
indeterminate length of a continuous slide fastener or zipper stringer
13, as the term "stringer" is herein employed to include the zipper
tape 14 carrying along one edge thereof a multiplicity of fastener
elements 15 arranged at uniformly spaced intervals along the length of
the edge to which they attach.
According to the invention, the zipper stringer 13 and the fly strip
11 are drawnfrom the spools 12 and 10, respectively, at a uniform rate
and are brought together in superimposed and laterally offset relation
in advance of being run through a sewing machine, not shown In passing
through the sewing machine, the zipper stringer 13 is progressively
sewn to the fly strip 11 by a longitudinal line of stitches 1:6.
The combined stringer and fly strip leaving the sewing machine as a
continuously moving web or strip may, for example, be wound on a spool
and stored for use in making up individual fly units therefrom as
required, in the manner hereinafter explainedi, or, as illustrated, it
may be fed at the uniform rate at which it leaves the sewing machine

25. directly to a cutting device generally designated 17.
Preferably, the cutting device has multiple cutting edges, of which
the forward or leading edge 18 is straight and disposed transversely
to the length of the combined stringer and fly strip, and the rear or
trailing cutting edge 19 has curvature corresponding to that required
at the crotch end of a trouser fly unit.
The cutting device 17 may be mechanically driven and, its operation is
timed to the rate of feed motion of the combined stringer and fly
strip advancing to it, so that, on each stroke, its cutting edge 18
severs from the end portion thereof a length which corresponds to that
required for the particular trouser fly unit being produced Due to the
straight and transverse disposition of the cutting edge 18, the edge
of the fly, unit which it forms is straight and normal to the length
of said unit, as required for the top edge of such a unit.
In addition to its severing or cutting-off function as aforesaid, the
cutting device 17 through its trailing cutting edge 19 also forms the
end edge of the combined stringer and fly strip resulting after the
cutting-off operation aforesaid to the curvature required at the
crotch of the fly unit Thus, each operation of the cutting device 17
results not only in the production of a proper length of fly unit
having a straight top edge, but also forms the 70 crotch-end edge for
the next succeeding fly unit to be severed.
It will be understood from the illustrated curvature of the crotch-end
edge formed as aforesaid that the fly unit produced according 75 to
Fig, 1 is for use as the right-side fly for the trouser opening The
left-side fly may be formed in similar manner, with the exception
that, in assembling the fly strip 21 and fastener or zipper stringer
22, the fly strip is preferably 80 superimposed on the stringer, and
said parts are related laterally so that the edge of the stringer tape
which is devoid of the fastener elements 23 extends beyond the
corresponding edge of the fly strip, so that the latter extends 85 in
covering relation to the fastener elements generally as illustrated It
is also to be understood that the cutting device 17 a employed in
severing the right-side fly unit from the combined stringer and fly
strip advancing to 90 it is oppositely disposed as respects the
cutting device 17, with the result that the curved cutting edge
thereof forms the crotch-end edge to a curvature opposite that given
by the cutting edge 19; that is to say, to the curvature 95 required
at the crotch end of a left-side trouser fly.
In actual practice of the above described method, it has been
established that zippertype fly units may be manufactured at a sub 100
stantially faster rate and more economically than possible according
to the prior methods.
This follows from the fact that, according to the present method, it

26. is no longer necessary to preform the fly strips in advance of sewing
105 them to the required lengths of zipper or slide fastener
stringers; or of cutting the stringers to the length of the preformed
fly strips when the stringers are supplied in a continuous length On
the other hands according to the 11 C present method, continuous
lengths of both zipper stringer and fly strip may be sewn together
uninterruptedly and thereupon continuously fed in a linear path to a
cutting device which effects severance therefrom of a 113 fly unit of
required length and, simultaneously therewith, cuts the edge of the
advancing combined stringer and fly strip which is to form the crotch
end of the next fly unit to be severed to the required curvature 12 (
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* GB786133 (A)
Description: GB786133 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Force storage brake for vehicles
Description of GB786133 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 6, 1956.
Application made in Switzerland on Feb 16, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
786,133 No 578/56.
Index at acceptance:-Class 103 ( 1), E 2 (C 1:L 4), E 3 D, F 1 A( 2
B:2 C), F 1 K 2.
International Classification:-B 62 d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Force Storage Brake for Vehicles We, T Er TRA A G Fu R HYDRAULISCHE BR
Em DSEN U APPARATE, of DietlikonZurich, Switzerland, a Body Corporate

27. organised under the Laws of Switzerland, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The invention relates to a force storage brake for vehicles such as
motor vehicles, trailers and the like.
Known force storage brakes have the disadvantagoe that they cannot be
used as normal-operation brakes, since once the stored force, usually
spring force, has been released, it cannot practically any longer be
kept under control during the braking process Spring storage brakes
have hitherto been used only as emergency brakes or breakaway brakes
for trailers, while another brake system always had to be provided for
the normal-operation brakes.
In order to obviate these disadvantages, the force storage brake
according to the invention has two force storage means, one of which
generates brake force on discharge while the other seeks to prevent
the discharge of the brake force storage means by means of a
counteracting force.
Said brake also has a control by means of which the brake force
storage means is discharged and the counteracting force storage means
simultaneously charged on the application of the brake, and the
counteracting force storage means is diseharged and the brake force
storage means re-eharged on the release of the brake.
Such a force storage brake can be used as an independent
normal-operation brake and at the same time also as an emergency break
or breakaway brake The combination according to the invention, of two
force storage means renders it possible Err gradually and sensitively
to develop a large brake force with this force storage brake by using
only a slight operating force, and also gradually to fade out said
brake force merely by a movement of the 50 brake control.
The force storage means is preferably constructed as spring force
storage means.
It is advisable so to dimension and arrange both force storage means
that 55 when the brake is released, the counteracting force and the
stored force of the brake force storage means are in equilibrium so
that by the action of the brake control on the counteracting force 60
storage means this equilibrium is eliminated and the brake can be
applied.
In order to enable the invention to be more readily understood,
reference is made to the accompanying drawings which 65 illustrate
diagrammatically and by way of example, two embodiments thereof and in
which:
Fig 1 illustrates one embodiment of force storage brake in the "off"
position: 70 Fig 2 illustrates the force storage brake of Fig 1 in the

28. "on" position; and Fig 3 shows a simplified embodiment Qf a force
storage brake of a tractor with a trailer 75 In the embodiment
illustrated in Figs.
l-and 2, the force storage brake has, as main parts, a compression
spring 1 serving as brake force storage means, a compression spring 2
serving as counteracting 80 force storage means, a lever 3 serving as
brake control, and a pump 4 by means of which the lever 3 can
hydraulically tension and release the tension of the spring 1.
The spring 1 is disposed in a force 85 storage cylinder 5, which is
connected to the pump 4 by means of a pipeline 6, so that a fluid
pressure effecting the tensioning or tension release of the spring 1
can be produced in a pressure chamber 7 of 90 786,133 the force
storage cylinder 5 by mealns of said pump 4 A piston 8 serves to
transmit this pressure to the spring 1, the projecting rim of said
piston serving as cylindrical wall 9 of the pressure chamber 7 and as
spring retainer for the spring 1 The pressure chamber 7 is closed by a
housing part 12 of the force storage cylinder 5, which housing part 12
is provided with a seal 11 The piston 8 possesses a piston rod 13,
which is connected by a linkaae 14 to a brake cable 15, which latter
is connected to braking members (not illustrated) of the vehicle
wheels.
A turbe, in which the spring 2 is disposed, serves as brake lever 3 so
that the counteracting force storage means is situated in the force
storage brake control member The spring 2 possesses a tensionina
device, which consists of a spring retainer 16, a tension rod 17, a
chain 1 88 and a sprocket wheel 19 and -which is anchored fast outside
the brake lever 3,, namely on a projection 20 on the pump housing The
brake lever 3 has a handle 21 on the one side, and on the other side,
a bent part 22, which is connected at one end rotatably about a
spindle 2-3 to a pump housing projection 24 The sprocket wheel 19 is
rotatably mounted on a shaft 25 in the bent part 22 of the bralke ever
3.
The pump 4 has a cylinder 26 which is connected by a replenishing
opening 27 and a pressure equalising bore 2 to a fluid container 29,
in which the fluid serving as working medium in the pumip 4 is at
atmospheric pressure In the cylindler 26 is disposed a piston 23
wvhich is provided with packings 30, 31 on both sides and which
movably closes a pressure chamber 33 of the elinder 26 A rtibber
sleeve, -which seals on one side onlr and vhich is adapted to admit
fluid into the pressure chamber, 33 serves as packing: 31 of the
piston 32 on the pressure chamber side The pressure chamber 33, is
eonneeted to the pressure chamber 7 of the force storage cylinder 5 by
the pipeline 6 The pump piston 32 has a piston rod 3-4 -hiis connected
by a joint 35 to the bent part 22 of the brake lever 3.

29. The mode of operation of the aforedescribed force storage brake is as
follows:In the "off" position of the 1 r'lie shownw in Fig 1 the brake
force storiae means is charged, that is to say the spring 1 is
tensioned and the 'ountcwaetm" orce storage means is -leroely dis'A
Loi ef that is to say the spring 2 is larAK releaser Of tension
Accordingly the niston R is situated in its inner tlead centre p-siti
Onl and the brake cable 15 is not tenisionied.
The stored force of the spring 1 exerts a pressure, by means of the
piston S, upon the fluid in the chamber 7, which pressure is
transmitted in to the pressure chamber 3 through the pipeline 6 and
seeks to 70 raise the brake lever 3 by means of the piston:32 and the
piston rod 34 said pressure however, is opposed by the spring 2,
which, by a counteracting force, pulls the bent part 22 of the brake
lever:3 by 75 means of the chain 18 against the pump housing
projection 20 and thus prevents a ehange of position of the brake
lever:3 and tension release of the spring 1 For this purpose, the
springs 1, 2 and the 80 operative lever arms of the forces acting upon
the brake lever 3 are so dimensioned that when the brake is off, the
stored force of the spring 1 and the eounteractin fl-cree of the
spring 2 are in equilibrium, so that 85 althougfh no special arresting
means is provided the brake lever:' remainbs in tlie brake release
position.
If as shown in Fig 2 the brake ij to lie applied the eiluilil riuni is
di+ n 90 tinued 1)m the action ofi muscular force on the handle 21 of
the brake lever 3 and the latter is raised At the same time llhe chain
wheel 1 ( Tlnes away from 1 le anchoring of the ( lain Vn on the p
Umllp 95 housing projection 20 so that the spring 2 is tensioned The
pump piston 32 follows the movement of the bent part 22 of the brake
lever 3 thus resulting in an increase in size of the pumip pressure
100 chambler 323 -Under the pressure of the simulltaneously relaxing
spring 1 the piston 8 S of the foree storage cylinder 5 displaces
fluid from the pressure chamber 7 of the latter into the pump pressure
105 chamber:33 and at the same time tensions the brake eahile 15 byv
means of the piston rod 13 and the linkage 14 The bore 28 is so
disposed that rwhen the pumip piston 32 is in the end position shown
in Fig 2 and 110 hence when the brake lever 3 is in a predetermined
position it estalblishes communicatioin between the pressure chamber
33 of the pump 4 anrid theref'orc elso the pressure chamier 7 of the
force stoage 115 e-linder 5 andl the fl-id container 29 thu S fading
ont any excess pressure in tfiese pressure hambers 7 and so that tie
entire fore of t-h',e spring 1 ae-ts upon tle blrake lin a 14 -while
the fouscl t'rfore 120 lkeeps eniilioliitim -x-ith the counteractin 2
force O j the spyi i 2 a rule hwever full brahin rill talke place
brlle the umimp piasto:3 'vs 22 nosel the h Roe 1, so that apin' o '

30. eo cr tf lc 125 spr 1 ill ss 1 -ounteract the eo literOn 16 f- l'' 9 T
rvl ST -in 1 'r 'cirh flon I Le Y hrl i e levl 3 and hence to tei 'on
t 1,e sprino 2 since 130 786,133 the stored force of the spring 1 also
seeks to raise the brake lever 3 by means of the pump piston 32 This
force continually decreases however, since even after the commencement
of braking the piston 8 moves to the left in consequence of the
flexible resilience of numerous members, and particularly of the brake
linkage, and at the same time a continually increasing force component
acts as brake force while on the charging of the counteracting force
storage means 2-which takes place simultaneously-the counteracting
force continually increases so that the force which opposes the
raising of the brake lever 3 becomes larger and larger and the force
which seeks to raise the brake lever 3 becomes smaller and smaller
This is opposed however by the fact that on the raising of the brake
lever 3 the active lever arm of the counteracting force, namely the
shortest distance between the chain 18 and the shaft 23, becomes
increasingly smaller so that in every position of the brake lever 3
the part of the stored force of the brake force storage means 1 not
acting as brake force and the counteracting force of the counteracting
force storage means maintain equilibrium.
Thus the force storage brake is at the same time a reliable hand
brake, since the brake lever 3 remains in any position without the aid
of a special arresting means This also has the advantage for example
that on braking on a long downward incline it is not necessary to keep
the brake lever constantly in the hand, but it is sufficient to put it
into the position corresponding to the desired braking action.
In the embodiment illustrated in Fig 3, the force storage cylinder a
is disposed on a trailer 40 and connected to the pump 4, disposed on a
tractor 41, by a flexible pipeline 6 Since the brake lever 3 is also
disposed together with the pump 4 on the tractive vehicle the trailer
40 can be braked from the latter In addition, this force storage brake
also acts as a breakaway brake, since when the flexible pipe 6 is
broken apart, the pressure loss in the force storage cylinder 5 causes
the tension of the force storage spring disposed therein to be
released and hence causes the brake cable 15 to be tightened
automatically by means of the linkage 14.
The brake lever 3 and the pump 4 can be connected to the tractive
vehicle 41 so as to be readily detachable in order that the entire
force storage brake may if necessary be used on the trailer itself as
a normial-operation or hand brake.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p